1
|
Oaikhena AO, Coker ME, Cyril-Okoh D, Wicaksono WA, Olimi E, Berg G, Okeke IN. The phyllosphere of Nigerian medicinal plants, Euphorbia lateriflora and Ficus thonningii is inhabited by a specific microbiota. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22806. [PMID: 39354019 PMCID: PMC11448504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of medicinal plants is known to be highly specific and can contribute to medicinal activity. However, the majority of plant species have not yet been studied. Here, we investigated the phyllosphere composition of two common Nigerian medicinal plants, Euphorbia lateriflora and Ficus thonningii, by a polyphasic approach combining analyses of metagenomic DNA and isolates. Microbial abundance estimated via qPCR using specific marker gene primers showed that all leaf samples were densely colonized, with up to 108 per gram of leaf, with higher bacterial and fungal abundance than Archaea. While no statistically significant differences between both plant species were found for abundance, amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS genes revealed distinct microbiota compositions. Only seven of the 27 genera isolated were represented on both plants, e.g. dominant Sphingomonas spp., and numerous members of Xanthomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. The most dominant fungal families on both plants were Cladosporiaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae and Trichosphaeriaceae. In addition, 225 plant-specific isolates were identified, with Pseudomonadota and Enterobacteriaceae being dominant. Interestingly, 29 isolates are likely species previously unknown, and 14 of these belong to Burkholderiales. However, a high proportion, 56% and 40% of the isolates from E. lateriflora and F. thonningii, respectively, were characterized as various Escherichia coli. The growth of most of the bacterial isolates was not influenced by extractable secondary metabolites of plants. Our results suggest that a specific and diverse microbial community inhabits the leaves of both E. lateriflora and F. thonningii, including potentially new species and producers of antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson O Oaikhena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
| | - Morenike E Coker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Dorothy Cyril-Okoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Wisnu A Wicaksono
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Expedito Olimi
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Serena NN, Besati M, Nadia NAC, Yaghoobi M, Cédric Y, Ciancia C, Sidiki NNA, Payne VK, Mbida M, Hu H. In Vitro and In Silico Anthelmintic Activity of Extracts of Lannea kerstingii and Ficus thonningii on Heligmosomoides polygyrus. J Parasitol Res 2024; 2024:1858154. [PMID: 39131749 PMCID: PMC11316912 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1858154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the anthelmintic activity of Lannea kerstingii and Ficus thonningii, on a nematode model, to promote their use in the Cameroonian pharmacopoeia for the treatment of helminthiases. Methods: One nematode was used, Heligmosomoides polygyrus. First, the effect of the extracts on the eggs and larval stages (L1, L2, and L3) of H. polygyrus was evaluated, 100 μL of extract and 100 μL of parasite suspension (containing 50 eggs) were mixed in a 96-well microplate. The 96-well microplate was incubated for 20 h at 25°C in the WMicroTracker which measures the motility of the worms at various concentrations. Finally, docking studies were conducted by using the Glide module in Schrodinger Maestro. Results: The ethanolic extract of L. kerstingii with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.1371 mg/mL produced a higher ovicidal effect than the effect produced by other extracts of these plants. However, with an IC50 of 0.31 mg/mL, the aqueous extract of F. thonningii showed the greatest effect on the L2 stage. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of L. kerstingii and F. thonningii inhibited the development of the L3 larvae of H. polygyrus with a better effect for the ethanolic extracts. Conclusion: The use of L. kerstingii and F. thonningii for the treatment of helminthiasis has been proved in vitro and in silico by this research. However, more research is required, especially on the acute toxicity and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy to validate this scientific investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ndjinkeu Ntcheuzing Serena
- Department of Animal BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Masoud Besati
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio)CSIC−University of Valencia 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Noumedem Anangmo Christelle Nadia
- Laboratory of Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of MicrobiologyHaematology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mahdi Yaghoobi
- Molecular Design and SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryKU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yamssi Cédric
- Laboratory of Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Claire Ciancia
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular ParasitologySchool for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ngouyamsa Nsapkain Aboubakar Sidiki
- Department of Animal BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Vincent Khan Payne
- Department of Animal BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Mpoame Mbida
- Department of Animal BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Haibo Hu
