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García-Arrabé M, de la Plaza San Frutos M, Bermejo-Franco A, del Prado-Álvarez R, López-Ruiz J, del-Blanco-Muñiz JA, Giménez MJ. Effects of Minimalist vs. Traditional Running Shoes on Abdominal Lumbopelvic Muscle Activity in Women Running at Different Speeds: A Randomized Cross-Over Clinical Trial. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:310. [PMID: 38257403 PMCID: PMC10818597 DOI: 10.3390/s24020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate if the characteristics of different running shoes could influence intra-abdominal pressure during running. A single-centre, randomized, prospective cross-over clinical trial was performed measuring activity patterns of internal oblique (IO), lumbar erector (LE), and gluteus maximus (GM) muscles in healthy women when running with minimalist shoes (MS). Participants were randomly allocated into two-sequence (MS/TS or TS/MS) treadmill running at six, nine, and eleven km/h. The surface electromyographic activity of IO, LE, and GM muscles were recorded while running. A repeated measures ANOVA explored the interaction effects of three-muscle x three speeds x two shoes. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Fifty-one healthy nulliparous women (mean age: 26.55 ± 5.11 years; body mass index: 21.29 ± 2.07 Kg/m2) were included. Our findings revealed lower activations of the LE compared to the internal oblique IO and GM, irrespective of running speed and footwear used. Electromyographic activation significantly increased with higher running speeds (p < 0.001) for all muscles, regardless of the type of footwear. Although electromyographic records with MS consistently showed higher values than those with TS, the differences were not statistically significant for all muscles at all speeds. Our results indicate that electromyographic activation patterns vary according to the muscle group, exhibiting higher values with increased running speed. No significant differences were observed between MS and TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Arrabé
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.G.-A.); (M.d.l.P.S.F.); (A.B.-F.); (R.d.P.-Á.); (J.L.-R.); (J.A.d.-B.-M.)
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta de la Plaza San Frutos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.G.-A.); (M.d.l.P.S.F.); (A.B.-F.); (R.d.P.-Á.); (J.L.-R.); (J.A.d.-B.-M.)
| | - Alberto Bermejo-Franco
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.G.-A.); (M.d.l.P.S.F.); (A.B.-F.); (R.d.P.-Á.); (J.L.-R.); (J.A.d.-B.-M.)
| | - Rebeca del Prado-Álvarez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.G.-A.); (M.d.l.P.S.F.); (A.B.-F.); (R.d.P.-Á.); (J.L.-R.); (J.A.d.-B.-M.)
| | - Javier López-Ruiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.G.-A.); (M.d.l.P.S.F.); (A.B.-F.); (R.d.P.-Á.); (J.L.-R.); (J.A.d.-B.-M.)
| | - José Angel del-Blanco-Muñiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.G.-A.); (M.d.l.P.S.F.); (A.B.-F.); (R.d.P.-Á.); (J.L.-R.); (J.A.d.-B.-M.)
| | - María-José Giménez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.G.-A.); (M.d.l.P.S.F.); (A.B.-F.); (R.d.P.-Á.); (J.L.-R.); (J.A.d.-B.-M.)
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2
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Selvakumar S, Li SM, Fahey P, Cheung RTH. Effect of surface inclination on vertical loading rate and footstrike pattern in trail and road runners. Sports Biomech 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37955262 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2278163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Trail runners have been reported to be more injury prone than road runners. Limited past studies have examined the difference in the running biomechanics between the two groups of runners. More importantly, the effect of surface inclination has not been fully investigated. Hence, this study examined the effect of surface inclination on running biomechanics in trail and road runners. Twenty trails and 20 road runners were recruited in this study. Trail runners appeared to be more experienced and had longer training distance per week (p < 0.001) compared to road runners. All participants ran at a self-selected pace on an instrumented treadmill in three inclination conditions (i.e., level, +10% uphill and -10% downhill) in a random order. Vertical average loading rate (VALR), vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) and footstrike angle (FSA) were measured using established methods. Trail runners experienced greater VILR (p = 0.039, Cohen's d = 2.9) with a greater FSA (p = 0.002, Cohen's d = 1.1) during downhill running than road runners. No significant differences in VALR, VILR and FSA were found between the two groups during level and uphill running. Our findings provide potential biomechanical rationale to explain a higher injury incidence among trail runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Selvakumar
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sin Ming Li
- Physiotherapy Department, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Fahey
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Jahn VDS, Correia CK, Dell’Antonio E, Mochizuki L, Ruschel C. BIOMECHANICS OF SHOD AND BAREFOOT RUNNING: A LITERATURE REVIEW. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202606219320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze and summarize the biomechanical (kinematics, kinetics and neuromuscular) differences between shod and barefoot running, through a literature review. Searches were conducted for complete articles published between 2013 and November 2018 in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and SPORTdiscus databases. The search terms used were Biomechanics, Kinetics, Kinematics, Electromyography, “Surface Electromyography”; and Unshod, Barefoot, Barefeet and Running. The search resulted in 687 articles; after excluding duplicates and selecting by title, abstract and full text, 40 articles were included in the review. The results show that there are important differences in the biomechanics of running when shod or barefoot. In general, studies indicate that in barefoot running: a) individuals present forefoot or midfoot foot strike patterns, while in shod running the typical pattern is the rearfoot strike; (b) greater cadence and shorter stride length are observed; and (c) there is greater knee flexion, lower peak vertical ground reaction force and greater activation of the medial gastrocnemius. In addition, barefoot runners contact the ground with greater plantar flexion, possibly as a strategy to reduce impact when stepping without footwear. These differences, as well as runners’ individual characteristics, should be considered in the prescription of the barefoot running, in order to minimize injuries resulting from the practice. Level of Evidence II; Review.
