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Liu W, Yang W, Li X, Qi D, Chen H, Liu H, Yu S, Wang G, Liu Y. Evaluating the Properties of Ginger Protease-Degraded Collagen Hydrolysate and Identifying the Cleavage Site of Ginger Protease by Using an Integrated Strategy and LC-MS Technology. Molecules 2022; 27:5001. [PMID: 35956951 PMCID: PMC9370692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Methods: An integrated strategy, including in vitro study (degree of hydrolysis (DH) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity) and in vivo study (absorption after oral administration in rats), was developed to evaluate the properties of the fish skin gelatin hydrolysates prepared using different proteases (pepsin, alkaline protease, bromelain, and ginger protease). Meanwhile, in order to identify the hydrolysis site of ginger protease, the peptides in the ginger protease-degraded collagen hydrolysate (GDCH) were comprehensively characterized by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. (2) Results: The GDCH exhibited the highest DH (20.37%) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (77.73%), and in vivo experiments showed that the GDCH was more efficiently absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Further oral administration experiments revealed that GDCH was not entirely degraded to free amino acids and can be partially absorbed as dipeptides and tripeptides in intact forms, including Pro-Hyp, Gly-Pro-Hyp, and X-Hyp-Gly tripeptides. LC-MS results determined the unique substrate specificity of ginger protease recognizing Pro and Hyp at the P2 position based on the amino acids at the P2 position from the three types of tripeptides (Gly-Pro-Y, X-Hyp-Gly, and Z-Pro-Gly) and 136 identified peptides (>4 amino acids). Interestingly, it suggested that ginger protease can also recognize Ala in the P2 position. (3) Conclusions: This study comprehensively evaluated the properties of GDCH by combining in vitro and in vivo strategies, and is the first to identify the cleavage site of ginger protease by LC-MS technique. It provides support for the follow-up study on the commercial applications of ginger protease and bioactivities of the hydrolysate produced by ginger protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wenning Yang
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Dongying Qi
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hongjiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Huining Liu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guopeng Wang
- Zhongcai Health (Beijing) Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 101500, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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2
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Singh S, Wang M, Gao R, Teng P, Odom T, Zhang E, Xu H, Cai J. Lipidated α/Sulfono-α-AA heterogeneous peptides as antimicrobial agents for MRSA. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115241. [PMID: 31812324 PMCID: PMC10523340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Though antibiotics have been used for decades to treat bacterial infections, there is a great need for new treatment methods. Bacteria are becoming resistant to conventional antibiotics, as is the case with Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herein we report the design of a series of lipidated α/Sulfono-α-AA heterogeneous peptides as mimics for Host Defense Peptides (HDPs). Utilizing fluorescence microscopy and depolarization techniques, our compounds demonstrate the ability to kill Gram-positive bacteria through cell membrane disruption. This mechanism of action makes it difficult for bacteria to develop resistance. Further time kill studies and hemolytic assays have also proven these compounds to be efficient in their ability to eradicate bacteria cells while remaining non-toxic to human red blood cells. This new class of peptidomimetics shows promise for the future antibiotic treatment of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Peng Teng
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Timothy Odom
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - En Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hai Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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3
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Asadi Karam MR, Habibi M, Bouzari S. Urinary tract infection: Pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance and development of effective vaccines against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Immunol 2019; 108:56-67. [PMID: 30784763 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are recognized as one of the most common infectious diseases in the world that can be divided to different types. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are the most prevalent causative agent of UTIs that applied different virulence factors such as fimbriae, capsule, iron scavenger receptors, flagella, toxins, and lipopolysaccharide for their pathogenicity in the urinary tract. Despite the high pathogenicity of UPEC strains, host utilizes different immune systems such as innate and adaptive immunity for eradication of them from the urinary tract. The routine therapy of UTIs is based on the use of antibiotics such as β-lactams, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin and quinolones in many countries. Unfortunately, the widespread and misuse of these antibiotics resulted in the increasing rate of resistance to them in the societies. Increasing antibiotic resistance and their side effects on human body show the need to develop alternative strategies such as vaccine against UTIs. Developing a vaccine against UTI pathogens will have an important role in reduction the mortality rate as well as reducing economic costs. Different vaccines based on the whole cells (killed or live-attenuated vaccines) and antigens (subunits, toxins and conjugatedvaccines) have been evaluated against UTIs pathogens. Furthermore, other therapeutic strategies such as the use of probiotics and antimicrobial peptides are considered against UTIs. Despite the extensive efforts, limited success has been achieved and more studies are needed to reach an alternative of antibiotics for treatment of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehri Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran.
