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Hu J, Sha W, Yuan S, Wu J, Huang Y. Aggregation, Transmission, and Toxicity of the Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau: A Complex Comprehension. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15023. [PMID: 37834471 PMCID: PMC10573976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau is an intrinsically disordered protein containing a few short and transient secondary structures. Tau physiologically associates with microtubules (MTs) for its stabilization and detaches from MTs to regulate its dynamics. Under pathological conditions, tau is abnormally modified, detaches from MTs, and forms protein aggregates in neuronal and glial cells. Tau protein aggregates can be found in a number of devastating neurodegenerative diseases known as "tauopathies", such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), etc. However, it is still unclear how the tau protein is compacted into ordered protein aggregates, and the toxicity of the aggregates is still debated. Fortunately, there has been considerable progress in the study of tau in recent years, particularly in the understanding of the intercellular transmission of pathological tau species, the structure of tau aggregates, and the conformational change events in the tau polymerization process. In this review, we summarize the concepts of tau protein aggregation and discuss the views on tau protein transmission and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (J.H.); (W.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Wenchi Sha
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (J.H.); (W.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuangshuang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (J.H.); (W.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (J.H.); (W.S.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; (J.H.); (W.S.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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2
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Watanabe H, Tatsumi H, Kaide S, Shimizu Y, Iikuni S, Ono M. Structure-Activity Relationships of Radioiodinated 6,5,6-Tricyclic Compounds for the Development of Tau Imaging Probes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:120-126. [PMID: 32071677 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau aggregate, which is the main component of the neurofibrillary tangle, is an attractive imaging target for diagnosing and monitoring the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we designed and synthesized six radioiodinated 6,5,6-tricyclic compounds to explore novel scaffolds for tau imaging probes. On in vitro autoradiography of AD brain sections, pyridoimidazopyridine and benzimidazopyrimidine derivatives ([125I]21 and [125I]22, respectively) showed selective binding affinity for tau aggregates, whereas carbazole, pyrrolodipyridine, and pyridoimidazopyrimidine derivatives ([125I]10, [125I]12, and [125I]23, respectively) bound β-amyloid aggregates. In a biodistribution study using normal mice, [125I]21 and [125I]22 showed high initial uptakes (5.73 and 5.66% ID/g, respectively, at 2 min postinjection) into and rapid washout (0.14 and 0.10% ID/g, respectively, at 60 min postinjection) from the brain. Taken together, two novel scaffolds including pyridoimidazopyridine and benzimidazopyrimidine may be applied to develop useful tau imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Tatsumi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Kaide
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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3
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Rapid chemical clearing of white matter in the post-mortem human brain by 1,2-hexanediol delipidation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1886-1890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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4
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Tan CC, Zhang XY, Tan L, Yu JT. Tauopathies: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:487-508. [PMID: 29278892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tauopathies are morphologically, biochemically, and clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases defined by the accumulation of abnormal tau proteins in the brain. There is no effective method to prevent and reverse the tauopathies, but this gloomy picture has been changed by recent research advances. Evidences from genetic studies, experimental animal models, and molecular and cell biology have shed light on the main mechanisms of the diseases. The development of radiology and biochemistry, especially the development of PET imaging, will provide important biomarkers for the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Given the central role of tau in tauopathies, many treatments have constantly emerged, including targeting phosphorylation, targeting aggregation, increasing microtubule stabilization, tau immunization, clearance of tau, anti-inflammatory treatment, and other therapeutics. There is still a long way to go before we obtain drug therapy targeted at multifactor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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5
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Rajasekhar K, Govindaraju T. Current progress, challenges and future prospects of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2018; 8:23780-23804. [PMID: 35540246 PMCID: PMC9081849 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diverse pathological mechanisms and their implications for the development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in Alzheimer's disease are presented with current progress, challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Rajasekhar
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- New Chemistry Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
- Bengaluru 560064
- India
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Fisher E, Zhao Y, Richardson R, Janik M, Buell AK, Aigbirhio FI, Tóth G. Detection and Characterization of Small Molecule Interactions with Fibrillar Protein Aggregates Using Microscale Thermophoresis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28640595 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease share the pathological hallmark of fibrillar protein aggregates. The specific detection of these protein aggregates by positron emission tomography (PET) in the patient brain can yield valuable information for diagnosis and disease progression. However, the identification of novel small compounds that bind fibrillar protein aggregates has been a challenge. In this study, microscale thermophoresis (MST) was applied to assess the binding affinity of known small molecule ligands of α-synuclein fibrils, which were also tested in parallel in a thioflavin T fluorescence competition assay for further validation. In addition, a MST assay was also developed for the detection of the interaction between a variety of small molecules and tau fibrils. The results of this study demonstrate that MST is a powerful and practical methodology to quantify interactions between small molecules and protein fibrillar aggregates, which suggests that it can be applied for the identification and development of PET radioligands and potentially of therapeutic candidates for protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fisher