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Liu Q, Mo S, Cheung VCK, Cheung BMF, Wang S, Chan PPK, Malhotra A, Cheung RTH, Chan RHM. Classification of runners' performance levels with concurrent prediction of biomechanical parameters using data from inertial measurement units. J Biomech 2020; 112:110072. [PMID: 33075666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of runner's performance level is critical to coaching, performance enhancement and injury prevention. Machine learning techniques have been developed to measure biomechanical parameters with body-worn inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. However, a robust method to classify runners is still unavailable. In this paper, we developed two models to classify running performance and predict biomechanical parameters of 30 subjects. We named the models RunNet-CNN and RunNet-MLP based on their architectures: convolutional neural network (CNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP), respectively. In addition, we examined two validation approaches, subject-wise (leave-one-subject-out) and record-wise. RunNet-MLP classified runner's performance levels with an overall accuracy of 97.1%. Our results also showed that RunNet-CNN outperformed RunNet-MLP and gradient boosting decision tree in predicting biomechanical parameters. RunNet-CNN showed good agreement (R2 > 0.9) with the ground-truth reference on biomechanical parameters. The prediction accuracy for the record-wise method was better than the subject-wise method regardless of biomechanical parameters or models. Our findings showed the viability of using IMUs to produce reliable prediction of runners' performance levels and biomechanical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Shiwei Mo
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Shenzhen University, China; Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Vincent C K Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, and The Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Shuotong Wang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Peter P K Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR; School of Biomedical Sciences, and The Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Akash Malhotra
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia.
| | - Rosa H M Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
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Chan PPK, Chan ZYS, Au IPH, Lam BMF, Lam WK, Cheung RTH. Biomechanical effects following footstrike pattern modification using wearable sensors. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:30-35. [PMID: 32553447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine the biomechanical effects of an in-field sensor-based gait retraining program targeting footstrike pattern modification during level running, uphill running and downhill running. DESIGN Quasi-experimental design. METHODS Sixteen habitual rearfoot strikers were recruited. All participants underwent a baseline evaluation on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speeds on three slope settings. Participants were then instructed to modify their footstrike pattern from rearfoot to non-rearfoot strike with real-time audio biofeedback in an 8-session in-field gait retraining program. A reassessment was conducted to evaluate the post-training biomechanical effects. Footstrike pattern, footstrike angle, vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR), stride length, cadence, and knee flexion angle at initial contact were measured and compared. RESULTS No significant interaction was found between training and slope conditions for all tested variables. Significant main effects were observed for gait retraining (p-values≤0.02) and slopes (p-values≤0.01). After gait retraining, 75% of the participants modified their footstrike pattern during level running, but effects of footstrike pattern modification were inconsistent between slopes. During level running, participants exhibited a smaller footstrike angle (p≤0.01), reduced VILR (p≤0.01) and a larger knee flexion angle (p=0.01). Similar effects were found during uphill running, together with a shorter stride length (p=0.01) and an increased cadence (p≤0.01). However, during downhill running, no significant change in VILR was found (p=0.16), despite differences found in other biomechanical measurements (p-values=0.02-0.05). CONCLUSION An 8-session in-field gait retraining program was effective in modifying footstrike pattern among runners, but discrepancies in VILR, stride length and cadence were found between slope conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P K Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Ivan P H Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Ben M F Lam
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - W K Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, China; Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, China
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
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Wei RXY, Chan ZYS, Zhang JHW, Shum GL, Chen CY, Cheung RTH. Difference in the running biomechanics between preschoolers and adults. Braz J Phys Ther 2020; 25:162-167. [PMID: 32507484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High vertical loading rate is associated with a variety of running-related musculoskeletal injuries. There is evidence supporting that non-rearfoot footstrike pattern, greater cadence, and shorter stride length may reduce the vertical loading rate. These features appear to be common among preschoolers, who seem to experience lower running injury incidence, leading to a debate whether adults should accordingly modify their running form. OBJECTIVE This study sought to compare the running biomechanics between preschoolers and adults. METHODS Ten preschoolers (4.2±1.6 years) and ten adults (35.1±9.5 years) were recruited and ran overground with their usual shoes at a self-selected speed. Vertical average (VALR) and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) were calculated based on the kinetic data. Footstrike pattern and spatiotemporal parameters were collected using a motion capture system. RESULTS There was no difference in normalized VALR (p=0.48), VILR (p=0.48), running speed (p=0.85), and footstrike pattern (p=0.29) between the two groups. Preschoolers demonstrated greater cadence (p<0.001) and shorter normalized stride length (p=0.01). CONCLUSION By comparing the kinetic and kinematic parameters between children and adults, our findings do not support the notion that adults should modify their running biomechanics according to the running characteristics in preschoolers for a lower injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel X Y Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet H W Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary L Shum