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran.
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4
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Singh S, Nimmagadda A, Su M, Wang M, Teng P, Cai J. Lipidated α/α-AA heterogeneous peptides as antimicrobial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:398-405. [PMID: 29906686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
With an increase of resistance in bacteria there is an urgent need for alternative treatment methods that could complement conventional antibiotics. In the past two decades, focus has been drawn to Host Defense Peptides (HDPs) as potential antibiotic agents. Herein we reported our studies on the development of lipidated α/α-AA heterogeneous peptides as a new class of HDP mimetics. These compounds showed potent antimicrobial activity toward both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they also displayed excellent selectivity as they only exhibited limited hemolytic activity. The fluorescence microscopy suggested that the mechanism of action of these heterogeneous peptides is bacterial membrane disruption, which is believed to be the major reason why it is difficult for bacteria to develop resistance. The subsequent time kill studies suggested that these compounds could rapidly eradicate bacteria. Moreover, this class of compounds could also effectively clear biofilms formed by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings suggested that lipidated α/α-AA heterogeneous peptides, as a new class of peptidomimetics, are promising antibiotic agents combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Alekhya Nimmagadda
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Ma Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Peng Teng
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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5
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Mylonakis E, Podsiadlowski L, Muhammed M, Vilcinskas A. Diversity, evolution and medical applications of insect antimicrobial peptides. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0290. [PMID: 27160593 PMCID: PMC4874388 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short proteins with antimicrobial activity. A large portion of known AMPs originate from insects, and the number and diversity of these molecules in different species varies considerably. Insect AMPs represent a potential source of alternative antibiotics to address the limitation of current antibiotics, which has been caused by the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. To get more insight into AMPs, we investigated the diversity and evolution of insect AMPs by mapping their phylogenetic distribution, allowing us to predict the evolutionary origins of selected AMP families and to identify evolutionarily conserved and taxon-specific families. Furthermore, we highlight the use of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a whole-animal model in high-throughput screening methods to identify AMPs with efficacy against human pathogens, including Acinetobacter baumanii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. We also discuss the potential medical applications of AMPs, including their use as alternatives for conventional antibiotics in ectopic therapies, their combined use with antibiotics to restore the susceptibility of multidrug-resistant pathogens, and their use as templates for the rational design of peptidomimetic drugs that overcome the disadvantages of therapeutic peptides. The article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Zooecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maged Muhammed
- Division of Infectious Disease, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
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6
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Dosunmu EF, Emeh RO, Dixit S, Bakeer MK, Coats MT, Owen DR, Pillai SR, Singh SR, Dennis VA. The anti-microbial peptide TP359 attenuates inflammation in human lung cells infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa via TLR5 and MAPK pathways. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176640. [PMID: 28467446 PMCID: PMC5415104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection induces vigorous inflammatory mediators secreted by epithelial cells, which do not necessarily eradicate the pathogen. Nonetheless, it reduces lung function due to significant airway damage, most importantly in cystic fibrosis patients. Recently, we published that TP359, a proprietary cationic peptide had potent bactericidal effects against P. aeruginosa, which were mediated by down-regulating its outer membrane biogenesis genes. Herein, we hypothesized that TP359 bactericidal effects could also serve to regulate P. aeruginosa-induced lung inflammation. We explored this hypothesis by infecting human A549 lung cells with live P. aeruginosa non-isogenic, mucoid and non-mucoid strains and assessed the capacity of TP359 to regulate the levels of elicited TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8 inflammatory cytokines. In all instances, the mucoid strain elicited higher concentrations of cytokines in comparison to the non-mucoid strain, and TP359 dose-dependently down-regulated their respective levels, suggesting its regulation of lung inflammation. Surprisingly, P. aeruginosa flagellin, and not its lipopolysaccharide moiety, was the primary inducer of inflammatory cytokines in lung cells, which were similarly down-regulated by TP359. Blocking of TLR5, the putative flagellin receptor, completely abrogated the capacity of infected lung cells to secrete cytokines, underscoring that TP359 regulates inflammation via the TLR5-dependent signaling pathway. Downstream pathway-specific inhibition studies further revealed that the MAPK pathway, essentially p38 and JNK are necessary for induction of P. aeruginosa elicited inflammatory cytokines and their down-regulation by TP359. Collectively, our data provides evidence to support exploring the relevancy of TP359 as an anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory agent against P. aeruginosa for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejovwoke F. Dosunmu
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Robert O. Emeh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mona K. Bakeer
- Lousiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Allied Health Professions, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mamie T. Coats