- Laboratory of Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Dschang, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese MedicineNational Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Hakka Medical Resources BranchSchool of PharmacyGannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Evbuomwan IO, Stephen Adeyemi O, Oluba OM. Indigenous medicinal plants used in folk medicine for malaria treatment in Kwara State, Nigeria: an ethnobotanical study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:324. [PMID: 37716985 PMCID: PMC10504731 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folk medicine is crucial to healthcare delivery in the underdeveloped countries. It is frequently used as a primary treatment option or as a complementary therapy for malaria. Malaria is a deadly disease which greatly threatens global public health, claiming incredible number of lives yearly. The study was aimed at documenting the medicinal plants used for malaria treatment in folk medicine in Kwara State, Nigeria. METHODS Ethnobotanical information was collected from selected consenting registered traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) through oral face-to-face interviews using in-depth, semi-structured interview guide. The ethnobotanical data were analysed, and descriptive statistical methods were used to compile them. RESULTS Sixty-two indigenous medicinal plants, including 13 new plants, used for malaria treatment were identified in this study. The TMPs preferred decoction in aqueous solvent (34%) and steeping in decaffeinated soft drink (19%) for herbal preparations. Oral administration (74%) was the main route of administration, while leaves (40%) and stem barks (32%) were the most dominant plant parts used in herbal preparations. The most cited families were Fabaceae (15%) and Rutaceae (6%), while Mangifera indica (77.14%), Enantia chlorantha (65.71%), Alstonia boonei (57.14%) followed by Cymbopogon citratus (54.29%) were the most used plants. Besides, the antimalarial activities of many of the plants recorded and their isolated phytocompounds have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the conservation status of 4 identified plants were Vulnerable. CONCLUSION The study showed strong ethnobotanical knowledge shared by the TMPs in the State and provides preliminary information that could be explored for the discovery of more potent antimalarial compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikponmwosa Owen Evbuomwan
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Microbiology, Cellular Parasitology Unit, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-Onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Olarewaju Michael Oluba
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Azizi MA, Nadia NAC, Cedric Y, Sidiki NNA, Guy-Armand GN, Esther DD, Sandra TNJ, Kevin TDA, Payne VK. Antimalarial Efficacy and Antioxidant Activity of Lophira lanceolata Stem Bark Ethanol Extract Using Plasmodium berghei Induced-Malaria in Swiss Albino's Mice. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:9400650. [PMID: 37637978 PMCID: PMC10457170 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9400650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major public health problem in the tropical and subtropical regions. This study aimed of investigating the antimalarial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of Lophira lanceolata stem bark. Methodology. The antimalarial activity was determined using the Peter 4-days' suppressive and Rane's curative tests on Swiss albino: these mice were infected with 1 × 107 parasitized red blood cells. The percentage reduction of parasitemia was related to each test, and the liver homogenate was used to assay malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, nitrogen monoxide, catalase, and glutathione for the evaluation of oxidative stress. During the curative test, blood was collected for hematological parameters, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase to evaluate liver function. Result The ethanol extract of L. lanceolata showed a dose-dependent suppressive activity with the highest suppression of 88.22% at 500 mg/kg. Suppression produced by the extract was not significantly higher than that of the reference drug with 96.1%. Similarly, the extract at doses 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg showed significant decreases (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner during the curative test. The ethanol extract of L. lanceolata caused a reduction of tissue markers, such as hepatic oxidative stress, as it increased the enzymatic activity of antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion The ethanol extract of L. lanceolata possesses both antimalarial and antioxidant activities. However, further in vivo toxicity tests are required to guarantee their safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounvera Abdel Azizi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Noumedem Anangmo Christelle Nadia
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Yamssi Cedric
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | | | - Gamago Nkadeu Guy-Armand
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Djeussi Doriane Esther
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Tako Djimefo Alex Kevin
- Department of Animal Organisms, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Vincent Khan Payne
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 067, Dschang, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
In Vitro Antiplasmodial, Cytotoxicity, and Antioxidant Activities of Lophira lanceolata (Ochnaceae): A Cameroonian Plant Commonly Used to Treat Malaria. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:4061592. [PMID: 36820149 PMCID: PMC9938790 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4061592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in African countries. We aimed this study at evaluating the in vitro antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activity of Lophira lanceolata extracts. Method The aqueous and ethanol extracts were obtained by maceration. It tested in vitro the extracts against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and multiresistance Dd2. Macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 cells) and red blood cells were used for cytotoxicity tests. The antioxidant activity was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO) reduction, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) scavenging. Results The in vitro antiplasmodial results showed that the ethanol extract was the most active, with IC50 of 24.51 ± 4.77 µg/mL and 31.86 ± 3.10 µg/mL, respectively, on the resistant Dd2 and sensitive 3D7 strains unlike the aqueous which indicated moderate activity with an IC50 of 51.36 ± 4.86 μg/mL and 56.36 ± 4.27 μg/mL, respectively, on the resistant Dd2 and sensitive (3D7) strains. However, the ethanol extract had the highest activity, with an IC50 of 8.153 g/mL, 1915 g/mL, 30.81 g/mL, and 54.66 g/mL, respectively, for DPPH, H2O2, NO, and FRAP, while the aqueous extract had an IC50 of 6.724, 2387681, 185.7, and 152.0 g/mL, respectively, for DPPH, H2O2, NO, and FRAP. The cytotoxicity test reveals that both extracts do not promote red blood cell haemolysis. They presented weak activity against RAW 264.7 cells and red blood cells. Conclusion According to these findings, the aqueous and ethanol extracts have antiplasmodial and antioxidant activity but with no cytotoxic effects on red blood cells or RAW cells. However, it will be important to investigate the in vivo antiplasmodial and antioxidant activity of these extracts.