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Ying Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Australia
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Vernillo G, Martinez A, Baggaley M, Khassetarash A, Giandolini M, Horvais N, Edwards WB, Millet GY. Biomechanics of graded running: Part I - Stride parameters, external forces, muscle activations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1632-1641. [PMID: 32396672 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical alterations with graded running have only been partially quantified, and the potential interactions with running speed remain unclear. We measured spatiotemporal parameters, ground reaction forces, and leg muscle activations (EMG) in nineteen adults (10F/9M) running on an instrumented treadmills at 2.50, 3.33, and 4.17 m·s-1 and 0, ±5°, and ±10°. Step frequency illustrated a significant speed × grade interaction (P < .001) and was highest (+3%) at the steepest grade (+10°) and fastest speed (4.17 m·s-1 ) when compared to level running (LR) at the same speed. Significant interaction was also observed for ground reaction forces (all P ≤ .047). Peak ground reaction forces in the normal direction increased with running speed during downhill running (DR) only (+9% at -10° and 4.17 m·s-1 ). Impulse in the normal direction decreased at fastest speed and steepest DR (-9%) and uphill running (UR) (-17%) grades. Average normal loading rate increased and decreased at fastest speed and steepest DR (+52%) and UR (-28%) grades, respectively. Negative parallel impulse increased and decreased at fastest speed and steepest DR (+166%) and UR (-90%), respectively. Positive parallel impulse decreased and increased at fastest speed and steepest DR (-75%) and UR (+111%), respectively. EMG showed comparable u-shaped curves across the grades investigated, although only a change in vastus lateralis and tibilias anterior activity was detectable at the steepest grades and fastest speed. Overall, running grade and speed significantly influences spatiotemporal parameters, ground reaction forces, and muscle activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vernillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aaron Martinez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael Baggaley
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Arash Khassetarash
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Horvais
- Innovation and Sport Science Lab, Salomon SAS, Annecy, France
| | - William Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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8
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Mo S, Chan ZYS, Lai KKY, Chan PPK, Wei RXY, Yung PSH, Shum G, Cheung RTH. Effect of minimalist and maximalist shoes on impact loading and footstrike pattern in habitual rearfoot strike trail runners: An in-field study. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:183-191. [PMID: 32126931 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1738559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Running-related injuries among trail runners are very common and footwear selection may modulate the injury risk. However, most previous studies were conducted in a laboratory environment. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of two contrasting footwear designs, minimalist (MIN) and maximalist shoes (MAX), on the running biomechanics of trail runners during running on a natural trail. Eighteen habitual rearfoot strike trail runners completed level, uphill and downhill running at their preferred speeds in both shod conditions. Peak tibial acceleration, strike index and footstrike pattern were compared between the two footwear and slopes. Interactions of footwear and slope were not detected for all the selected variables. There was no significant effect from footwear (F = 1.23, p = 0.27) and slope (F = 2.49, p = 0.09) on peak tibial acceleration and there was no footwear effect on strike index (F = 3.82, p = 0.056). A significant main effect of slope on strike index (F = 13.24, p < 0.001) was found. Strike index during uphill running was significantly greater (i.e. landing with a more anterior foot strike) when compared with level (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.72) or downhill running (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.44) in either MIN or MAX. The majority of habitual rearfoot strike runners switched to midfoot strike during uphill running while maintaining a rearfoot strike pattern during level or downhill running. In summary, wearing either one of the two contrasting footwear (MIN or MAX) demonstrated no effect on impact loading and footstrike pattern in habitual rearfoot strike trail runners running on a natural trail with different slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Mo
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth K Y Lai
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Peter Pak-Kwan Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel Xiao-Yu Wei
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Gary Shum
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Roy Tsz-Hei Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Chan ZYS, Au IPH, Zhang JH, Ferber R, Shum G, An WW, Cheung RTH. Effects of deceptive footwear condition on subjective comfort and running biomechanics. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Y. S. Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong
| | - Ivan P. H. Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong
