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Wen C, Yu Z, Wang J, Deng Q, Deng J, Sun Z, Ye Q, Ye Z, Qin K, Peng X. Inhalation of Citrus Reticulata essential oil alleviates airway inflammation and emphysema in COPD rats through regulation of macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117407. [PMID: 37981111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease. Citrus Reticulata peel, the dried ripe peel of Citrus Reticulata species, has been found to have anti-inflammatory and cough attenuation effects. However, the therapeutic effects and its precise underlying mechanisms of atomizing inhalation using Citrus Reticulata essential oil (CREO) have not yet been fully elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic effects of Citrus Reticulata essential oil and its associated anti-inflammatory mechanisms in COPD rat model. METHODS A total of 80 SD rats were randomized into four groups: control group (Con), COPD model group (COPD), COPD + ipratropium bromide (IB), and COPD + citrus reticulata essential oil (CREO). To induce COPD in rats, cigarette smoke (CS) exposure was used, while CREO and IB groups were administered through atomizing inhalation. The clinical signs, pathological lesions of the lung, percentages of antigen-presenting lung macrophages (CD11b/c+/CD86+ cells) and CD8+ T cells, and the content and mRNA expression of cytokines of the lung were analyzed. RESULTS The findings revealed that atomizing inhalation of Citrus reticulata essential oil had therapeutic effects on COPD rats. The treatment resulted in improvement in the body weight and mental status of COPD rats, reduced pathological injury of the lung, and increased proportion of CD11b/c+/CD86+ cells in lung macrophages, while also decreasing the number of CD8+ T cells. In addition, the Citrus Reticulata essential oil reduced the contents of IL-18, IL-17A, IL-12p70, and GM-CSF, downregulated the relative mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and MMP-12, and upregulated the mRNA expression of IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Citrus reticulata essential oil can alleviate histological injury of the lung and regulate macrophages and CD8+ T cells in COPD rats. The study suggests that citrus reticulata essential oil could be a potential therapeutic agent for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Wen
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhengqiang Yu
- Department of Technology, Sichuan Youngster Technology Co., Ltd, No. 733, Furong Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Culture and Education, Tianfu College of Swufe, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Technology, Sichuan Youngster Technology Co., Ltd, No. 733, Furong Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiajia Deng
- Department of Technology, Sichuan Youngster Technology Co., Ltd, No. 733, Furong Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhenhua Sun
- Department of Technology, Sichuan Youngster Technology Co., Ltd, No. 733, Furong Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiaobo Ye
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Zhen Ye
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Kaihua Qin
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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Fernández-Sevilla LM, Valencia J, Ortiz-Sánchez P, Fraile-Ramos A, Zuluaga P, Jiménez E, Sacedón R, Martínez-Sánchez MV, Jazbec J, Debeljak M, Fedders B, Stanulla M, Schewe D, Cario G, Minguela A, Ramírez M, Varas A, Vicente Á. High BMP4 expression in low/intermediate risk BCP-ALL identifies children with poor outcomes. Blood 2022; 139:3303-3313. [PMID: 35313334 PMCID: PMC11022983 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) outcome has improved in the last decades, but leukemic relapses are still one of the main problems of this disease. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) was investigated as a new candidate biomarker with potential prognostic relevance, and its pathogenic role was assessed in the development of disease. A retrospective study was performed with 115 pediatric patients with BCP-ALL, and BMP4 expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in leukemic blasts at the time of diagnosis. BMP4 mRNA expression levels in the third (upper) quartile were associated with a higher cumulative incidence of relapse as well as a worse 5-year event-free survival and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Importantly, this association was also evident among children classified as having a nonhigh risk of relapse. A validation cohort of 236 patients with BCP-ALL supported these data. Furthermore, high BMP4 expression promoted engraftment and rapid disease progression in an NSG mouse xenograft model with CNS involvement. Pharmacological blockade of the canonical BMP signaling pathway significantly decreased CNS infiltration and consistently resulted in amelioration of clinical parameters, including neurological score. Mechanistically, BMP4 favored chemoresistance, enhanced adhesion and migration through brain vascular endothelial cells, and promoted a proinflammatory microenvironment and CNS angiogenesis. These data provide evidence that BMP4 expression levels in leukemic cells could be a useful biomarker to identify children with poor outcomes in the low-/intermediate-risk groups of BCP-ALL and that BMP4 could be a new therapeutic target to blockade leukemic CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M. Fernández-Sevilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Jaris Valencia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ortiz-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fraile-Ramos