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ceravolo IP, Aguiar AC, Adebayo JO, Krettli AU. Studies on Activities and Chemical Characterization of Medicinal Plants in Search for New Antimalarials: A Ten Year Review on Ethnopharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734263. [PMID: 34630109 PMCID: PMC8493299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease that affected 229 million people and caused 409 thousand deaths, in 2019. Disease control is based on early diagnosis and specific treatment with antimalarial drugs since no effective vaccines are commercially available to prevent the disease. Drug chemotherapy has a strong historical link to the use of traditional plant infusions and other natural products in various cultures. The research based on such knowledge has yielded two drugs in medicine: the alkaloid quinine from Cinchona species, native in the Amazon highland rain forest in South America, and artemisinin from Artemisia annua, a species from the millenary Chinese medicine. The artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), proven to be highly effective against malaria parasites, and considered as “the last bullet to fight drug-resistant malaria parasites,” have limited use now due to the emergence of multidrug resistance. In addition, the limited number of therapeutic options makes urgent the development of new antimalarial drugs. This review focuses on the antimalarial activities of 90 plant species obtained from a search using Pubmed database with keywords “antimalarials,” “plants” and “natural products.” We selected only papers published in the last 10 years (2011–2020), with a further analysis of those which were tested experimentally in malaria infected mice. Most plant species studied were from the African continent, followed by Asia and South America; their antimalarial activities were evaluated against asexual blood parasites, and only one species was evaluated for transmission blocking activity. Only a few compounds isolated from these plants were active and had their mechanisms of action delineated, thereby limiting the contribution of these medicinal plants as sources of novel antimalarial pharmacophores, which are highly necessary for the development of effective drugs. Nevertheless, the search for bioactive compounds remains as a promising strategy for the development of new antimalarials and the validation of traditional treatments against malaria. One species native in South America, Ampelozyzyphus amazonicus, and is largely used against human malaria in Brazil has a prophylactic effect, interfering with the viability of sporozoites in in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela P Ceravolo
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anna C Aguiar
- Departamento de Biociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Joseph O Adebayo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tajbakhsh E, Kwenti TE, Kheyri P, Nezaratizade S, Lindsay DS, Khamesipour F. Antiplasmodial, antimalarial activities and toxicity of African medicinal plants: a systematic review of literature. Malar J 2021; 20:349. [PMID: 34433465 PMCID: PMC8390284 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria still constitutes a major public health menace, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Close to half a million people mainly children in Africa, die every year from the disease. With the rising resistance to frontline drugs (artemisinin-based combinations), there is a need to accelerate the discovery and development of newer anti-malarial drugs. A systematic review was conducted to identify the African medicinal plants with significant antiplasmodial and/or anti-malarial activity, toxicity, as wells as assessing the variation in their activity between study designs (in vitro and in vivo). METHODS Key health-related databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Science Direct were searched for relevant literature on the antiplasmodial and anti-malarial activities of African medicinal plants. RESULTS In total, 200 research articles were identified, a majority of which were studies conducted in Nigeria. The selected research articles constituted 722 independent experiments evaluating 502 plant species. Of the 722 studies, 81.9%, 12.4%, and 5.5% were in vitro, in vivo, and combined in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The most frequently investigated plant species were Azadirachta indica, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Picrilima nitida, and Nauclea latifolia meanwhile Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Meliaceae, and Lamiaceae were the most frequently investigated plant families. Overall, 248 (34.3%), 241 (33.4%), and 233 (32.3%) of the studies reported very good, good, and moderate activity, respectively. Alchornea cordifolia, Flueggea virosa, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, and Maytenus senegalensis gave consistently very good activity across the different studies. In all, only 31 (4.3%) of studies involved pure compounds and these had significantly (p = 0.044) higher antiplasmodial activity relative to crude extracts. Out of the 198 plant species tested for toxicity, 52 (26.3%) demonstrated some degree of toxicity, with toxicity most frequently reported with Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina. These species were equally the most frequently inactive plants reported. The leaves were the most frequently reported toxic part of plants used. Furthermore, toxicity was observed to decrease with increasing antiplasmodial activity. CONCLUSIONS Although there are many indigenous plants with considerable antiplasmodial and anti-malarial activity, the progress in the development of new anti-malarial drugs from African medicinal plants is still slothful, with only one clinical trial with Cochlospermum planchonii (Bixaceae) conducted to date. There is, therefore, the need to scale up anti-malarial drug discovery in the African region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regional Hospital Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parya Kheyri