| | - Janet H. Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong
| | - Reed Ferber
- Running Injury Clinic University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- Faculties of Kinesiology, Nursing, and Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Gary Shum
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing Plymouth Marjon University Plymouth UK
| | - Winko W. An
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Roy T. H. Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong
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Abstract
Vertical loading rate could be associated with residuum and whole body injuries affecting individuals fitted with transtibial prostheses. The objective of this study was to outline one out of five automated methods of extraction of vertical loading rate that stacked up the best against manual detection, which is considered the gold standard during pseudo-prosthetic gait. The load applied on the long axis of the leg of three males was recorded using a transducer fitted between a prosthetic foot and physiotherapy boot while walking on a treadmill for circa 30 min. The automated method of extraction of vertical loading rate, combining the lowest absolute average and range of 95% CI difference compared to the manual method, was deemed the most accurate and precise. The average slope of the loading rate detected manually over 150 strides was 5.56 ± 1.33 kN/s, while the other slopes ranged from 4.43 ± 0.98 kN/s to 6.52 ± 1.64 kN/s depending on the automated detection method. An original method proposed here, relying on progressive loading gradient-based automated extraction, produced the closest results (6%) to manual selection. This work contributes to continuous efforts made by providers of prosthetic and rehabilitation care to generate evidence informing reflective clinical decision-making.
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11
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Mo S, Leung SH, Chan ZY, Sze LK, Mok KM, Yung PS, Ferber R, Cheung RT. The biomechanical difference between running with traditional and 3D printed orthoses. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2191-2197. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1626069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Mo
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Sam H.S. Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zoe Y.S. Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Louis K.Y. Sze
- Persona Surgical Modelling, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick S.H. Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculties of Kinesiology and Nursing, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roy T.H. Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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12
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Huang Y, Xia H, Chen G, Cheng S, Cheung RT, Shull PB. Foot strike pattern, step rate, and trunk posture combined gait modifications to reduce impact loading during running. J Biomech 2019; 86:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Zhang JH, Chan ZYS, Au IPH, An WW, Cheung RTH. Can runners maintain a newly learned gait pattern outside a laboratory environment following gait retraining? Gait Posture 2019; 69:8-12. [PMID: 30658313 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous peak tibial shock gait retraining programs, which were usually conducted on a treadmill, were reported to be effective on impact loading reduction in runners. However, whether the trained runners can translate the training effect at different running modes (treadmill/overground), or running slopes (uphill/downhill), remains unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the training effect from a treadmill-based gait retraining translatable to unconstrained running conditions, including overground and uphill/downhill running? METHODS The peak tibial shock was measured during treadmill/overground running, as well as level/uphill/downhill running before and after a course of treadmill-based gait retraining. The 8-session training aimed to soften footfalls using real-time biofeedback of tibial shock data. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the effect of training, running mode, and running slope, on a group level. Reliable change index of each participant was used to assess the individual response to the training protocol used in this study. RESULTS Eighty percent of the participants were responsive to the gait retraining and managed to reduce their peak tibial shock following training. They managed to translate the training effect to treadmill slope running (Level: p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 1.65; Uphill: p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.91; Downhill: p < 0.05; Cohen's d = 1.29) and overground level running (p = 0.014, Cohen's d = 0.85). However, their peak tibial shock were not reduced during overground slope running (Uphill: p = 0.054; Cohen's d = 0.62; Downhill p = 0.12; Cohen's d = 0.48). SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicated that a newly learned gait pattern may not fully translate to running outside of the laboratory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet H Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ivan P H Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Winko W An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Zifchock R, Parker R, Wan W, Neary M, Song J, Hillstrom H. The relationship between foot arch flexibility and medial-lateral ground reaction force distribution. Gait Posture 2019; 69:46-49. [PMID: 30660951 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overuse running injury susceptibility has previously been associated with the magnitude and slope of ground reaction force profiles, most often in the vertical axis. However, despite the implications of excessive pronation and supination on injury susceptibility, very little research has examined the factors that might affect distribution of force in the medial-lateral directions. RESEARCH QUESTION The purpose of this study was to consider how foot structure, specifically arch flexibility, affects the distribution