1
|
Liu J, Zhang B, Zhang G, Shang D. Reprogramming of regulatory T cells in inflammatory tumor microenvironment: can it become immunotherapy turning point? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345838. [PMID: 38449875 PMCID: PMC10915070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and identifying widely used immunosuppressants with minimal side effects are two major challenges currently hampering cancer immunotherapy. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in almost all cancer tissues and play an important role in preserving autoimmune tolerance and tissue homeostasis. The tumor inflammatory microenvironment causes the reprogramming of Tregs, resulting in the conversion of Tregs to immunosuppressive phenotypes. This process ultimately facilitates tumor immune escape or tumor progression. However, current systemic Treg depletion therapies may lead to severe autoimmune toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of Treg reprogramming and develop immunotherapies that selectively target Tregs within tumors. This article provides a comprehensive review of the potential mechanisms involved in Treg cell reprogramming and explores the application of Treg cell immunotherapy. The interference with reprogramming pathways has shown promise in reducing the number of tumor-associated Tregs or impairing their function during immunotherapy, thereby improving anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that drive Treg cell reprogramming could reveal new molecular targets for future treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhi Y, Huang S, Lina Z. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 6 in cancer development and therapy: deciphering its emerging and suppressive roles. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 64:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
3
|
Yoshimura A, Ito M, Mise-Omata S, Ando M. SOCS: negative regulators of cytokine signaling for immune tolerance. Int Immunol 2021; 33:711-716. [PMID: 34415326 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are important intercellular communication tools for immunity. Many cytokines promote gene transcription and proliferation through the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase / signal transducers and activators of transcription) and the Ras/ERK (GDP/GTP-binding rat sarcoma protein / extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathways, and these signaling pathways are tightly regulated. The SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) family are representative negative regulators of JAK/STAT-mediated cytokine signaling and regulate the differentiation and function of T cells, thus being involved in immune tolerance. Human genetic analysis has shown that SOCS family members are strongly associated with autoimmune diseases, allergy and tumorigenesis. SOCS family proteins also function as immune-checkpoint molecules that contribute to the unresponsiveness of T cells to cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Setsuko Mise-Omata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ando
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Diurnal Variation of Plasma Extracellular Vesicle Is Disrupted in People Living with HIV. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050518. [PMID: 33923310 PMCID: PMC8145918 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by various immune and non-immune cells are present in the human plasma. We previously demonstrated that EV abundance and microRNA content change in pathological conditions, such as HIV infection. Here, we investigated daily variations of large and small EVs, in terms of abundance and microRNA contents in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (HIV+ART) and uninfected controls (HIV-). METHODS Venous blood samples from n = 10 HIV+ART and n = 10 HIV- participants were collected at 10:00 and 22:00 the same day. Large and small plasma EVs were purified, counted, and the mature miRNAs miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-92, miR-155, and miR-223 copies were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS Large EVs were significantly bigger in the plasma collected at 10:00 versus 22:00 in both groups. There was a significant day-night increase in the quantity of 5 miRNAs in HIV- large EVs. In HIV+ART, only miR-155 daily variation has been observed in large EVs. Finally, EV-miRNA content permits to distinguish HIV- to HIV+ART in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION These results point that plasma EV amount and microRNA contents are under daily variation in HIV- people. This new dynamic measure is disrupted in PLWH despite viral-suppressive ART. This study highlights a significant difference concerning EV abundance and their content measured at 22:00 between both groups. Therefore, the time of blood collection must be considered in the future for the EV as biomarkers.