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Saeed Nezaratizade
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - David S Lindsay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for One Health Research, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0342, USA
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adane H, Atnafie SA, Kifle ZD, Ambikar D. Evaluation of In Vivo Antiulcer Activity of Hydro-Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Stem Bark of Ficus thonningii (Moraceae) on Rodent Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6685395. [PMID: 33928161 PMCID: PMC8053060 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6685395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The stem bark of Ficus thonningii is used by Ethiopian traditional healers and the community for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Thus, the current study was aimed at evaluating the antiulcer effect of hydro-methanol extract and solvent fractions of F. thonningii. METHODS The stem bark of F. thonningii was collected and shed dried. Then, the stem bark was extracted by 80% hydro-methanol solvents and dried. The part of the dried hydro-methanol extract was further fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, and distilled water. Dose-dependent pylorus ligation, curative indomethacin-induced, and time-dependent ethanol-induced ulcer models were evaluated for the hydro-methanol extract and solvent fractions. Statistical analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The analyses were carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests. The result was considered significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS The extract of F. thonningii showed a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in total acidity at all the tested doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). All the tested doses of the hydro-methanol extract significantly reduced the gastric volume as compared to the vehicle (NC) (p < 0.01). The gastric pH was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 200 and 400 mg/kg. Similarly, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) lowered gastric ulceration as compared to the NC. The hydro-methanol extract and aqueous fractions of F. thonningii at 200 mg/kg showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the ulcer index on a repeated dose of the hydro-methanol and solvent fractions. Ulcer healing effect on indomethacin-induced ulcer was not significant (p > 0.05) for all tested doses of the hydro-methanol extract. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that the stem bark of F. thonningii has a potential antiulcer activity that might be due to antisecretory or cytoprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtalem Adane
- Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Seyfe Asrade Atnafie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemene Demelash Kifle
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Digambar Ambikar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antimalarial Plants Used across Kenyan Communities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4538602. [PMID: 32617107 PMCID: PMC7306085 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4538602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the serious health problems in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Its treatment has been met with chronic failure due to pathogenic resistance to the currently available drugs. This review attempts to compile phytotherapeutical information on antimalarial plants in Kenya based on electronic data. A comprehensive web search was conducted in multidisciplinary databases, and a total of 286 plant species from 75 families, distributed among 192 genera, were retrieved. Globally, about 139 (48.6%) of the species have been investigated for antiplasmodial (18%) or antimalarial activities (97.1%) with promising results. However, there is no record on the antimalarial activity of about 51.4% of the species used although they could be potential sources of antimalarial remedies. Analysis of ethnomedicinal recipes indicated that mainly leaves (27.7%) and roots (19.4%) of shrubs (33.2%), trees (30.1%), and herbs (29.7%) are used for preparation of antimalarial decoctions (70.5%) and infusions (5.4%) in Kenya. The study highlighted a rich diversity of indigenous antimalarial plants with equally divergent herbal remedy preparation and use pattern. Further research is required to validate the therapeutic potential of antimalarial compounds from the unstudied claimed species. Although some species were investigated for their antimalarial efficacies, their toxicity and safety aspects need to be further investigated.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pan WH, Xu XY, Shi N, Tsang SW, Zhang HJ. Antimalarial Activity of Plant Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051382. [PMID: 29734792 PMCID: PMC5983777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, as a major global health problem, continues to affect a large number of people each year, especially those in developing countries. Effective drug discovery is still one of the main efforts to control malaria. As natural products are still considered as a key source for discovery and development of therapeutic agents, we have evaluated more than 2000 plant extracts against Plasmodium falciparum. As a result, we discovered dozens of plant leads that displayed antimalarial activity. Our phytochemical study of some of these plant extracts led to the identification of several potent antimalarial compounds. The prior comprehensive review article entitled “Antimalarial activity of plant metabolites” by Schwikkard and Van Heerden (2002) reported structures of plant-derived compounds with antiplasmodial activity and covered literature up to the year 2000. As a continuation of this effort, the present review covers the antimalarial compounds isolated from plants, including marine plants, reported in the literature from 2001 to the end of 2017. During the span of the last 17 years, 175 antiplasmodial compounds were discovered from plants. These active compounds are organized in our review article according to their plant