of ground reaction force between the medial-lateral and vertical planes of motion. METHODS Twenty-five participants were classified as having stiff or flexible arches, and three dimensional kinetic data were gathered while the volunteers ran at 7 mph on an instrumented treadmill. A mixed-effects ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of arch flexibility type on distribution of ground reaction force impulse in the medial and lateral directions. RESULTS The results suggest that individuals with relatively stiff arches experience a greater proportion of ground reaction force in the medial-lateral plane of motion, as compared with those with more flexible arches (p = 0.03). Further, the results suggest that most individuals, regardless of foot structure, experience greater impulse of force in the lateral than in the medial direction (p < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE Considering previously explored relationships between ground reaction force, foot pronation/supination, and chronic running injuries, the results of this study suggest that arch flexibility could be used as a criterion for assessing injury susceptibility. Further, conclusions drawn from this study add to the discussion on the pros and cons of training or using devices to increase or restrict arch flexibility while running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Zifchock
- Civil & Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States.
| | - Regina Parker
- Civil & Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Willahelm Wan
- Civil & Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Michael Neary
- Providence Community Health Centers, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jinsup Song
- Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Howard Hillstrom
- Leon Root, MD Motion Analysis Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Cheung RTH, Zhang JH, Chan ZYS, An WW, Au IPH, MacPhail A, Davis IS. Shoe-mounted accelerometers should be used with caution in gait retraining. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:835-842. [PMID: 30693580 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Real-time biofeedback gait retraining has been reported to be an effective intervention to lower the impact loading during gait. While many of the previous gait retraining studies have utilized a laboratory-based setup, some studies used accelerometers affixed at the distal tibia to allow training outside the laboratory environment. However, many commercial sensors for gait modification are shoe-mounted. Hence, this study sought to compare impact loading parameters measured by shoe-mounted and tibia sensors in participants before and after a course of walking or running retraining using signal source from the shoe-mounted sensors. We also compared the correlations between peak positive acceleration measured at shoe (PPAS ) and tibia (PPAT ) and vertical loading rates, as these loading rates have been related to injury. Twenty-four and 14 participants underwent a 2-week visual biofeedback walking and running retraining, respectively. Participants in the walking retraining group experienced lower PPAS following the intervention (P < 0.005). However, they demonstrated no change in PPAT (P = 0.409) nor vertical loading rates (P > 0.098) following the walking retraining. In contrast, participants in the running retraining group experienced a reduction in the PPAT (P = 0.001) and vertical loading rates (P < 0.013) after running retraining. PPAS values were four times that of PPAT for both walking and running suggesting an uncoupling of the shoe with tibia. As such, PPAS was not correlated with vertical loading rates for either walking or running, while significant correlations between PPAT and vertical loading rates were noted. The present study suggests potential limitations of the existing commercial shoe-mounted sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Janet H Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Winko W An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivan P H Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Aislinn MacPhail
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Irene S Davis
- Spaulding National Running Center, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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16
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Latorre Román PÁ, Redondo Balboa F, Párraga Montilla J, Soto Hermoso VM, Consuegra González PJ, García Pinillos F. Analysis of foot strike pattern, rearfoot dynamic and foot rotation over childhood. A cross-sectional study. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:477-483. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1507237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Felipe García Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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17
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Chan ZYS, Au IPH, Lau FOY, Ching ECK, Zhang JH, Cheung RTH. Does maximalist footwear lower impact loading during level ground and downhill running? Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1083-1089. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1472298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Y. S. Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan P. H. Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Fannie O. Y. Lau
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Eric C. K. Ching
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Janet H. Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Roy T. H. Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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18
