1
|
Xu FF, Chen YS, Lin XQ, Zhong AH, Zhao M, Li YQ, Li ZY, Lai YF, Song J, Pan JL, Cai ZF, Liang XX, Liu ZP, Wu YN, Wu WL, Yang XF. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability assessment of cadmium in rice: In vitro simulators with/without gut microbiota and validation through in vivo mouse and human data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:175980. [PMID: 39236823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Assessing the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) is crucial for effective evaluation of the exposure risk associated with intake of Cd-contaminated rice. However, limited studies have investigated the influence of gut microbiota on these two significant factors. In this study, we utilized in vitro gastrointestinal simulators, specifically the RIVM-M (with human gut microbial communities) and the RIVM model (without gut microbial communities), to determine the bioaccessibility of Cd in rice. Additionally, we employed the Caco-2 cell model to assess bioavailability. Our findings provide compelling evidence that gut microbiota significantly reduces Cd bioaccessibility and bioavailability (p<0.05). Notably, strong in vivo-in vitro correlations (IVIVC) were observed between the in vitro bioaccessibilities and bioavailabilities, as compared to the results obtained from an in vivo mouse bioassay (R2 = 0.63-0.65 and 0.45-0.70, respectively). Minerals such as copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) in the food matrix were found to be negatively correlated with Cd bioaccessibility in rice. Furthermore, the results obtained from the toxicokinetic (TK) model revealed that the predicted urinary Cd levels in the Chinese population, based on dietary Cd intake adjusted by in vitro bioaccessibility from the RIVM-M model, were consistent with the actual measured levels (p > 0.05). These results indicated that the RIVM-M model represents a potent approach for measuring Cd bioaccessibility and underscore the crucial role of gut microbiota in the digestion and absorption process of Cd. The implementation of these in vitro methods holds promise for reducing uncertainties in dietary exposure assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Xu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Ying-Si Chen
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiu-Qin Lin
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhong
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, PR China
| | - Yue-Qi Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zi-Yin Li
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yue-Fei Lai
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jia Song
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jia-Liang Pan
- Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zhan-Fan Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), Guangzhou 510435, PR China
| | - Xu-Xia Liang
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), Guangzhou 510435, PR China
| | - Zhao-Ping Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Yong-Ning Wu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Wei-Liang Wu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Xing-Fen Yang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ammara S, Rafiq MT, Aziz R, Feng Y, Mehmood S, Taneez M, Suhaib M, Asif F. Nickel uptake in leafy greens from contaminated soil: an investigation into phytoavailability and health risk assessment using in vitro digestion model. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:171. [PMID: 38236342 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) is a toxic metal that not only pollutes the environment but also causes harmful impacts on plant growth and human health. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the relationship between the phytoavailability of Ni in soil and its accumulation in edible and non-edible parts of vegetables. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate Ni uptake in three different leafy vegetables, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), grown in soil artificially contaminated with Ni at three different treatment levels (100 mg kg-1, 200 mg kg-1, and 300 mg kg-1). The potential dietary toxicity of these vegetables in humans was examined by using an in vitro digestion model. The lowest and highest chlorophyll contents were detected in lettuce at 300 mg kg-1 of Ni concentration and in control plants of spinach. Their values were 34.16 ± 3.01 (SPAD unit) and 53 ± 3.7673 (SPAD unit), respectively. Among the three vegetables, lettuce and spinach at 300 mg kg-1 exhibited the highest accumulation of Ni, with 43 mg kg-1 in edible parts and 182 mg kg-1 in non-edible parts. Furthermore, health risk index (HRI) values were found to be > 1 for lettuce and fenugreek at Ni concentrations of 200 and 300 mg kg-1 for both children and adults. The average bioaccessibility of Ni in lettuce, fenugreek, and spinach during the gastrointestinal phase was 32-23%, 24-10%, and 45-37%, respectively, at a Ni concentration of 300 mg kg-1. All three vegetables grown on Ni-contaminated soil may potentially contribute to food chain toxicity. The HRI values being > 1 suggest that these vegetables are unsafe for consumption. Monitoring of Ni concentration in leafy vegetables is essential to minimize human health risks associated with food chain contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumbal Ammara
- Environmental Science Program, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Rafiq
- Environmental Science Program, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Rukhsanda Aziz
- Environmental Science Program, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Ying Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sultan Mehmood
- Horticultural Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Taneez
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Suhaib
- Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Asif
- Environmental Science Program, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang T, Tian Z, Sun L, Zhuang Y. Effect of different cadmium levels in Boletus griseus on bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and intestinal flora by establishing a complete bionic digestion system in vitro. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3677-3689. [PMID: 35762635 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility and bioavailability of different cadmium (Cd) levels (low: 7.31 mg/kg, medium: 24.20 mg/kg, high: 41.64 mg/kg) in Boletus griseus were evaluated by establishing a bionic digestive system in vitro. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of high Cd level by gastrointestinal digestion was significantly higher than other two levels. Further, colonic digestion significantly increased the bioaccessibilities of low Cd level (p < 0.05). After intestinal flora fermentation, the bioaccessibilities of different Cd levels significantly decreased (p < 0.05), and high and medium Cd levels had no significant difference (p > 0.05). A Caco-2 monolayer cell model was established to evaluate the bioavailability of Cd. The bioavailabilities of low and high Cd levels by gastrointestinal digestion were 8.75 and 10.58%, and the bioavailabilities increased by 38.17% and 5.20% after colonic digestion, respectively. Furthermore, Cd could affect diversity, composition, and balance of intestinal flora, and the relative abundances of several genera were correlation with Cd levels in B. griseus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongliang Zhuang