Collapse
|
5
|
YOSHIMURA A, AKI D, ITO M. SOCS, SPRED, and NR4a: Negative regulators of cytokine signaling and transcription in immune tolerance. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:277-291. [PMID: 34121041 PMCID: PMC8403526 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are important intercellular communication tools for immunity. Most cytokines utilize the JAK-STAT and Ras-ERK pathways to promote gene transcription and proliferation; however, this signaling is tightly regulated. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family and SPRED family are a representative negative regulators of the JAK-STAT pathway and the Ras-ERK pathway, respectively. The SOCS family regulates the differentiation and function of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and regulatory T cells, and is involved in immune tolerance, anergy, and exhaustion. SPRED family proteins have been shown to inactivate Ras by recruiting the Ras-GTPase neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) protein. Human genetic analysis has shown that SOCS family members are strongly associated with autoimmune diseases, allergies, and tumorigenesis, and SPRED1 is involved in NF1-like syndromes and tumors. We also identified the NR4a family of nuclear receptors as a key transcription factor for immune tolerance that suppresses cytokine expression and induces various immuno-regulatory molecules including SOCS1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko YOSHIMURA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: A. Yoshimura, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Daisuke AKI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako ITO
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou Y, Li Y, Lu J, Hong X, Xu L. MicroRNA‑30a controls the instability of inducible CD4+ Tregs through SOCS1. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4303-4314. [PMID: 31545427 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) are an important subset of Tregs and play a role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, and the occurrence of a number of diseases, including tumors and autoimmune diseases. However, the instability of iTregs is a major obstacle for their potential application in clinical trials. The underlying mechanism of iTreg instability remains largely unknown. In the present study, the expression level of microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑30a in murine iTregs was evaluated using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. miR‑30a mimics and a miR‑negative control (NC) were transiently transfected into iTregs using Nucleofector technology. The effects of miR‑30a on the suppressive function of murine iTregs in vitro and in vivo were investigated using MTT, adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and flow cytometry assays, as well as a murine model of lung cancer. In the present study, it was identified that the expression level of miR‑30a was lower in murine iTregs in vitro compared with natural (n)Tregs. Furthermore, compared with miR‑NC, miR‑30a mimics impaired the suppressive function of murine iTregs on murine CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro, which was accompanied by the altered expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte‑associated antigen 4 and glucocorticoid induced tumor necrosis factor receptor, as well as transforming growth factor‑β and interleukin‑10. It was also observed that, compared with miR‑NC, miR‑30a mimics abrogated the suppressive effects of murine iTregs on murine CD8+ T cell function in vivo, producing an effective antitumor effect in mice bearing 3LL lung cancer cells in the ACT assay. From a mechanistic point, the expression level of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, a putative target of miR‑30a, was elevated, altering the activation of the Akt and STAT1 pathway in the miR‑30a mimic transfected group compared with the miR‑NC group, reducing the suppressive function of murine iTregs. The present study identified a role for miR‑30a in the instability of iTregs and provided a novel insight into the development of therapeutic strategies for promoting T‑cell immunity via the regulation of iTreg instability by targeting specific miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhou
- Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Yongju Li
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Lu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Hong
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yoshimura A, Ito M, Chikuma S, Akanuma T, Nakatsukasa H. Negative Regulation of Cytokine Signaling in Immunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a028571. [PMID: 28716890 PMCID: PMC6028070 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are key modulators of immunity. Most cytokines use the Janus kinase and signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway to promote gene transcriptional regulation, but their signals must be attenuated by multiple mechanisms. These include the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins, which represent a main negative regulation mechanism for the JAK-STAT pathway. Cytokine-inducible Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein (CIS), SOCS1, and SOCS3 proteins regulate cytokine signals that control the polarization of CD4+ T cells and the maturation of CD8+ T cells. SOCS proteins also regulate innate immune cells and are involved in