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Zuluaga
- Statistics and Operations Research Department, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Sacedón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María V. Martínez-Sánchez
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrrixaca (HCUVA) and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Marusa Debeljak
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Birthe Fedders
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Denis Schewe
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrrixaca (HCUVA) and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Advanced Therapies Unit, Niño Jesús University Children's Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Varas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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Fink M, Wrana JL. Regulation of homeostasis and regeneration in the adult intestinal epithelium by the TGF-β superfamily. Dev Dyn 2022; 252:445-462. [PMID: 35611490 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The delicate balance between the homeostatic maintenance and regenerative capacity of the intestine makes this a fascinating tissue of study. The intestinal epithelium undergoes continuous homeostatic renewal but is also exposed to a diverse array of stresses that can range from physiological processes such as digestion, to exposure to infectious agents, drugs, radiation therapy, and inflammatory stimuli. The intestinal epithelium has thus evolved to efficiently maintain and reinstate proper barrier function that is essential for intestinal integrity and function. Factors governing homeostatic epithelial turnover are well described, however, the dynamic regenerative mechanisms that occur following injury are the subject of intense ongoing investigations. The TGF-β superfamily is a key regulator of both homeostatic renewal and regenerative processes of the intestine. Here we review the roles of TGF-β and BMP on the adult intestinal epithelium during self-renewal and injury to provide a framework for understanding how this major family of morphogens can tip the scale between intestinal health and disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi Fink
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang JM, Wang KN, Zhang Y, Zhang JZ, Yuan XP, Zou GJ, Cao Z, Zhang CJ. BRCC36 promotes intestinal mucosal barrier injury caused by BMP2 after ischemia reperfusion via inhibiting PPARγ signaling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:331-339. [PMID: 34888627 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most common pathological changes in trauma and surgery practice, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is regarded as a major precipitating factor in the occurrence and development of fatal diseases. BRCA1-BRCA2-containing complex subunit 36 (BRCC36), a deubiquitinase, has been proved important in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, tumorigenesis, and inflammatory response. However, the effect of BRCC36 on intestinal mucosal barrier injury after I/R has not been fully elucidated. Our research found that BRCC36 aggravated intestinal mucosal barrier injury caused by bone morphogenetic protein 2 after I/R by downregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) signaling. These results suggested that BRCC36/PPARγ axis might serve as a potential therapeutic target for preventing intestinal mucosal barrier injury after I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kun-Nan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ze Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Pu Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Jun Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Jun Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Long-Term Maintenance of Viable Adult Rat Sertoli Cells Able to Establish Testis Barrier Components and Function in Response to Androgens. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092405. [PMID: 34572053 PMCID: PMC8467871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the isolation and long-term propagation of adult rat Sertoli cells (SCs) using conditional reprogramming (CR) was developed and the formation of tight junctions as an in vitro model for the blood testis barrier (BTB) was studied. Three pure primary SC lines were isolated successfully and maintained for several months without significant changes in expression levels of SC-typical markers such as SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9), transferrin, clusterin, androgen receptor (AR), and GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1). In addition to AR expression, the tight junction proteins, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and the junctional adhesion molecule-3 (JAM-3), were upregulated and the SC barrier integrity was enhanced by testosterone. Peritubular/myoid cells did not increase the tightness of the SC. The cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), and transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGF-β3), negatively affected the tightness of the SC barrier. We have established a protocol for the isolation and long-term propagation of highly pure primary adult rat SCs, which are able to respond to androgen treatments, to form tight junctions and to maintain the mRNA expression of SC-specific genes. By applying this new method, adult SCs can now be analyzed in more detail and might serve as an in vitro model for the study of many SC functions.
