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Abebe M, Ayehu M, Tebeje TM, Melaku G. Risk factors of necrotizing enterocolitis among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at the selected public hospitals in southern Ethiopia, 2023. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1326765. [PMID: 38357511 PMCID: PMC10864636 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1326765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious intestinal condition characterized by ischemic necrosis of the intestinal mucosa, inflammation, and invasion by gas-forming organisms, posing a significant threat to neonatal health. Necrotizing enterocolitis remains a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Due to limited research conducted in Ethiopia and the study area, there is a lack of information regarding the risk factors associated with necrotizing enterocolitis. Therefore, the goal of this study is to fill the aforementioned gap. Objective This study aims to identify the risk factors of necrotizing enterocolitis among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at selected general and referral hospitals in southern Ethiopia in the year 2023. Methods and materials A facility-based unmatched case-control study was conducted. All neonates admitted to the NICU and diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis by the attending physician during the data collection period were considered as cases, whereas neonates admitted to the NICU but not diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis during the data collection period were considered as controls. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and record reviews using the Kobo toolbox platform. The binary logistic regression method was used to determine the relationship between a dependent variable and independent variables. Finally, a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results This study included 111 cases and 332 controls. Normal BMI [AOR = 0.11, 95% CI: (0.02, 0.58)], history of khat chewing [AOR = 4.21, 95% CI: (1.96, 9.06)], term gestation [AOR = 0.06, 95% CI: (0.01, 0.18)], history of cigarette smoking [AOR = 2.86, 95% CI: (1.14, 7.14)], length of hospital stay [AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: (1.43, 7.67)], and premature rupture of membrane [AOR = 3.51, 95% CI: (1.77, 6.98)] were significantly associated with NEC. Conclusion The study identified several risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis, including body mass index, history of khat chewing, gestational age, history of cigarette smoking, length of hospital stays, and premature rupture of membrane. Therefore, healthcare providers should be aware of these risk factors to identify newborns at high risk and implement preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Abebe
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Mequanint Ayehu
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Mulat Tebeje
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Melaku
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
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Al Moaleem MM, Porwal A, Al Ahmari NM, Shariff M, Homeida H, Khalid A. Khat Chewing Induces a Floral Shift in Dental Material-Associated Microbiota: A Preliminary Study. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e918219. [PMID: 31956260 PMCID: PMC6990665 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The habit of khat (Catha Edulis Forskal) chewing is widely practiced in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and East Africa. This social habit has tremendous effects on oral and general health of khat chewers. Khat may affect bacterial species in plaque biofilms on oral rehabilitation materials. This preliminary case-controlled study aimed to assess and compare the effect of khat chewing on bacterial biodiversity between non-khat chewers (NKC) and khat chewers (KC) in oral biofilms on oral rehabilitation materials using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Material/Methods Fifty participants were organized into 2 equal groups of NKC and KC, each containing 5 subgroups related to filling material type. Some participants had amalgam (A) or composite (C) restorations, while others had feldspathic porcelain (FP), nickel chromium (NC), and zirconia ceramic (ZC) crowns or bridges. Oral biofilm samples were collected from all participants, DNA was extracted, and samples were subjected to PCR. Bacterial species were then identified and counted. PCR products were sequenced to detect similarity. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the current study samples were compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences from GenBank using BLAST on the National Center for Biotechnology Information website. Results The Streptococcus sp. was the most common bacterial species among our participants (40; 80%), followed by Lactobacillus and Veillonella spp., accounting for 12% (6) and 8% (4), respectively. Streptococcus sp. was observed equally among NKC and KC, but Lactobacillus and Veillonella spp. were higher in KC and NKC, respectively. Lactobacillus was associated mainly with prosthetic materials, and Streptococcus was found among all examined dental restorative materials. Conclusions This research concluded that khat chewing significantly affects bacterial biodiversity in oral biofilms in the presence of different restorative and prosthetic dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Moaleem
- Prosthetic Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Porwal
- Prosthetic Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al Ahmari
- Prosthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Shariff
- Prosthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husham Homeida