tumorigenesis. This review summarizes recent progress on CIS, SOCS1, and SOCS3 in T cells and tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Chikuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Akanuma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang H, Wang J, Xia Y. Defective Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Signaling Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1292. [PMID: 29085365 PMCID: PMC5650678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease involving injuries in multiple organs and systems. Exaggerated inflammatory responses are characterized as end-organ damage in patients with SLE. Although the explicit pathogenesis of SLE remains unclear, increasing evidence suggests that dysregulation of cytokine signals contributes to the progression of SLE through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. Activated STAT proteins translocate to the cell nucleus and induce transcription of target genes, which regulate downstream cytokine production and inflammatory cell infiltration. The suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is considered as a classical inhibitor of cytokine signaling. Recent studies have demonstrated that SOCS1 expression is decreased in patients with SLE and in murine lupus models, and this negatively correlates with the magnitude of inflammation. Dysregulation of SOCS1 signals participates in various pathological processes of SLE such as hematologic abnormalities and autoantibody generation. Lupus nephritis is one of the most serious complications of SLE, and it correlates with suppressed SOCS1 signals in renal tissues. Moreover, SOCS1 insufficiency affects the function of several other organs, including skin, central nervous system, liver, and lungs. Therefore, SOCS1 aberrancy contributes to the development of both systemic and local inflammation in SLE patients. In this review, we discuss recent studies regarding the roles of SOCS1 in the pathogenesis of SLE and its therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gu-Trantien C, Migliori E, Buisseret L, de Wind A, Brohée S, Garaud S, Noël G, Dang Chi VL, Lodewyckx JN, Naveaux C, Duvillier H, Goriely S, Larsimont D, Willard-Gallo K. CXCL13-producing TFH cells link immune suppression and adaptive memory in human breast cancer. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91487. [PMID: 28570278 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) are important regulators of antigen-specific B cell responses. The B cell chemoattractant CXCL13 has recently been linked with TFH cell infiltration and improved survival in human cancer. Although human TFH cells can produce CXCL13, their immune functions are currently unknown. This study presents data from human breast cancer, advocating a role for tumor-infiltrating CXCL13-producing (CXCR5-) TFH cells, here named TFHX13 cells, in promoting local memory B cell differentiation. TFHX13 cells potentially trigger tertiary lymphoid structure formation and thereby generate germinal center B cell responses at the tumor site. Follicular DCs are not potent CXCL13 producers in breast tumor tissues. We used the TFH cell markers PD-1 and ICOS to identify distinct effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subpopulations in breast tumors. TFHX13 cells are an important component of the PD-1hiICOSint effector subpopulation and coexpanded with PD-1intICOShiFOXP3hi Tregs. IL2 deprivation induces CXCL13 expression in vitro with a synergistic effect from TGFβ1, providing insight into TFHX13 cell differentiation in response to Treg accumulation, similar to conventional TFH cell responses. Our data suggest that human TFHX13 cell differentiation may be a key factor in converting Treg-mediated immune suppression to de novo activation of adaptive antitumor humoral responses in the chronic inflammatory breast cancer microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurence Buisseret
- Molecular Immunology Unit.,Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hugues Duvillier
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Welbio and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic disease leading to fibrotic scarring of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, causing considerable morbidity and mortality via the development of cholestatic liver cirrhosis, concurrent IBD and a high risk of bile duct cancer. Expectations have been high that genetic studies would determine key factors in PSC pathogenesis to support the development of effective medical therapies. Through the application of genome-wide association studies, a large number of disease susceptibility genes have been identified. The overall genetic architecture of PSC shares features with both autoimmune diseases and IBD. Strong human leukocyte antigen gene associations, along with several susceptibility genes that are critically involved in T-cell function, support the involvement of adaptive immune responses in disease pathogenesis, and position PSC as an autoimmune disease. In this Review, we survey the developments that have led to these gene discoveries. We also elaborate relevant interpretations of individual gene findings in the context of established disease models in PSC, and propose relevant translational research efforts to pursue novel insights.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zheng Y, Hu B, Xie S, Chen X, Hu Y, Chen W, Li S, Hu B. Dendritic cells infected by Ad-sh-SOCS1 enhance cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapeutic efficacy in cervical cancer models. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:617-628. [PMID: 28215653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cervical cancer constitutes a major problem in women's health worldwide, but the efficacy of the standard therapy is unsatisfactory. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells exhibit antitumor activity against a variety of malignancies in preclinical models and have proven safe and effective in clinical trials. However, current CIK therapy has limitations and needs to be improved to meet the clinical requirements. The aim of this study was to investigate whether suppressing the expression of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in dendritic cells (DCs) can shorten in vitro CIK culture time and improve its antitumor efficacy. METHODS DCs were pre-cultured for 3 days before infected with adenovirus-mediated-SOCS1 short hairpin RNA (Ad-sh-SOCS1) and pulsed with CTL epitope peptides E7. The DCs infected by Ad-sh-SOCS1 (gmDCs) and CIKs were then co-cultured for 5 or 9 days, and CIK proliferation and antitumor activity were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Our data show that gmDCs significantly stimulated the expansion of co-cultured CIKs and increased the secretion of interferon-γ and interleukin-12. Moreover, gmDCs-activated CIKs showed higher cytotoxic activity against TC-1 cells expressing HPV16E6 and E7. Our in vivo study showed that the mice infused with gmDCs-activated CIKs on day 10 had an increased survival rate and prolonged survival time compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that DCs modified by adenovirus-mediated SOCS1 silencing can promote CIKs expansion and enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy both in vitro and in vivo, which represents an effective therapeutic approach for cervical cancer and other tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- The Central Laboratory, Guangming New District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Bicheng Hu
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenggao Xie
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqian Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanping Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ilangumaran S, Bobbala D, Ramanathan S. SOCS1: Regulator of T Cells in Autoimmunity and Cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 410:159-189. [PMID: 28900678 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SOCS1 is a negative feedback regulator of cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling, and plays an indispensable role in attenuating interferon gamma signaling. Studies on SOCS1-deficient mice have established a crucial role for SOCS1 in regulating CD8+ T cell homeostasis. In the thymus, SOCS1 prevents thymocytes that had failed positive selection from surviving and expanding, ensures negative selection and prevents inappropriate developmental skewing toward the CD8 lineage. In the periphery, SOCS1 not only controls production of T cell stimulatory cytokines but also attenuates the sensitivity of CD8+ T cells to synergistic cytokine stimulation and antigen non-specific activation. As cytokine stimulation of CD8+ T lymphocytes increases their sensitivity to low affinity TCR ligands, SOCS1 likely contributes to peripheral T cell tolerance by putting brakes on aberrant T cell activation driven by inflammatory cytokines. In addition, SOCS1 is critical to maintain the stability of T regulatory cells and control their plasticity to become pathogenic Th17 and Th1 cells under the harmful influence of inflammatory cytokines. SOCS1 also regulates T cell activation by dendritic cells via modulating their generation, maturation, antigen presentation, costimulatory signaling, and cytokine production. The above control mechanisms of SOCS1 on T cells, T regulatory cells and dendritic cells collectively contribute to immunological tolerance and prevent autoimmune manifestation. On other hand, silencing SOCS1 in dendritic cells or CD8+ T cells stimulates efficient antitumor immunity. Thus, even though SOCS1 is not a cell surface checkpoint inhibitor, its regulatory functions on T cell responses qualify SOCS1as a "non-classical" checkpoint blocker. SOCS1 also functions as a tumor suppressor in cancer cells by regulating oncogenic signal transduction pathways. The loss of SOCS1 expression observed in many tumors may have an impact on classical checkpoint pathways. The potential to exploit SOCS1 to treat inflammatory/autoimmune diseases and elicit antitumor immunity is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 North 12th avenue, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Diwakar Bobbala