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do Carmo Neto JR, Vinicius da Silva M, Braga YLL, Florencio da Costa AW, Fonseca SG, Nagib PRA, Nunes Celes MR, Oliveira MAP, Machado JR. Correlation between intestinal BMP2, IFNγ, and neural death in experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246692. [PMID: 33561140 PMCID: PMC7872263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Megacolon is one of the main late complications of Chagas disease, affecting approximately 10% of symptomatic patients. However, studies are needed to understand the mechanisms involved in the progression of this condition. During infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), an inflammatory profile sets in that is involved in neural death, and this destruction is known to be essential for megacolon progression. One of the proteins related to the maintenance of intestinal neurons is the type 2 bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2). Intestinal BMP2 homeostasis is directly involved in the maintenance of organ function. Thus, the aim of this study was to correlate the production of intestinal BMP2 with immunopathological changes in C57Bl/6 mice infected with the T. cruzi Y strain in the acute and chronic phases. The mice were infected with 1000 blood trypomastigote forms. After euthanasia, the colon was collected, divided into two fragments, and a half was used for histological analysis and the other half for BMP2, IFNγ, TNF-α, and IL-10 quantification. The infection induced increased intestinal IFNγ and BMP2 production during the acute phase as well as an increase in the inflammatory infiltrate. In contrast, a decreased number of neurons in the myenteric plexus were observed during this phase. Collagen deposition increased gradually throughout the infection, as demonstrated in the chronic phase. Additionally, a BMP2 increase during the acute phase was positively correlated with intestinal IFNγ. In the same analyzed period, BMP2 and IFNγ showed negative correlations with the number of neurons in the myenteric plexus. As the first report of BMP2 alteration after infection by T. cruzi, we suggest that this imbalance is not only related to neuronal damage but may also represent a new route for maintaining the intestinal proinflammatory profile during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yarlla Loyane Lira Braga
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Arthur Wilson Florencio da Costa
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Simone Gonçalves Fonseca
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Patricia Resende Alô Nagib
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Mara Rúbia Nunes Celes
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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The Protective Effect of Cx43 Protein-Mediated Phosphocreatine on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cardiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:8838151. [PMID: 33552599 PMCID: PMC7847337 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8838151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To verify the protective effect of phosphocreatine on myocardium in an ischemic model and the possible mechanism of action. Methods The model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was established by the ligation balloon method. 30 SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, n = 10 in each group. Sham operation group: the coronary artery was not blocked and observed for 120 minutes. The ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group was given ischemia for 30 minutes and ischemia reperfusion for 90 minutes. Phosphocreatine (PCr) group: after 30 minutes of ischemia, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with PCr (200 mg/kg) for 90 minutes. The animal groups of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion model in vitro were the same as those in vivo. The heart was removed by thoracotomy and washed immediately in H-K buffer solution. Then, the heart was installed on the Langendorff instrument. The concentration of PCr perfusion fluid in the PCr group was 10 mmol/L. The changes in coronary blood flow in isolated myocardium were recorded. The heart rate and electrocardiogram were recorded by RM6240BT. At the end of the experiment, myocardial pathological sections and Cx43 immunofluorescence staining were made, and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in myocardial tissue were detected. Results Phosphocreatinine treatment improved the myocardial ischemia model, performance in electrocardiogram (ECG) changes (ST segment apparent), and histological changes (decrease in necrotic myocardial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, and a reduction in myocardial edema). At the same time, MDA decreased, while coronary blood flow and Cx43 expression significantly improved. Conclusions Phosphocreatine can improve the electrocardiogram and restore histologic changes in ischemic myocardium and coronary blood flow. The postulated mechanism is by inhibiting the generation of free oxygen radicals and restoring the expression of Cx43 protein.
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Hu T, Luo Z, Li K, Wang S, Wu D. Zanthoxylum nitidum extract attenuates BMP-2-induced inflammation and hyperpermeability. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:226607. [PMID: 33030503 PMCID: PMC7584816 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is commonly applied in spinal surgery to augment spinal fusion. Nevertheless, its pro-inflammatory potential could induce dangerous side effects such as vascular hyper-permeability, posing the need for manners against this condition. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of Zanthoxylum nitidum (ZN) on BMP-2-related hyperpermeability and inflammation on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results revealed that, in a concentration-dependent manner, BMP-2 enhanced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α, which were, however, suppressed by ZN. ZN inhibited BMP-2-induced inflammatory response by suppressing the phosphorylation of NF-κBp65 and IκB, and the abnormal nuclear translocation of p65. Moreover, the inhibited expression intercellular tight junction protein VE-cadherin and Occludin caused by BMP-2 was blocked by ZN. The hyper-permeability of HUVECs induced by BMP-2, as expressed as the higher fluorescent intensity of dextran, was also reversed by ZN. Overall, these findings demonstrated that ZN antagonized BMP-2-induced inflammation and hyperpermeability. It could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of BMP-2-induced side effects during spinal fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating Materials CAS, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Shanjin Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China
| | - Desheng Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China
- Correspondence: Desheng Wu ()
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Intestinal mucosal injury induced by obstructive jaundice is associated with activation of TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB pathways. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223651. [PMID: 31671112 PMCID: PMC6822728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB pathways in intestinal mucosal injury induced by obstructive jaundice (OJ). METHODS A total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to two groups: (I) sham operation (SH); (II) OJ. The mice were sacrificed before operation and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day after operation. The blood and terminal ileum were simultaneously collected under the aseptic condition for further detection. RESULTS In the SH group, TLR4 protein and mRNA rarely expressed in the intestinal mucosa of the mice and there were no significant differences at different time points (p>0.05). By contrast, in the OJ group TLR4 protein (0.12±0.06, 0.16±0.08, 0.27±0.10, 0.35±0.12 and 0.41±0.13, respectively) and mRNA (0.49±0.19, 0.62±0.23, 0.98±0.32, 1.42±0.41 and 1.72±0.49, respectively) increased gradually with the extension of time (p<0.05). Also in the OJ group, the levels of DAO and endotoxin in plasma as well as the expressions of NF-κB and caspase-3 increased gradually with the extension of time, showing positive correlation with the expression of TLR4 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The expression of TLR4 was significantly up-regulated in the distal ileum of mice with OJ. Activation of the TLR4/TRAF6/NF-κB pathways was involved in the occurrence and development of intestinal mucosal injury and endotoxemia in mice with OJ.