families. In addition, we also include ethnobotanical information of the antimalarial plants discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Pan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Xin-Ya Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Ni Shi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Siu Wai Tsang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zeleke G, Kebebe D, Mulisa E, Gashe F. In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of the Solvent Fractions of Fruit Rind and Root of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae) against Plasmodium berghei in Mice. J Parasitol Res 2017; 2017:3121050. [PMID: 29391947 PMCID: PMC5748150 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, antimalarial drug resistance poses a serious challenge. This stresses the need for newer antimalarial compounds. Carica papaya is used traditionally and showed in vitro antimalarial activity. This study attempted to evaluate in vivo antimalarial activity of C. papaya in mice. METHODS In vivo antimalarial activity of solvent fractions of the plant was carried out against early P. berghei infection in mice. Parasitemia, temperature, PCV, and body weight of mice were recorded. Windows SPSS version 16 (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test) was used for data analysis. RESULTS The pet ether and chloroform fractions of C. papaya fruit rind and root produced a significant (p < 0.001) chemosuppressive effect. A maximum parasite suppression of 61.78% was produced by pet ether fraction of C. papaya fruit rind in the highest dose (400 mg/kg/day). Only 400 mg/kg/day dose of chloroform fraction of C. papaya root exhibited a parasite suppression effect (48.11%). But, methanol fraction of the plant parts produced less chemosuppressive effect. CONCLUSION Pet ether fraction of C. papaya fruit rind had the highest antimalarial activity and could be a potential source of lead compound. Further study should be done to show the chemical and metabolomic profile of active ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Zeleke
- Pharmacology Course Team, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Kebebe
- Pharmaceutics Course Team, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Mulisa
- Pharmacology Course Team, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Fanta Gashe
- Pharmaceutics Course Team, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ayokun-nun Ajao A, Alimi AA, Olatunji OA, Balogun FO, Saheed SA. A synopsis of anti-psychotic medicinal plants in Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0035919x.2017.1386138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Satish P, Sunita K. Antimalarial efficacy of Pongamia pinnata (L) Pierre against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain) and Plasmodium berghei (ANKA). BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:458. [PMID: 28893216 PMCID: PMC5594526 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1958-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The objective of the current study was to assess the in vitro antiplasmodial activities of leaf, bark, flower, and the root of Pongamia pinnata against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain), cytotoxicity against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. For in vivo study, the plant extract which has shown potent in vitro antimalarial activity was tested against Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain). Methods The plant Pongamia pinnata was collected from the herbal garden of Acharya Nagarjuna University of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sequentially crude extracts of methanol (polar), chloroform (non-polar), hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (non-polar) and aqueous (polar) of dried leaves, bark, flowers and roots of Pongamia pinnata were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain. The cytotoxicity studies of crude extracts were conducted against Brine shrimp larvae and THP-1 cell line. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts was carried out by following the standard methods. The chemical injury to erythrocytes due to the plant extracts was checked. The in vivo study was conducted on P. berghei (ANKA) infected BALB/c albino mice by following 4-Day Suppressive, Repository, and Curative tests. Results Out of all the tested extracts, the methanol extract of the bark of Pongamia pinnata had shown an IC50 value of 11.67 μg/mL with potent in vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that this extract was not toxic against Brine shrimp and THP-1 cells. The injury to erythrocytes analysis had not shown any morphological alterations and damage to the erythrocytes after 48 h of incubation. Because methanolic bark extract of Pongamia pinnata has shown good antimalarial activity in vitro, it was also tested in vivo. So the extract had exhibited an excellent activity against P. berghei malaria parasite while decrement of parasite counts was moderately low and dose-dependent (P < 0.05) when compared to the control groups, which shown a daily increase of parasitemia, unlike the CQ-treated groups. The highest concentration of the extract (1000 mg/kg b.wt./day) had shown 83.90, 87.47 and 94.67% of chemo-suppression during Suppressive, Repository, and Curative tests respectively which is almost nearer to the standard drug Chloroquine (5 mg/kg b.wt./day). Thus, the study has revealed that the methanolic bark extract had shown promisingly high ((P < 0.05) and dose-dependent chemo-suppression. The phytochemical screening of the crude extracts had shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, carbohydrates, phenols, coumarins, saponins, phlobatannins and steroids. Conclusions The present study is useful to develop new antimalarial drugs in the scenario of the growing resistance to the existing antimalarials. Thus, additional research is needed to characterize the bioactive molecules of the extracts of Pongamia pinnata that are responsible for inhibition of malaria parasite.