- Molecular Imaging
Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of
Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Molecular Imaging
Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of
Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - Robert Richardson
- Molecular Imaging
Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of
Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - Malgorzata Janik
- MTA-TTK-NAP
B, Drug Discovery Research Group, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1051, Hungary
| | - Alexander K. Buell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Franklin I. Aigbirhio
- Molecular Imaging
Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of
Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
| | - Gergely Tóth
- Molecular Imaging
Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of
Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K
- MTA-TTK-NAP
B, Drug Discovery Research Group, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1051, Hungary
- Cantabio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
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7
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Vāvere AL, Scott PJH. Clinical Applications of Small-molecule PET Radiotracers: Current Progress and Future Outlook. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:429-453. [PMID: 28826519 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotracers, or radiopharmaceuticals, are bioactive molecules tagged with a radionuclide used for diagnostic imaging or radiotherapy and, when a positron-emitting radionuclide is chosen, the radiotracers are used for PET imaging. The development of novel PET radiotracers in many ways parallels the development of new pharmaceuticals, and small molecules dominate research and development pipelines in both disciplines. The 4 decades since the introduction of [18F]FDG have seen the development of many small molecule PET radiotracers. Ten have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as of 2016, whereas hundreds more are being evaluated clinically. These radiotracers are being used in personalized medicine and to support drug discovery programs where they are greatly improving our understanding of and ability to treat diseases across many areas of medicine including neuroscience, cardiovascular medicine, and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Vāvere
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Mossine AV, Brooks AF, Henderson BD, Hockley BG, Frey KA, Scott PJH. An updated radiosynthesis of [ 18F]AV1451 for tau PET imaging. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2017; 2:7. [PMID: 29503848 PMCID: PMC5824695 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-017-0027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [18F]AV1451 is a commonly used radiotracer for imaging tau deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related non-AD tauopathies. Existing radiosyntheses of [18F]AV1451 require complex purifications to provide doses suitable for use in clinical imaging studies. To address this issue, we have modified the synthesis of [18F]AV1451 to use only 0.5 mg precursor, optimized the Boc-deprotection step and developed a simplified method for HPLC purification of the radiotracer. RESULTS An optimized [18F]AV1451 synthesis using a TRACERLab FXFN module led to high radiochemical yield (202 ± 57 mCi per synthesis) and doses with excellent radiochemical purity (98 ± 1%) and good specific activity (2521 ± 623 Ci/mmol). CONCLUSION An updated and operationally simple synthesis of [18F]AV1451 has been developed that is fully automated and prepares radiotracer doses suitable for use in clinical tau PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Mossine
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Brian G. Hockley
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Kirk A. Frey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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9
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Gao M, Wang M, Zheng QH. Synthesis of carbon-11-labeled isonicotinamides as new potential PET agents for imaging of GSK-3 enzyme in Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:740-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Mallik AK, Drzezga A, Minoshima S. Molecular Imaging and Precision Medicine in Dementia and Movement Disorders. PET Clin 2017; 12:119-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Eisenmenger LB, Huo EJ, Hoffman JM, Minoshima S, Matesan MC, Lewis DH, Lopresti BJ, Mathis CA, Okonkwo DO, Mountz JM. Advances in PET Imaging of Degenerative, Cerebrovascular, and Traumatic Causes of Dementia. Semin Nucl Med 2016; 46:57-87. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Ono M, Doi Y, Watanabe H, Ihara M, Ozaki A, Saji H. Structure–activity relationships of radioiodinated diphenyl derivatives with different conjugated double bonds as ligands for α-synuclein aggregates. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02710e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the structure–activity relationships of radioiodinated diphenyl (IDP) derivatives with different conjugated double bonds as ligands for α-syn aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Sakyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Yuki Doi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Sakyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Sakyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
- Suita-shi
- Japan
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Department of Neurology
- Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital
- Kita-ku
- Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Sakyo-ku
- Japan
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13
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Wang M, Gao M, Xu Z, Zheng QH. Synthesis of a PET tau tracer [(11)C]PBB3 for imaging of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4587-92. [PMID: 26323870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authentic standard PBB3 and its precursor N-desmethyl-PBB3 as well as TBS-protected N-desmethyl-PBB3 precursor for radiolabeling were synthesized from 5-bromo-2-nitropyridine, acrolein diethyl acetal, 6-methoxy-2-methylbenzothiazole, and diethylchlorophosphate with overall chemical yield 1% in six steps, 2% in five steps, and 1% in six steps, respectively. [(11)C]PBB3 was prepared from either desmethyl-PBB3 or TBS-protected desmethyl-PBB3 with [(11)C]CH3OTf through N-[(11)C]methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with SPE in 20-25% and 15-20% radiochemical yield, respectively, based on [(11)C]CO2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity at EOB was 370-1110 GBq/μmol with a total synthesis time of ~40-min from EOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, Room 202, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mingzhang Gao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, Room 202, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Qi-Huang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, Room 202, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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