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Kong T, Liu M, Ji B, Bai B, Cheng B, Wang C. Role of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Signaling Pathway in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1038. [PMID: 31474876 PMCID: PMC6702336 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), an important member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, is found in many organisms, and it participates in intracellular signal transduction. Various stimuli induce phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in vivo and in vitro. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 moves to the nucleus, activates many transcription factors, regulates gene expression, and controls various physiological processes, finally inducing repair processes or cell death. With the aging of the population around the world, the occurrence of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), especially in the brain, heart, kidney, and other important organs, is becoming increasingly serious. Abnormal activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway is closely related to the development and the metabolic mechanisms of IRI. However, the effects of this signaling pathway and the underlying mechanism differ between various models of IRI. This review summarizes the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and the molecular mechanism underlying its role in models of IRI in the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, and other organs. This information will help to deepen the understanding of ERK1/2 signals and deepen the exploration of IRI treatment based on the ERK1/2 study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Kong
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Mental Health, Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- School of Mental Health, Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- School of Mental Health, Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Bai
- School of Mental Health, Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Baohua Cheng
- School of Mental Health, Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- School of Mental Health, Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Zhang J, Liu F. Expression of BMP-4 and Smad1 in patients with Hirschsprung disease and its clinical significance. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:225-229. [PMID: 31258657 PMCID: PMC6566125 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression and clinical significance of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 and Smad1 in patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD) were investigated. A retrospective analysis of 96 HD patients (experimental group) admitted to Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University from June 2015 to June 2017 was performed. According to the samples, the experimental group was divided into the stenosis group, the transition group and the expansion group. Forty-seven children with colostomy due to intestinal obstruction were selected as the control group. The expression levels of BMP-4 and Smad1 proteins were detected by immunohistochemical staining. The expression levels of BMP-4 and Smad mRNA were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and were quantified and compared. Via immunohistochemistry, BMP-4 and Smad1 proteins were detected in the samples of different parts of HD patients and children with intestinal obstruction. The positive expression levels of BMP-4 and Smad1 proteins in the transition group were decreased compared with those in the expansion and control groups (P<0.05), and the positive expression levels of BMP-4 and Smad1 proteins in the stenosis group were decreased compared with those in the transition, expansion, and control groups (P<0.05). Also, the gene expression levels of BMP-4 and Smad1 in the transition and stenosis groups were successively decreased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, the expression of BMP-4 and Smad1 in the intestinal plexus of HD lesions was significantly reduced, indicating that BMP-4 and Smad1 are closely related to the occurrence of HD, and it is suspected that they have a certain influence on the intestinal development of congenital digestive tract malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Fengli Liu
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
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12
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Purification and identification of intestinal mucosal cell proliferation-promoting peptides from Crassostrea hongkongensis. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Probiotics ameliorate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating the phenotype of macrophages through the IL-10/GSK-3β/PTEN signaling pathway. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:573-581. [PMID: 30426249 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After renal ischemic reperfusion injury, a series of pathological changes, such as impaired intestinal barrier function, intestinal flora, and endotoxin translocation, are caused by intestinal ischemia and hypoxia, which then trigger systemic inflammatory responses and affect the condition and prognosis of the patients. In this study, a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury was established by examining changes in renal function, intestinal barrier function, inflammatory index, oxidative stress, and macrophage phenotypes to evaluate the effect of probiotic VSL#3 on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. The results showed that, after VSL#3 intervention, the levels of BUN, Scr, Cys C, PRO, and NGAL were all significantly decreased compared with the I/R group, while the value of Ccr showed a significant increase. In addition, the concentrations of MPO, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, ED-1, and PCNA were all significantly lower than those in the I/R group, while the levels of endotoxin, DOA, and D-lactic acid were significantly decreased. Furthermore, the proteins associated with intestinal barrier functions, such as ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1, were