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu FF, Song J, Li YQ, Lai YF, Lin J, Pan JL, Chi HQ, Wang Y, Li ZY, Zhang GQ, Cai ZF, Liang XX, Ma AD, Tan CT, Wu WL, Yang XF. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability adjusted dietary exposure of cadmium for local residents from a high-level environmental cadmium region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126550. [PMID: 34252664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The critical health risks caused by cadmium (Cd) via dietary exposure are commonly assessed by detecting Cd concentrations in foods. Differently, in this study, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd in major local harvests were introduced to assess the dietary exposure of local residents from a high-level environmental Cd region. The results indicated that certain Cd was released into the digestive juice after in vitro digestion with a bioaccessibility of 20-63% for rice and 3-32% for leafy vegetables, and the released portion was partially absorbed by Caco-2 cells with a bioavailability of 2-21% for rice and 0.2-13% for leafy vegetables. The results obtained from the toxicokinetic model revealed that the predicted urinary Cd values from the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Cd, which accounted for bioaccessibility and bioavailability, were consistent with the actual measured values, and the EDIs were considerably lower than the acceptable daily intake. This suggests that the bioaccessibility and bioavailability adjusted dietary Cd exposure should be more precise. The key issues addressed in our study implores that a potential health risk cannot be neglected in people with high consumption of rice from high-level zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Xu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jia Song
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yue-Qi Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yue-Fei Lai
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jun Lin
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jia-Liang Pan
- Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Hui-Qin Chi
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zi-Yin Li
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Gao-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhan-Fan Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), Guangzhou 510435, PR China
| | - Xu-Xia Liang
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), Guangzhou 510435, PR China
| | - An-De Ma
- Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Chu-Ting Tan
- Department of Nutrition, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, PR China
| | - Wei-Liang Wu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Xing-Fen Yang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao H, Gao F, Xia B, Zhang M, Liao Y, Yang Z, Hu G, Zhang C. Alterations in trace element levels and mRNA expression of Hsps and inflammatory cytokines in livers of duck exposed to molybdenum or/and cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 125:93-101. [PMID: 26682514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of dietary Molybdenum (Mo) or/and Cadmium (Cd) on trace elements and the mRNA expression levels of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and inflammatory cytokines in duck livers. 240 healthy 11-day-old ducks were randomly divided into six groups with 40 ducks in each group, which were treated with Mo or/and Cd at different doses on the basal diet for 120 days. On days 30, 60, 90 and 120, 10 birds in each group were randomly selected and euthanized and then the livers were collected to determine the contents of Mo, Cd, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zine (Zn), Selenium (Se) and the mRNA expression levels of Hsps, inflammatory cytokines. In addition, liver tissues at 120 days were subjected to histopathological analysis with the optical microscope. The results showed that the mRNA expression of Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were significantly (P<0.01) upregulated in combination groups; Contents of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se decreased in combined groups (P<0.05) in the later period of the test while contents of Mo and Cd significantly increased (P<0.01); Furthermore severe hepatocyte diffuse fatty, hepatic cords swelling, hepatic sinusoid disappeared, and inflammatory cells infiltrated around the hepatic central vein were observed in Mo combined with Cd groups. The results indicated that dietary Mo or/and Cd might lead to stress, inflammatory response, tissue damage and disturb homeostasis of trace elements in duck livers. Moreover the two elements showed a possible synergistic relationship. And the high mRNA expression of HSPs and inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the resistance of liver toxicity induced by Mo and Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Cao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Feiyan Gao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yilin Liao
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agriculture University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang 330045, Jiangxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li X, Zhang X, Yang Y, Li B, Wu Y, Sun H, Yang Y. Cadmium Accumulation Characteristics in Turnip Landraces from China and Assessment of Their Phytoremediation Potential for Contaminated Soils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1862. [PMID: 28018398 PMCID: PMC5145853 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) pollution is a global environmental problem that threatens ecosystem and human health. Cadmium (Cd) pollution is the most prominent HM pollution type because of its high toxicity, strong migration, and the large polluted area globally. Phytoremediation of contaminated soil is frequently practiced because of its cost-effectiveness and operability and because it has no associated secondary pollution. High-accumulation plants, including those identified as hyperaccumulators, play an important role in phytoremediation. Therefore, screening of plants to identify hyperaccumulators is important for continued phytoremediation. In the present study, we investigated the Cd tolerance and accumulation capabilities of 18 turnip landraces from China under a soil experiment with known Cd level. The results indicated that turnip has a high capacity for Cd accumulation. Furthermore, significant differences in Cd tolerance and accumulation characteristics were found among different landraces when they grew at 50 mg kg-1 (dry weight) Cd concentration. Among the studied landraces, five turnip landraces met the requirements of Cd hyperaccumulators and three landraces were identified as potential candidates. However, the total Cd content accumulated by individual plant of different turnip landraces was dependent on both the Cd accumulation capacity and plant biomass. Compared with some reported Cd hyperaccumulators, turnip not only shows a high Cd-accumulation capacity but also has rapid growth and a wide distribution area. These advantages indicate that turnip may have considerable potential for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil. Furthermore, the study also indicates that it is not advisable to consume turnip cultivated in an environment that exceeds safe Cd levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Boqun Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yongping Yang,
| |
Collapse
|