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Lam WK, Liebenberg J, Woo J, Park SK, Yoon SH, Cheung RTH, Ryu J. Do running speed and shoe cushioning influence impact loading and tibial shock in basketball players? PeerJ 2018; 6:e4753. [PMID: 29770274 PMCID: PMC5951143 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tibial stress fracture (TSF) is a common injury in basketball players. This condition has been associated with high tibial shock and impact loading, which can be affected by running speed, footwear condition, and footstrike pattern. However, these relationships were established in runners but not in basketball players, with very little research done on impact loading and speed. Hence, this study compared tibial shock, impact loading, and foot strike pattern in basketball players running at different speeds with different shoe cushioning properties/performances. Methods Eighteen male collegiate basketball players performed straight running trials with different shoe cushioning (regular-, better-, and best-cushioning) and running speed conditions (3.0 m/s vs. 6.0 m/s) on a flat instrumented runway. Tri-axial accelerometer, force plate and motion capture system were used to determine tibial accelerations, vertical ground reaction forces and footstrike patterns in each condition, respectively. Comfort perception was indicated on a 150 mm Visual Analogue Scale. A 2 (speed) × 3 (footwear) repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the main effects of shoe cushioning and running speeds. Results Greater tibial shock (P < 0.001; η2 = 0.80) and impact loading (P < 0.001; η2 = 0.73-0.87) were experienced at faster running speeds. Interestingly, shoes with regular-cushioning or best-cushioning resulted in greater tibial shock (P = 0.03; η2 = 0.39) and impact loading (P = 0.03; η2 = 0.38-0.68) than shoes with better-cushioning. Basketball players continued using a rearfoot strike during running, regardless of running speed and footwear cushioning conditions (P > 0.14; η2 = 0.13). Discussion There may be an optimal band of shoe cushioning for better protection against TSF. These findings may provide insights to formulate rehabilitation protocols for basketball players who are recovering from TSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China.,Li Ning Sports Sciences Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jacobus Liebenberg
- Institute of General Kinesiology and Athletic Training, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeonghyun Woo
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyoon Park
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Hoon Yoon
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Roy Tsz-Hei Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiseon Ryu
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Latorre-Román PÁ, Párraga-Montilla JA, Guardia-Monteagudo I, García-Pinillos F. Foot strike pattern in preschool children during running: sex and shod–unshod differences. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:407-414. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1422545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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20
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Tam N, Prins D, Divekar NV, Lamberts RP. Biomechanical analysis of gait waveform data: exploring differences between shod and barefoot running in habitually shod runners. Gait Posture 2017; 58:274-279. [PMID: 28837918 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to utilise one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping to compare differences between biomechanical and electromyographical waveforms in runners when running in barefoot or shod conditions. Fifty habitually shod runners were assessed during overground running at their current 10-km race running speed. Electromyography, kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected during these running trials. Joint kinetics were calculated using inverse dynamics. One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping one sample t-test was conducted to assess differences over an entire gait cycle on the variables of interest when barefoot or shod (p<0.05). Only sagittal plane differences were found between barefoot and shod conditions at the knee during late stance (18-23% of the gait cycle) and swing phase (74-90%); at the ankle early stance (0-6%), mid-stance (28-38%) and swing phase (81-100%). Differences in sagittal plane moments were also found at the ankle during early stance (2, 4-5%) and knee during early stance (5-11%). Condition differences were also found in vertical ground reaction force during early stance between (3-10%). An acute bout of barefoot running in habitual shod runners invokes temporal differences throughout the gait cycle. Specifically, a co-ordinative responses between the knee and ankle joint in the sagittal plane with a delay in the impact transient peak; onset of the knee extension and ankle plantarflexion moment in the shod compared to barefoot condition was found. This appears to affect the delay in knee extension and ankle plantarflexion during late stance. This study provides a glimpse into the co-ordination of the lower limb when running in differing footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tam
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Danielle Prins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nikhil V Divekar
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert P Lamberts
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faulty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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21
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Cheung RTH, An WW, Au IPH, Zhang JH, Chan ZYS, Man A, Lau FOY, Lam MKY, Lau KK, Leung CY, Tsang NW, Sze LKY, Lam GWK. Measurement agreement between a newly developed sensing insole and traditional laboratory-based method for footstrike pattern detection in runners. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175724. [PMID: 28599003 PMCID: PMC5466274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study introduced a novel but simple method to continuously measure footstrike patterns in runners using inexpensive force sensors. Two force sensing resistors were firmly affixed at the heel and second toe of both insoles to collect the time signal of foot contact. A total of 109 healthy young adults (42 males and 67 females) were recruited in this study. They ran on an instrumented treadmill at 0°, +10°, and -10° inclinations and attempted rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot landings using real time visual biofeedback. Intra-step strike index and onset time difference between two force sensors were measured and analyzed with univariate linear regression. We analyzed 25,655 footfalls and found that onset time difference between two sensors explained 80–84% of variation in the prediction model of strike index (R-squared = 0.799–0.836, p<0.001). However, the time windows to detect footstrike patterns on different surface inclinations were not consistent. These findings may allow laboratory-based gait retraining to be implemented in natural running environments to aid in both injury prevention and performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy T. H. Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Winko W. An