significantly upregulated compared with the I/R group. Overall, the VSL#3 intervention group was able to maintain the required number of beneficial intestinal flora and to inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria. At the same time, the VSL#3 intervention could also prevent the decrease in the levels of CAT, GSH-PX, H2O2, and T-SOD, while downregulating the expression of Keap1 and Nrf2. After the intervention with the VSL#3, the expression levels of CD68 and CD86 proteins were significantly decreased, while the expression levels of CD163 and CD206 proteins were significantly higher. Further experiments confirmed that the expression of iNOS protein was significantly decreased after the VSL#3 intervention, and the expression of Arg-1 and Ym1 proteins was significantly increased. The VSL#3 was able to induce high expressions of p-GSK-3β and p-PTEN proteins, while the use of IL-10 antibody impaired the effect of the VSL#3. In summary, this research confirms that probiotics can alleviate renal dysfunction caused by ischemia and reperfusion by protecting the intestinal barrier function and maintaining the functions of intestinal flora. The pathway screening test of this study suggests that IL-10/GSK3β/PTEN may play an important role in the process of the prototypic VSL#3 inducing M2 transformation of macrophages.
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Luo B, Chen K, Feng Q, Xiao W, Ma D, Yang H, Zhang C. The interplay of BMP4 and IL‑7 regulates the apoptosis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes under conditions of ischemia̸reperfusion. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2640-2650. [PMID: 29436597 PMCID: PMC5846653 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The number and function of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) have been found to be significantly reduced following induction of acute intestinal mucosal damage via intestinal ischemia̸reperfusion (I̸R). However, the mechanism underlying this reduction remains unclear. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the interplay of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)4 and interleukin (IL)‑7 regulates IEL function and number. Recent studies have demonstrated that the different components of the BMP2̸4 signaling pathway are expressed in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) via the activation of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB. In the present study, reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction analysis and flow cytometry demonstrated that IELs express BMP receptors (BMPRIA, BMPRIB, ActRIA and BMPRII) and non‑canonical signal transduction molecules (NF‑κB). an in vivo mouse intestinal I̸R model was used, and I̸R was shown to increase the expression of BMP4 in IECs and upregulate the expression levels of BMPRIA, BMPRIB and phosphorylated NF‑κB in IELs. Following isolation and culture of IELs, it was observed that exogenous BMP4 also upregulated the expression of BMPRIA and BMPRIB and activated NF‑κB signaling in IELs, inducing IEL apoptosis. In addition, the rate of apoptosis of IELs decreased following treatment with the BMP‑specific antagonist Noggin or with the NF‑κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Furthermore, it was observed that exogenous IL‑7 can decrease BMP4 protein expression in IECs and the expression of phosphorylated NF‑κB protein in IELs. The findings of the present study suggest that, under conditions of I̸R, IEC‑derived BMP4 activates NF‑κB signaling in IELs, inducing IEL apoptosis, further aggravating the dysfunction of the intestinal mucosal barrier. However, these effects may be alleviated by IL‑7 treatment. Therefore, BMP4 and IL‑7 appear to be involved in the interaction between IECs and IELs and in the mechanism underlying intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyu Luo
- Department of General Surgery Two, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Chaojun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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Bribi N, Algieri F, Rodriguez-Nogales A, Vezza T, Garrido-Mesa J, Utrilla MP, Del Mar Contreras M, Maiza F, Segura-Carretero A, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME, Gálvez J. Intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of total alkaloid extract from Fumaria capreolata in the DNBS model of mice colitis and intestinal epithelial CMT93 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:901-13. [PMID: 27387398 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fumaria capreolata L. (Papaveraceae) is a botanical drug used in North Africa for its gastro-intestinal and anti-inflammatory properties. It is characterized for the presence of several alkaloids that could be responsible for some of its effects, including an immunomodulatory activity. PURPOSE To test in vivo the intestinal anti-inflammatory properties of the total alkaloid fraction extracted from the aerial parts of F. capreolata (AFC), and to evaluate its effects on an intestinal epithelial cell line. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS AFC was chemically characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and high resolution mass spectrometry. Different doses of AFC (25, 50 and 100mg/kg) were assayed in the DNBS model of experimental colitis in mice, and the colonic damage was evaluated both histologically and biochemically. In addition, in vitro experiments were performed with this alkaloid fraction on the mouse intestinal epithelial cell line CMT93 stimulated with LPS. RESULTS The chemical analysis of AFC revealed the presence of 23 alkaloids, being the most abundants stylopine, protopine and coptisine. Oral administration of AFC produced a significant inhibition of the release and the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the colonic tissue. It also suppressed in vivo the transcription of other pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, iNOS, IL-12 and IL-17. Furthermore, AFC showed an immunomodulatory effect in vitro since it was able to inhibit the mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α and ICAM-1. Moreover, the beneficial effect of AFC in the colitic mice could also be associated with the normalization of the expression of MUC-2 and ZO-1, which are important for the intestinal epithelial integrity. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that AFC, containing 1.3% of stylopine and 0.9% of protopine, significantly exerted intestinal anti-inflammatory effects in an experimental model of mouse colitis. This fact could be related to a modulation of the intestinal immune response and a restoration of the intestinal epithelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bribi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria; CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18016-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Francesca Algieri