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Owen
- Therapeutic Peptides Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shreekumar R. Pillai
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shree R. Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Vida A. Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Anti-adhesive antimicrobial peptide coating prevents catheter associated infection in a mouse urinary infection model. Biomaterials 2017; 116:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Abdel-Shafi S, Osman A, Enan G, El-Nemer M, Sitohy M. Antibacterial activity of methylated egg white proteins against pathogenic G(+) and G(-) bacteria matching antibiotics. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:983. [PMID: 27429892 PMCID: PMC4932028 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Native egg white protein with high level of acidic amino acid residues (pI = 4.8) and hydrophilic nature was transformed into its methylated derivative (MEW), acquiring rather hydrophobic and basic character (pI = 8). The MIC of MEW against ten studied bacteria (G+ and G−) ranged between 0.5 and 1 μg/disc matching or excelling the comparative values of some known specific antibiotics (ranging from 1 to 7.5 μg/disc). Combinations of MEW (1 MIC) and different ready-made disc concentrations of antibiotics indicated either nil, antagonistic or synergistic antimicrobial effect. Replacing the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin by gradual levels of MEW (20–100 %) proportionally increased the potentiality to induce bigger sized inhibition zones. MEW (1 MIC) could inhibit the growth of 6 G+ and 4 G− pathogenic bacteria in their liquid broth media during 24 h at 37 °C, indicating its broad and wide specificity. TEM examination indicated the susceptibility of the two types of bacteria (G+ and G−) to the antimicrobial action of MEW as manifested in different signs of cellular deformations, confirming its broad specificity and its mode of action was rather targeting the cell wall and cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham Abdel-Shafi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Ali Osman
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511 Egypt
| | - Gamal Enan
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Mona El-Nemer
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Sitohy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511 Egypt
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9
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Yacoub HA, Al-Maghrabi OA, Ahmed ES, Uversky VN. Abundance and functional roles of intrinsic disorder in the antimicrobial peptides of the NK-lysin family. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:836-856. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1164077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham A. Yacoub
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Gizza, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Al-Maghrabi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekram S. Ahmed
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Gizza, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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10
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Yu K, Lo JCY, Mei Y, Haney EF, Siren E, Kalathottukaren MT, Hancock REW, Lange D, Kizhakkedathu JN. Toward Infection-Resistant Surfaces: Achieving High Antimicrobial Peptide Potency by Modulating the Functionality of Polymer Brush and Peptide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:28591-28605. [PMID: 26641308 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection associated with indwelling medical devices and implants is a major clinical issue, and the prevention or treatment of such infections is challenging. Antimicrobial coatings offer a significant step toward addressing this important clinical problem. Antimicrobial coatings based on tethered antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on hydrophilic polymer brushes have been shown to be one of the most promising strategies to avoid bacterial colonization and have demonstrated broad spectrum activity. Optimal combinations of the functionality of the polymer-brush-tethered AMPs are essential to maintaining long-term AMP activity on the surface. However, there is limited knowledge currently available on this topic. Here we report the development of potent antimicrobial coatings on implant surfaces by elucidating the roles of polymer brush chemistry and peptide structure on the overall antimicrobial activity of the coatings. We screened several combinations of polymer brush coatings and AMPs constructed on nanoparticles, titanium surfaces, and quartz slides on their antimicrobial activity and bacterial adhesion against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Highly efficient killing of planktonic bacteria by the antimicrobial coatings on nanoparticle surfaces, as well as potent killing of adhered bacteria in the case of coatings on titanium surfaces, was observed. Remarkably, the antimicrobial activity of AMP-conjugated brush coatings demonstrated a clear dependence on the polymer brush chemistry and peptide structure, and optimization of these parameters is critical to achieving infection-resistant surfaces. By analyzing the interaction of polymer-brush-tethered AMPs with model lipid membranes using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we determined that the polymer brush chemistry has an influence on the extent of secondary structure change of tethered peptides before and after interaction with biomembranes. The peptide structure also has an influence on the density of conjugated peptides on polymer brush coatings and the resultant wettability of the coatings, and both of these factors contributed to the antimicrobial activity and bacterial adhesion of the coatings. Overall, this work highlights the importance of optimizing the functionality of the polymer brush to achieve infection-resistant surfaces and presents important insight into the design criteria for the selection of polymers and AMPs toward the development of potent antimicrobial coating on implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joey C Y Lo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | | | - Evan F Haney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dirk Lange
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
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