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan P. H. Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet H. Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zoe Y. S. Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred Man
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fannie O. Y. Lau
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Melody K. Y. Lam
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - K. K. Lau
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - C. Y. Leung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - N. W. Tsang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Au IPH, Lau FOY, An WW, Zhang JH, Chen TL, Cheung RTH. Immediate and short-term biomechanical adaptation of habitual barefoot runners who start shod running. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:451-455. [PMID: 28417667 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1313997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the immediate and short-term effects of minimalist shoes (MS) and traditional running shoes (TRS) on vertical loading rates, foot strike pattern and lower limb kinematics in a group of habitual barefoot runners. Twelve habitual barefoot runners were randomly given a pair of MS or TRS and were asked to run with the prescribed shoes for 1 month. Outcome variables were obtained before, immediate after and 1 month after shoe prescription. Average and instantaneous vertical loading rates at the 1-month follow-up were significantly higher than that at the pre-shod session (P < 0.034, η2p > 0.474). Foot strike angle in the TRS group was significantly lower than that in the MS group (P = 0.045, η2p = 0.585). However, there was no significant time nor shoe effect on overstride, knee and ankle excursion (P > 0.061). Habitual barefoot runners appeared to land with a greater impact during shod running and they tended to have a more rearfoot strike pattern while wearing TRS. Lower limb kinematics were comparable before and after shoe prescription. Longer period of follow-up is suggested to further investigate the footwear effect on the running biomechanics in habitual barefoot runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan P H Au
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Fannie O Y Lau
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Winko W An
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet H Zhang
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Tony L Chen
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
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Azevedo APDS, Mezêncio B, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. 16 Weeks of Progressive Barefoot Running Training Changes Impact Force and Muscle Activation in Habitual Shod Runners. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167234. [PMID: 27907069 PMCID: PMC5132300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term effects of barefoot and simulated barefoot running have been widely discussed in recent years. Consequences of adopting barefoot running for a long period, including as a training approach, still remain unknown. The present study evaluated the influence of 16 weeks of progressive barefoot running training on impact force and muscle activation in habitual shod runners. Six habitual shod runners (3 men and 3 women, 29.5 ± 7.3 years) were tested barefoot (BF) and shod (SH), before and after 16 weeks of progressive barefoot running training. Tests consisted of running on instrumented treadmill at 9 km/h, for 10 minutes in each experimental condition. Nine data acquisitions (10 s) of vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and electromyographic (EMG) signal were conducted in each experimental condition for each test. BF training was effective to alter VGRF and EMG parameters of running in habitual shod runners, regardless of footwear condition (SH or BF). The magnitude of first peak of VGRF (Fy1) and the impulse of the first 50 ms decreased after training for BF and SH (p<0.01). The activation reduced from PRE to POST training for four muscles in BF running (p<0.001), whereas only muscle gastrocnemius lateralis decreased significantly its activation (p<0.01) in SH running. A 16-week progressive barefoot running training seems to be an effective training strategy to reduce impact force, improve shock attenuation and to decrease muscle activation intensity, not only in BF running, but also in SH running, although BF condition seems to be more influenced by BF training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula da Silva Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Cerca Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Zhang JH, McPhail AJC, An WW, Naqvi WM, Chan DLH, Au IPH, Luk ATW, Chen TL, Cheung RTH. A new footwear technology to promote non-heelstrike landing and enhance running performance: Fact or fad? J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1533-1537. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1224915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Cheung RTH, Wong RYL, Chung TKW, Choi RT, Leung WWY, Shek DHY. Relationship between foot strike pattern, running speed, and footwear condition in recreational distance runners. Sports Biomech 2016; 16:238-247. [PMID: 27593384 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1226381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared to competitive runners, recreational runners appear to be more prone to injuries, which have been associated with foot strike patterns. Surprisingly, only few studies had examined the foot strike patterns outside laboratories. Therefore, this study compared the foot strike patterns in recreational runners at outdoor tracks with previously reported data. We also investigated the relationship between foot strike pattern, speed, and footwear in this cohort. Among 434 recreational runners analysed, 89.6% of them landed with rearfoot strike (RFS). Only 6.9 and 3.5% landed with midfoot and forefoot, respectively. A significant shift towards non-RFS was observed in our cohort, when compared with previously reported data. When speed increased by 1 m/s, the odds of having forefoot strike and midfoot strike relative to RFS increased by 2.3 times and 2.6 times, respectively. Runners were 9.2 times more likely to run with a forefoot strike in minimalists compared to regular running shoes, although 70% of runners in minimalists continued to use a RFS. These findings suggest that foot strike pattern may differ across running conditions and runners should consider these factors in order to mitigate potential injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy T H Cheung
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Rodney Y L Wong
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Tim K W Chung
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - R T Choi
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wendy W Y Leung
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Diana H Y Shek
- a Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
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26
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Tam N, Astephen Wilson JL, Coetzee DR, van Pletsen L, Tucker R. Loading rate increases during barefoot running in habitually shod runners: Individual responses to an unfamiliar condition. Gait Posture 2016; 46:47-52. [PMID: 27131176 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of barefoot running on initial loading rate (LR), lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics, and neuromuscular control in habitually shod runners with an emphasis on the individual response to this unfamiliar condition. Kinematics and ground reaction force data were collected from 51 habitually shod runners during overground running in a barefoot and shod condition. Joint kinetics and stiffness were calculated with inverse dynamics. Inter-individual initial LR variability was explored by separating individuals by a barefoot/shod ratio to determine acute responders/non-responders. Mean initial LR was 54.1% greater in the barefoot when compared to the shod condition. Differences between acute responders/non-responders were found at peak and initial contact sagittal ankle angle and at initial ground contact. Correlations were found between barefoot sagittal ankle angle at initial ground contact and barefoot initial LR. A large variability in biomechanical responses to an acute exposure to barefoot running was found. A large intra-individual variability was found in initial LR but not ankle plantar-dorsiflexion between footwear conditions. A majority of habitually shod runners do not exhibit previously reported benefits in terms of reduced initial LRs when barefoot. Lastly, runners who increased LR when barefoot reduced LRs when wearing shoes to levels similar seen in habitually barefoot runners who do adopt a forefoot-landing pattern, despite increased dorsiflexion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tam
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Janie L Astephen Wilson
- Dynamics of Human Motion Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Devon R Coetzee
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Leanri van Pletsen
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ross Tucker
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; School of Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
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Zhang JH, An WW, Au IPH, Chen TL, Cheung RTH. Comparison of the correlations between impact loading rates and peak accelerations measured at two different body sites: Intra- and inter-subject analysis. Gait Posture 2016; 46:53-6. [PMID: 27131177 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High average (VALR) and instantaneous vertical loading rates (VILR) during impact have been associated with many running-related injuries. Peak acceleration (PA), measured with an accelerometer, has provided an alternative method to estimate impact loading during outdoor running. This study sought to compare both intra- and inter-subject correlations between vertical loading rates and PA measured at two body sites during running. METHODS Ground reaction force data were collected from 10 healthy adults (age=23.6±3.8 years) during treadmill running at different speeds and inclination surfaces. Concurrently, PAs at the lateral malleoli and the distal tibia were measured using synchronized accelerometers. RESULTS We found significant positive intra-subject correlation between loading rates and PA at the lateral malleoli (r=0.561-0.950, p<0.001) and the distal tibia (r=0.486-0.913, p<0.001). PA measured at the lateral malleoli showed stronger correlation with loading rates (p=0.004) than the measurement at the distal tibia. On the other hand, inter-subject variances were observed in the association between PA and vertical loading rates. The inter-subject variances at the distal tibia were 3.88±3.09BW/s and 5.69±3.05BW/s in VALR and VLIR respectively. Similarly, the inter-subject variances in the measurement at lateral malleoli were 5.24±2.85BW/s and 6.67±2.83BW/s in VALR and VLIR respectively. CONCLUSIONS PA measured at lateral malleoli has stronger correlation with VALR or VILR than the measurement at distal tibia. Caution is advised when using PA to conduct inter-subject comparisons of vertical loading rates during running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet H Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Winko W An
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan P H Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Tony L Chen
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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