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18016-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Alba Rodriguez-Nogales
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18016-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Vezza
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18016-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Garrido-Mesa
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18016-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - María Pilar Utrilla
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18016-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Contreras
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071-Granada, Spain; Research and Development Centre for Functional Food (CIDAF), Health-Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016-Granada, Spain
| | - Fadila Maiza
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales et Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071-Granada, Spain; Research and Development Centre for Functional Food (CIDAF), Health-Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016-Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Rodriguez-Cabezas
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18016-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Gálvez
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18016-Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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16
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Muinos-López E, Ripalda-Cemboráin P, López-Martínez T, González-Gil AB, Lamo-Espinosa JM, Valentí A, Mortlock DP, Valentí JR, Prósper F, Granero-Moltó F. Hypoxia and Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis in Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Define a Molecular Mechanism for Fracture Nonunion. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2342-53. [PMID: 27250101 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fracture nonunion is a major complication of bone fracture regeneration and repair. The molecular mechanisms that result in fracture nonunion appearance are not fully determined. We hypothesized that fracture nonunion results from the failure of hypoxia and hematoma, the primary signals in response to bone injury, to trigger Bmp2 expression by mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs). Using a model of nonstabilized fracture healing in transgenic 5'Bmp2BAC mice we determined that Bmp2 expression appears in close association with hypoxic tissue and hematoma during the early phases of fracture healing. In addition, BMP2 expression is induced when human periosteum explants are exposed to hypoxia ex vivo. Transient interference of hypoxia signaling in vivo with PX-12, a thioredoxin inhibitor, results in reduced Bmp2 expression, impaired fracture callus formation and atrophic-like nonunion by a HIF-1α independent mechanism. In isolated human periosteum-derived MSCs, BMP2 expression could be induced with the addition of platelets concentrate lysate but not with hypoxia treatment, confirming HIF-1α-independent BMP2 expression. Interestingly, in isolated human periosteum-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells, inhibition of BMP2 expression by PX-12 is accomplished only under hypoxic conditions seemingly through dis-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In conclusion, we provide evidence of a molecular mechanism of hypoxia-dependent BMP2 expression in MSCs where interference with ROS homeostasis specifies fracture nonunion-like appearance in vivo through inhibition of Bmp2 expression. Stem Cells 2016;34:2342-2353.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas P Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Felipe Prósper
- Cell Therapy Area.,Department of Hematology, Clínica Universidad De Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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García de Vinuesa A, Abdelilah-Seyfried S, Knaus P, Zwijsen A, Bailly S. BMP signaling in vascular biology and dysfunction. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:65-79. [PMID: 26823333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is critical for developmental growth, tissue homeostasis and repair but also for tumor development. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling has recently emerged as a fundamental pathway of the endothelium by regulating cardiovascular and lymphatic development and by being causative for several vascular dysfunctions. Two vascular disorders have been directly linked to impaired BMP signaling: pulmonary arterial hypertension and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Endothelial BMP signaling critically depends on the cellular context, which includes among others vascular heterogeneity, exposure to flow, and the intertwining with other signaling cascades (Notch, WNT, Hippo and hypoxia). The purpose of this review is to highlight the most recent findings illustrating the clear need for reconsidering the role of BMPs in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya García de Vinuesa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Straße 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, U1036), Grenoble F-38000, France; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Grenoble F-38000, France; Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France.
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