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 North 12th avenue, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 North 12th avenue, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang S, Gao L, Liu X, Lu T, Xie C, Jia J. Resveratrol Attenuates Microglial Activation via SIRT1-SOCS1 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:8791832. [PMID: 28781601 PMCID: PMC5525071 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8791832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglial activation is involved in a variety of neurological disorders, and overactivated microglial cells can secrete large amount of proinflammatory factors and induce neuron death. Therefore, reducing microglial activation is believed to be useful in treating the disorders. In this study, we used 10 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide plus 10 U/ml interferon γ (LPS/IFNγ) to induce N9 microglial activation and explored resveratrol- (RSV-) induced effects on microglial activation and the underlying mechanism. We found that LPS/IFNγ exposure for 24 h increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit expressions in the cells and enhanced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) releases from the cells. RSV of 25 μM reduced the iNOS and NF-κB p65 subunit expressions and the proinflammatory factors' releases; the knockdown of silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) or suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) by using the small interfering RNA, however, significantly abolished the RSV-induced effects on iNOS and NF-κB p65 subunit expressions and the proinflammatory factors' releases. These findings showed that microglial SIRT1-SOCS1 pathway may mediate the RSV-induced inhibition of microglial activation in the LPS/IFNγ-treated N9 microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Xiuying Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Chuangbo Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Ji Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
- *Ji Jia:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ren J, Li B. The Functional Stability of FOXP3 and RORγt in Treg and Th17 and Their Therapeutic Applications. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 107:155-189. [PMID: 28215223 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The balance of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector T cells plays a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis, while the imbalance of them is related to many inflammatory diseases in both human and mice. Here we discuss about the plasticity of Tregs and Th17 cells, and the related human diseases resulted from the imbalance of them. Further, we will focus on the mechanisms regulating the plasticity between Tregs and Th17 cells and the potential therapeutic strategies by targeting regulators of the expression and activity of FOXP3 and RORγt or regulators of Treg/Th17 balance in autoimmune diseases, allergy, infection, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, Shanghai, PR China
| | - B Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rapid Inflammation in Mice Lacking Both SOCS1 and SOCS3 in Hematopoietic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162111. [PMID: 27583437 PMCID: PMC5008821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Suppressors of Cytokine Signalling (SOCS) proteins are negative regulators of cytokine signalling required to prevent excess cellular responses. SOCS1 and SOCS3 are essential to prevent inflammatory disease, SOCS1 by attenuating responses to IFNγ and gamma-common (γc) cytokines, and SOCS3 via regulation of G-CSF and IL-6 signalling. SOCS1 and SOCS3 show significant sequence homology and are the only SOCS proteins to possess a KIR domain. The possibility of overlapping or redundant functions was investigated in inflammatory disease via generation of mice lacking both SOCS1 and SOCS3 in hematopoietic cells. Loss of SOCS3 significantly accelerated the pathology and inflammatory disease characteristic of SOCS1 deficiency. We propose a model in which SOCS1 and SOCS3 operate independently to control specific cytokine responses and together modulate the proliferation and activation of lymphoid and myeloid cells to prevent rapid inflammatory disease.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct CD8+ T-cell subsets such as interleukin-17-expressing Tc17 and Foxp3-expressing Tcreg are functionally similar to CD4+ T cells. Though CD4+ T cells are dysregulated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), CD8+ T cells are not well investigated. Vitamin D is an environmental factor which influences T-cell subsets. We assessed the prevalence of CD8+ T-cell subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) of patients with Crohn's disease, patients with ulcerative colitis, and healthy controls. We then tested the effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on CD8+ T-cell subsets. METHODS A total of 73 patients with Crohn's disease, 49 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 47 healthy controls were studied. LPMC or PBMC were isolated and flow cytometry was performed. CD3+ T cells, isolated from PBMC, were cultured with or without 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, before flow cytometry. RESULTS In LPMC, the prevalence of Tcreg was higher in patients with IBD (P < 0.05), whereas Tc17 were higher in patients with ulcerative colitis compared with patients with Crohn's disease and healthy controls (P < 0.05). In PBMC, both Tcreg and Tc17 were higher in patients with IBD (P < 0.01). Double-expressing interferon-γ+ interleukin-17+ and Foxp3+ interleukin-17+ CD8+ T cells were also identified indicating possible CD8+ plasticity. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreased interferon-γ-expressing Tc1 (P < 0.05), but had no effect on Tc17 or Tcreg. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of novel CD8+ T-cell subsets is altered in patients with IBD. Double-expressing cells indicate plasticity and were identified in patients with IBD. Vitamin D may have a limited effect on CD8+ T cells by decreasing interferon-γ expression.