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mbosso Teinkela JE, Siwe Noundou X, Nguemfo EL, Meyer F, Wintjens R, Isaacs M, Mpondo Mpondo AE, Hoppe HC, Krause RWM, Azebaze AGB. Biological activities of plant extracts from Ficus elastica and Selaginella vogelli: An antimalarial, antitrypanosomal and cytotoxity evaluation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 25:117-122. [PMID: 29379367 PMCID: PMC5775106 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic, antiplasmodial, and antitrypanosomal activities of two medicinal plants traditionally used in Cameroon were evaluated. Wood of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem. aerial roots (Moraceae) and Selaginella vogelii Spring (Selaginellaceae) leaves were collected from two different sites in Cameroon. In vitro cell-growth inhibition activities were assessed on methanol extract of plant materials against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 and Trypanosoma brucei brucei, as well as against HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells. Criteria for activity were an IC50 value < 10 μg/mL. The extract of S. vogelii did not significantly reduce the viability of P. falciparum at a concentration of 25 μg/mL but dramatically affected the trypanosome growth with an IC50 of 2.4 μg/mL. In contrast, at the same concentration, the extract of F. elastica exhibited plasmodiacidal activity (IC50 value of 9.5 μg/mL) and trypanocidal (IC50 value of 0.9 μg/mL) activity. Both extracts presented low cytotoxic effects on HeLa cancer cell line. These results indicate that the selected medicinal plants could be further investigated for identifying compounds that may be responsible for the observed activities and that may represent new leads in parasitical drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Emmanuel Mbosso Teinkela
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques (FMSP), Université de Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, P.O. Box. 24157, Douala, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine (CP 206/4), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Siwe Noundou
- Nanomaterials and Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Edwige Laure Nguemfo
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques (FMSP), Université de Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Franck Meyer
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine (CP 206/4), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rene Wintjens
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine (CP 206/4), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Albert Emmanuel Mpondo Mpondo
- Département de Pharmacie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques (FMSP), Université de Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Rui Werner Maçedo Krause
- Nanomaterials and Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kuete V, Fokou FW, Karaosmanoğlu O, Beng VP, Sivas H. Cytotoxicity of the methanol extracts of Elephantopus mollis, Kalanchoe crenata and 4 other Cameroonian medicinal plants towards human carcinoma cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:280. [PMID: 28545532 PMCID: PMC5445369 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer still constitutes one of the major health concerns globally, causing serious threats on patients, their families, and the healthcare system. METHODS In this study, the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract of Elephantopus mollis whole plant (EMW), Enantia chlorantha bark (ECB), Kalanchoe crenata leaves (KCL), Lophira alata bark (LAB), Millettia macrophylla leaves (MML) and Phragmanthera capitata leaves (PCL) towards five human solid cancer cell lines and normal CRL2120 fibroblasts, was evaluated. Extracts were subjected to qualitative chemical screening of their secondary metabolite contents using standard methods. The cytotoxicity of samples was evaluated using neutral red uptake (NR) assay meanwhile caspase activation was detected by caspase-Glo assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) whilst spectrophotometry was used to measure the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols, triterpenes and sterols in all extracts. The IC50 values of the best samples ranged from 3.29 μg/mL (towards DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells) to 24.38 μg/mL (against small lung cancer A549 cells) for EMW, from 2.33 μg/mL (mesothelioma SPC212 cells) to 28.96 μg/mL (HepG2 hepatocarcinoma) for KCL, and from 0.04 μg/mL (towards SPC212 cells) to 0.55 μg/mL (towards A549 cells) for doxorubicin. EMW induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells mediated by MMP loss and increased ROS production whilst KCL induced apoptosis via ROS production. CONCLUSION This study provides evidences of the cytotoxicity of the tested plant extract and highlights the good activity of Elephantopus mollis and Kalanchoe crenata. They deserve more exploration to develop novel cytotoxic drugs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fentahun S, Makonnen E, Awas T, Giday M. In vivo antimalarial activity of crude extracts and solvent fractions of leaves of Strychnos mitis in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:13. [PMID: 28056932 PMCID: PMC5217609 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major public health problem in the world which is responsible for death of millions particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Today, the control of malaria has become gradually more complex due to the spread of drug-resistant parasites. Medicinal plants are the unquestionable source of effective antimalarials. The present study aimed to evaluate antiplasmodial activity and acute toxicity of the plant Strychnos mitis in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. METHODS Standard procedures were employed to investigate acute toxicity and 4-day suppressive effect of crude aqueous and hydro-methanolic extracts of the leaves of Strychnos mitis against P. berghei in Swiss albino mice. Water, n-hexane and chloroform fractions, obtained from crude hydro-methanolic extract, were also tested for their suppressive effect against P. berghei. RESULTS All crude extracts revealed no obvious acute toxicity in mice up to the highest dose administered (2000 mg/kg). All crude and solvent fractions of the leaves of Strychnos mitis inhibited parasitaemia significantly (p < 0.01). At the highest dose of 600 mg/kg, both aqueous and hydro-methanolic extracts demonstrated higher performance with 95.5 and 93.97% parasitaemia suppression, respectively. All doses of crude extracts and fractions of leaves of Strychnos mitis prolonged survival time of infected mice dose dependently. The highest two doses of the crude aqueous and hydro-methanolic extracts, and chloroform and aqueous fractions prevented weight loss in a dose dependent manner. Whereas, all doses of n-hexane fraction prevented loss of body weight but not in a dose dependent manner. The crude aqueous extract at the doses of 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg and hydro-methanolic extract at all dose levels significantly (p < 0.01) prevented packed cell volume reduction. Crude aqueous extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg and hydro-methanolic extract at all dose levels significantly prevented temperature reduction. Phytochemical screening of the crude aqueous and hydro-methanolic extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and phenols. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide support the traditional therapeutic use of Strychnos mitis for treatment of malaria. However, further in-depth study is needed to evaluate the potential of the plant towards the development of new antimalarial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Awas
- Institute of Biodiversity, P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mirutse Giday
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mukungu N, Abuga K, Okalebo F, Ingwela R, Mwangi J. Medicinal plants used for management of malaria among the Luhya community of Kakamega East sub-County, Kenya. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:98-107. [PMID: 27586821 PMCID: PMC5176009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major health problem worldwide especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, 80% of the population is at risk of contracting the disease. Pregnant mothers and children under five years are the most affected by this disease. Antimalarial drug resistance poses a major threat in the fight against malaria necessitating continuous search for new antimalarial drugs. Due to inadequate and inaccessible health facilities, majority of people living in rural communities heavily depend on traditional medicine which involves the use of medicinal plants for the management of malaria. Most of these indigenous knowledge is undocumented and risks being lost yet such information could be useful in the search of new antimalarial agents. AIM OF STUDY An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among the Luhya community of Kakamega East sub-County, a malaria epidemic region, with the aim of documenting the plants used in the management of malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect information from 21 informants who included traditional medicine practitioners and other caregivers who had experience in use of plants in management of malaria. These were drawn from 4 villages located in Kakamega East sub-county, within Kakamega County based on their differences in topography. Information recorded included plant names, parts used, mode of preparation and administration and the sources of plant materials. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and google scholar to identify the reported traditional uses of these plants and studied antiplasmodial activities. RESULTS In this study, 57% of the informants were aged above 50 years and a total of 61% had either no formal education or had only attained primary school education. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 24 families were identified. Most plants used in the management of malaria in this community belonged to Lamiaceae (18%), Leguminosae (9%) and Compositae (9%) plant families. Plants mostly used included Melia azedarach L, Aloe spp, Ajuga integrifolia Buch. Ham, Vernonia amygdalina Del., Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane and Mabb, Fuerstia africana T.C.E.Fr., Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman and Leucas calostachys Oliv. Rumex steudelii Hochst.ex A. Rich and Phyllanthus sepialis Müll. Arg are reported for the first time in the management of malaria. Although Clerodendrum johnstonii Oliv. (Jeruto et al., 2011) and Physalis peruviana L.(Ramadan et al., 2015) are reported in other studies for management of malaria, no studies have been carried out to demonstrate their antiplasmodial activity. The plant parts mostly used were the leaves (36%) and stem barks (26%). Majority of these plants were prepared as decoctions by boiling and allowed to cool before administration (66%) while infusions accounted for 28% of the preparations. The literature mined supports the use of these plants for the management of malaria since most of them have demonstrated in-vitro and in-vivo antiplasmodial activities. CONCLUSION Most of the reported plant species in this study have been investigated for antiplasmodial activity and are in agreement with the ethnomedical use. Two (2) plants are reported for the first time in the management of malaria. There is need for documentation and preservation of the rich ethnomedical knowledge within this community given that most of the practitioners are advanced in age and less educated. There is also the danger of over-exploitation of plant species as most of them are obtained from the wild, mainly Kakamega forest. Therefore, there is need for determining the economically and medicinally important plants in this community and planning for their preservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nillian Mukungu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Kennedy Abuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Faith Okalebo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Raphael Ingwela
