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Zou G, Wang J, Xu X, Xu P, Zhu L, Yu Q, Peng Y, Guo X, Li T, Zhang X. Cell subtypes and immune dysfunction in peritoneal fluid of endometriosis revealed by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:98. [PMID: 34039410 PMCID: PMC8157653 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a refractory and recurrent disease and it affects nearly 10% of reproductive-aged women and 40% of infertile patients. The commonly accepted theory for endometriosis is retrograde menstruation where endometrial tissues invade into peritoneal cavity and fail to be cleared due to immune dysfunction. Therefore, the comprehensive understanding of immunologic microenvironment of peritoneal cavity deserves further investigation for the previous studies mainly focus on one or several immune cells. RESULTS High-quality transcriptomes were from peritoneal fluid samples of patients with endometriosis and control, and firstly subjected to 10 × genomics single-cell RNA-sequencing. We acquired the single-cell transcriptomes of 10,280 cells from endometriosis sample and 7250 cells from control sample with an average of approximately 63,000 reads per cell. A comprehensive map of overall cells in peritoneal fluid was first exhibited. We unveiled the heterogeneity of immune cells and discovered new cell subtypes including T cell receptor positive (TCR+) macrophages, proliferating macrophages and natural killer dendritic cells in peritoneal fluid, which was further verified by double immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Pseudo-time analysis showed that the response of macrophages to the menstrual debris might follow the certain differentiation trajectory after endometrial tissues invaded into the peritoneal cavity, that is, from antigen presentation to pro-inflammation, then to chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Our analyses also mirrored the dysfunctions of immune cells including decreased phagocytosis and cytotoxic activity and elevated pro-inflammatory and chemotactic effects in endometriosis. CONCLUSION TCR+ macrophages, proliferating macrophages and natural killer dendritic cells are firstly reported in human peritoneal fluid. Our results also revealed that immune dysfunction happens in peritoneal fluid of endometriosis, which may be responsible for the residues of invaded menstrual debris. It provided a large-scale and high-dimensional characterization of peritoneal microenvironment and offered a useful resource for future development of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangying Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 1 Xue Shi Road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Divalent cations influence the dimerization mode of murine S100A9 protein by modulating its disulfide bond pattern. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107689. [PMID: 33359632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
S100A9, with its congener S100A8, belongs to the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins found exclusively in vertebrates. These two proteins are major constituents of neutrophils. In response to a pathological condition, they can be released extracellularly and become alarmins that induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory signals, through specific cell surface receptors. They also act as antimicrobial agents, mainly as a S100A8/A9 heterocomplex, through metal sequestration. The mechanisms whereby divalent cations modulate the extracellular functions of S100A8 and S100A9 are still unclear. Importantly, it has been proposed that these ions may affect both the ternary and quaternary structure of these proteins, thereby influencing their physiological properties. In the present study, we report the crystal structures of WT and C80A murine S100A9 (mS100A9), determined at 1.45 and 2.35 Å resolution, respectively, in the presence of calcium and zinc. These structures reveal a canonical homodimeric form for the protein. They also unravel an intramolecular disulfide bridge that stabilizes the C-terminal tail in a rigid conformation, thus shaping a second Zn-binding site per S100A9 protomer. In solution, mS100A9 apparently binds only two zinc ions per homodimer, with an affinity in the micromolar range, and aggregates in the presence of excess zinc. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that mS100A9 can form both non-covalent and covalent homodimers with distinct disulfide bond patterns. Interestingly, calcium and zinc seem to affect differentially the relative proportion of these forms. We discuss how the metal-dependent interconversion between mS100A9 homodimers may explain the versatility of physiological functions attributed to the protein.
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Hiroshima Y, Hsu K, Tedla N, Wong SW, Chow S, Kawaguchi N, Geczy CL. S100A8/A9 and S100A9 reduce acute lung injury. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:461-472. [PMID: 28074060 PMCID: PMC5454315 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are myeloid cell-derived proteins that are elevated in several types of inflammatory lung disorders. Pro- and anti-inflammatory properties are reported and these proteins are proposed to activate TLR4. S100A8 and S100A9 can function separately, likely through distinct receptors but a systematic comparison of their effects in vivo are limited. Here we assess inflammation in murine lung following S100A9 and S100A8/A9 inhalation. Unlike S100A8, S100A9 promoted mild neutrophil and lymphocyte influx, possibly mediated in part, by increased mast cell degranulation and selective upregulation of some chemokine genes, particularly CXCL-10. S100 proteins did not significantly induce proinflammatory mediators including TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 or serum amyloid A3 (SAA3). In contrast to S100A8, neither preparation induced S100A8 or IL-10 mRNA/protein in airway epithelial cells, or in tracheal epithelial cells in vitro. Like S100A8, S100A9 and S100A8/A9 reduced neutrophil influx in acute lung injury provoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge but were somewhat less inhibitory, possibly because of differential effects on expression of some chemokines, IL-1β, SAA3 and IL-10. Novel common pathways including increased induction of an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 that may reduce NF-κB signalling, and increased STAT3 activation may reduce LPS activation. Results suggest a role for these proteins in normal homeostasis and protective mechanisms in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hiroshima
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kenneth Hsu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicodemus Tedla
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sze Wing Wong
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharron Chow
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naomi Kawaguchi
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn L Geczy
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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