Collapse
|
17
|
Prelog M, Hilligardt D, Schmidt CA, Przybylski GK, Leierer J, Almanzar G, El Hajj N, Lesch KP, Arolt V, Zwanzger P, Haaf T, Domschke K. Hypermethylation of FOXP3 Promoter and Premature Aging of the Immune System in Female Patients with Panic Disorder? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157930. [PMID: 27362416 PMCID: PMC4928917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological abnormalities associated with pathological conditions, such as higher infection rates, inflammatory diseases, cancer or cardiovascular events are common in patients with panic disorder. In the present study, T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), Forkhead-Box-Protein P3 gene (FOXP3) methylation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and relative telomere lengths (RTLs) were investigated in a total and subsamples of 131 patients with panic disorder as compared to 131 age- and sex-matched healthy controls in order to test for a potential dysfunction and premature aging of the immune system in anxiety disorders. Significantly lower TRECs (p = 0.004) as well as significant hypermethylation of the FOXP3 promoter region (p = 0.005) were observed in female (but not in male) patients with panic disorder as compared to healthy controls. No difference in relative telomere length was discerned between patients and controls, but significantly shorter telomeres in females, smokers and older persons within the patient group. The presently observed reduced TRECs in panic disorder patients and FOXP3 hypermethylation in female patients with panic disorder potentially reflect impaired thymus and immunosuppressive Treg function, which might partly account for the known increased morbidity and mortality of anxiety disorders conferred by e.g. cancer and cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Prelog
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hilligardt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Grzegorz K. Przybylski
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Johannes Leierer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giovanni Almanzar
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Peter Zwanzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universtät Munich, Munich, Germany
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum, Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pandiyan P, Zhu J. Origin and functions of pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Cytokine 2015; 76:13-24. [PMID: 26165923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory cells (Tregs) are a special lineage of cells central in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, and are targeted for human immunotherapy. They are conventionally associated with the production of classical anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-β and IL-35, consistent to their anti-inflammatory functions. However, emerging evidence show that they also express effector cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17A under inflammatory conditions. While some studies reveal that these pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3(+) regulatory cells retain their suppressive ability, others believe that these cells are dys-regulated and are associated with perpetuation of immunopathology. Therefore the development of these cells may challenge the efficacy of human Treg therapy. Mechanistically, toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and the pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu have been shown to play important roles in the induction of effector cytokines in Tregs. Here we review the mechanisms of development and the possible functions of pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3+ Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahmed CMI, Larkin J, Johnson HM. SOCS1 Mimetics and Antagonists: A Complementary Approach to Positive and Negative Regulation of Immune Function. Front Immunol 2015; 6:183. [PMID: 25954276 PMCID: PMC4404822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) are inducible intracellular proteins that play essential regulatory roles in both immune and non-immune function. Of the eight known members, SOCS1 and SOCS3 in conjunction with regulatory T cells play key roles in regulation of the immune system. Molecular tools such as gene transfections and siRNA have played a major role in our functional understanding of the SOCS proteins where a key functional domain of 12-amino acid residues called the kinase inhibitory region (KIR) has been identified on SOCS1 and SOCS3. KIR plays a key role in inhibition of the JAK2 tyrosine kinase, which in turn plays a key role in cytokine signaling. A peptide corresponding to KIR (SOCS1-KIR) bound to the activation loop of JAK2 and inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1α transcription factor by JAK2. Cell internalized SOCS1-KIR is a potent therapeutic in the experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis and showed promise in a psoriasis model and a model of diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. By contrast, a peptide, pJAK2(1001-1013), that corresponds to the activation loop of JAK2 is a SOCS1 antagonist. The antagonist enhanced innate and adaptive immune response against a broad range of viruses including herpes simplex virus, vaccinia virus, and an EMC picornavirus. SOCS mimetics and antagonists are thus potential therapeutics for negative and positive regulation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M I Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Joseph Larkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lopez de Lapuente A, Pinto-Medel MJ, Astobiza I, Alloza I, Comabella M, Malhotra S, Montalban X, Zettl UK, Rodríguez-Antigüedad A, Fernández O, Vandenbroeck K. Cell-specific effects in different immune subsets associated with SOCS1 genotypes in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015; 21:1498-512. [PMID: 25623250 