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Julius Mwangi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lima RBS, Rocha e Silva LF, Melo MRS, Costa JS, Picanço NS, Lima ES, Vasconcellos MC, Boleti APA, Santos JMP, Amorim RCN, Chaves FCM, Coutinho JP, Tadei WP, Krettli AU, Pohlit AM. In vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity of plants from the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2015; 14:508. [PMID: 26682750 PMCID: PMC4683771 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-malarials quinine and artemisinin were isolated from traditionally used plants (Cinchona spp. and Artemisia annua, respectively). The synthetic quinoline anti-malarials (e.g. chloroquine) and semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives (e.g. artesunate) were developed based on these natural products. Malaria is endemic to the Amazon region where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax drug-resistance is of concern. There is an urgent need for new anti-malarials. Traditionally used Amazonian plants may provide new treatments for drug-resistant P. vivax and P. falciparum. Herein, the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of medicinal plant extracts were investigated. METHODS Sixty-nine extracts from 11 plant species were prepared and screened for in vitro activity against P. falciparum K1 strain and for cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts and two melanoma cell lines. Median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were established against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum W2 clone using monoclonal anti-HRPII (histidine-rich protein II) antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Extracts were evaluated for toxicity against murine macrophages (IC50) and selectivity indices (SI) were determined. Three extracts were also evaluated orally in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. RESULTS High in vitro antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 6.4-9.9 µg/mL) was observed for Andropogon leucostachyus aerial part methanol extracts, Croton cajucara red variety leaf chloroform extracts, Miconia nervosa leaf methanol extracts, and Xylopia amazonica leaf chloroform and branch ethanol extracts. Paullinia cupana branch chloroform extracts and Croton cajucara red variety leaf ethanol extracts were toxic to fibroblasts and or melanoma cells. Xylopia amazonica branch ethanol extracts and Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae branch chloroform extracts were toxic to macrophages (IC50 = 6.9 and 24.7 µg/mL, respectively). Andropogon leucostachyus extracts were the most selective (SI >28.2) and the most active in vivo (at doses of 250 mg/kg, 71% suppression of P. berghei parasitaemia versus untreated controls). CONCLUSIONS Ethnobotanical or ethnopharmacological reports describe the anti-malarial use of these plants or the antiplasmodial activity of congeneric species. No antiplasmodial activity has been demonstrated previously for the extracts of these plants. Seven plants exhibit in vivo and or in vitro anti-malarial potential. Future work should aim to discover the anti-malarial substances present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata B. S. Lima
- Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil ,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Gal. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Coroado I, Campus Universitário, Bloco M, Setor Sul, 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil ,Centro Universitário do Norte, Rua Dez de Julho, 873, Centro, 69010-060 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Luiz F. Rocha e Silva
- Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil ,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Gal. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Coroado I, Campus Universitário, Bloco M, Setor Sul, 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil ,Centro Universitário do Norte, Rua Dez de Julho, 873, Centro, 69010-060 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Marcia R. S. Melo
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas, Avenida Carvalho Leal, 1777, Cachoeirinha, 69065-001 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S. Costa
- Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Neila S. Picanço
- Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil ,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Gal. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Coroado I, Campus Universitário, Bloco M, Setor Sul, 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Emerson S. Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Comendador Alexandre Amorim, 330, Aparecida, 69103-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Marne C. Vasconcellos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Comendador Alexandre Amorim, 330, Aparecida, 69103-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Ana Paula A. Boleti
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Comendador Alexandre Amorim, 330, Aparecida, 69103-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Jakeline M. P. Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Comendador Alexandre Amorim, 330, Aparecida, 69103-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. N. Amorim
- Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Francisco C. M. Chaves
- Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Rodovia AM-010, Km 29 (Estrada Manaus/Itacoatiara), Caixa Postal 319, 69010-970 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Julia P. Coutinho
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Wanderli P. Tadei
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Antoniana U. Krettli
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Adrian M. Pohlit
- Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
In vitro antiplasmodial efficacy of mangrove plant, Ipomoea pes-caprae against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 strain). ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
20
|
Chinsembu KC. Plants as antimalarial agents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 2015; 152:32-48. [PMID: 26297798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the burden of malaria is decreasing, parasite resistance to current antimalarial drugs and resistance to insecticides by vector mosquitoes threaten the prospects of malaria elimination in endemic areas. Corollary, there is a scientific departure to discover new antimalarial agents from nature. Because the two antimalarial drugs quinine and artemisinin were discovered through improved understanding of the indigenous knowledge of plants, bioprospecting Sub-Saharan Africa's enormous plant biodiversity may be a source of new and better drugs to treat malaria. This review analyses the medicinal plants used to manage malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chemical compounds with antiplasmodial activity are described. In the Sub-Saharan African countries cited in this review, hundreds of plants are used as antimalarial remedies. While the number of plant species is not exhaustive, plants used in more than one country probably indicate better antimalarial efficacy and safety. The antiplasmodial data suggest an opportunity for inventing new antimalarial drugs from Sub-Saharan-African flora.
Collapse
|