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514566418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near SOCS1 are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the most important SNPs in the area and mechanisms by which they influence the disease are unknown. METHODS A haplotype-tagging association study was performed covering 60.5kbp around SOCS1, and the index SNP was validated in a total of 2292 individuals. mRNA expression of SOCS1 and nearby genes was measured in MS patients with different disease courses and healthy controls. SOCS1 protein expression was studied by flow cytometry in a separate cohort of patients and controls. Differentiation and maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were also studied. RESULTS One SNP, rs423674, reached genome-wide significance. No genotype-specific mRNA expression differences were seen, but, by flow cytometry, significant interactions were observed between genotypes for rs423674 and disease activity (relapse or remission) in B cells and regulatory T cells. Furthermore, homozygotes for the risk allele (GG) showed higher levels of CD1a and CD86 than carriers of the protective allele (GT) in immature moDCs and a greater increase of HLA-DR+ cell percentage than GT heterozygotes upon maturation. CONCLUSIONS rs423674, or its genetic proxies, may influence MS risk by modulating SOCS1 expression in a cell-specific manner and by influencing dendritic cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitzkoa Lopez de Lapuente
- Neurogenomiks Group, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain/Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Spain
| | - María Jesús Pinto-Medel
- Research Laboratory, Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya and Fundación IMABIS
| | - Ianire Astobiza
- Neurogenomiks Group, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain/Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Spain
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks Group, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain/ Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Spain/ IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sunny Malhotra
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Uwe K Zettl
- University of Rostock, Department of Neurology, Germany
| | | | - Oscar Fernández
- Research Laboratory, Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya and Fundación IMABIS
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Group, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Spain/ Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Spain/ IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gillespie ZE, MacKay K, Sander M, Trost B, Dawicki W, Wickramarathna A, Gordon J, Eramian M, Kill IR, Bridger JM, Kusalik A, Mitchell JA, Eskiw CH. Rapamycin reduces fibroblast proliferation without causing quiescence and induces STAT5A/B-mediated cytokine production. Nucleus 2015; 6:490-506. [PMID: 26652669 PMCID: PMC4915505 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2015.1128610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin is a well-known inhibitor of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling cascade; however, the impact of this drug on global genome function and organization in normal primary cells is poorly understood. To explore this impact, we treated primary human foreskin fibroblasts with rapamycin and observed a decrease in cell proliferation without causing cell death. Upon rapamycin treatment chromosomes 18 and 10 were repositioned to a location similar to that of fibroblasts induced into quiescence by serum reduction. Although similar changes in positioning occurred, comparative transcriptome analyses demonstrated significant divergence in gene expression patterns between rapamycin-treated and quiescence-induced fibroblasts. Rapamycin treatment induced the upregulation of cytokine genes, including those from the Interleukin (IL)-6 signaling network, such as IL-8 and the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), while quiescent fibroblasts demonstrated up-regulation of genes involved in the complement and coagulation cascade. In addition, genes significantly up-regulated by rapamycin treatment demonstrated increased promoter occupancy of the transcription factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5A/B (STAT5A/B). In summary, we demonstrated that the treatment of fibroblasts with rapamycin decreased proliferation, caused chromosome territory repositioning and induced STAT5A/B-mediated changes in gene expression enriched for cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Gillespie
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies; Brunel University; London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly MacKay
- Department of Computer Science; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michelle Sander
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Brett Trost
- Department of Computer Science; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Wojciech Dawicki
- Department of Medicine; Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine; Royal University Hospital; Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Aruna Wickramarathna
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
| | - John Gordon
- Department of Medicine; Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine; Royal University Hospital; Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Mark Eramian
- Department of Computer Science; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ian R Kill
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies; Brunel University; London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M Bridger
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies; Brunel University; London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Kusalik
- Department of Computer Science; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher H Eskiw
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies; Brunel University; London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|