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Levi YLAS, Novais GS, Dias RB, Andraus RAC, Messora MR, Neto HB, Ervolino E, Santinoni CS, Maia LP. Effects of the prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide on the experimental periodontitis in rats. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:1078-1089. [PMID: 29999540 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of the prebiotic (PREB) mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the progression of the experimental periodontitis (EP) and intestinal morphology in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty rats were randomly allocated into groups (n = 10): C (control), PREB, EP and EP-PREB. Groups PREB and EP-PREB received MOS incorporated into the feed daily. After 30 days, groups EP and EP-PREB received a cotton ligature around their mandibular first molars, kept for 14 days. Morphometrical, histomorphometrical, microcomputed tomography, gene expression analyses and immunohistochemistry were performed. Data were statistically analysed (p < 0.05). RESULTS Group EP-PREB showed less interproximal bone loss, area without bone in the furcation and bone porosity, and greater bone mineral density than group EP (p < 0.05). It was also observed a significant decrease in IL-10 and IFN-γ gene expression, besides a decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β and an increase in TGF-β immunolabeling score for group EP-PREB. Group EP-PREB also presented villous height and crept depth values similar to group C, while group EP presented reduced values (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the oral administration of MOS promotes a protective effect against alveolar bone loss caused by EP in rats, modifying histologic and immune-inflammatory parameters, in addition to protecting the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara L A S Levi
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Novais
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raisa B Dias
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A C Andraus
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Londrina, University Pitagoras UNOPAR Parana, Brazil
| | - Michel R Messora
- Departament of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo-USP, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hermann B Neto
- Department of Functional Sciences, University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Division of Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, Dental School of Aracatuba, University Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina S Santinoni
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Maia
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD-Master's Degree), University of Western Sao Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Dentistry, University Pitagoras UNOPAR, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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Al-Alimi A, Halboub E, Al-Sharabi AK, Taiyeb-Ali T, Jaafar N, Al-Hebshi NN. Independent determinants of periodontitis in Yemeni adults: A case-control study. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 16:503-511. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Alimi
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences (Periodontology); University Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Periodontology, Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Radiology; University of Sana'a; Sana'a Yemen
| | - E Halboub
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences; Jazan University; Jazan Saudi Arabia
| | - AK Al-Sharabi
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Periodontology, Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Radiology; University of Sana'a; Sana'a Yemen
| | - T Taiyeb-Ali
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences (Periodontology); University Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - N Jaafar
- Faculty of Dentistry; Department of Community Oral Health & Clinical Prevention; University Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - NN Al-Hebshi
- Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry; Temple University; Philadelphia PA USA
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Kalakonda B, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Shamiri HM, Ijaz A, Gamal S, Dhaifullah E. Is Khat (Catha edulis) chewing a risk factor for periodontal diseases? A systematic review. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e1264-e1270. [PMID: 29167719 PMCID: PMC5694158 DOI: 10.4317/jced.54163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Khat (Catha edulis) chewing is a highly prevalent habit in the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa, and has recently spread to Western countries. The association between khat chewing and oral mucosal lesions is well documented in the literature. However, there is no concrete evidence on the association between khat chewing and periodontal disease. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the influence of khat chewing on periodontal health. Material and Methods A literature search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Sciences databases was carried out to identify relevant articles published from 1990 to May 2017. The inclusion criteria were all clinical studies that assessed the relationship between khat chewing and periodontal disease. Results The search yielded 122 articles, of which 10 were included in this systematic review.
Most of the studies exhibited a positive correlation between khat chewing and periodontal disease. Conclusions Altogether, the analysis of the current evidence reveals that khat chewing is destructive to the periodontium and enhances the risk of periodontal disease progression. However, due to variability of studies, more longitudinal case-controlled studies are highly warranted to establish a causal relation between khat chewing and periodontal disease. Key words:Khat chewing, periodontal health, periodontal disease, risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butchibabu Kalakonda
- BDS, MDS, Lecturer, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadeq-Ali Al-Maweri
- BDS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Hashem-Motahir Al-Shamiri
- BDS, MSc, Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anum Ijaz
- BDS, General Practitioner, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shukri Gamal
- BDS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, AlFarabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam Dhaifullah
- BDS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi
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Al-Maweri SA, Warnakulasuriya S, Samran A. Khat (Catha edulis) and its oral health effects: An updated review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9. [PMID: 28834423 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Khat or qat (Catha edulis) is a plant that grows in East Africa and southern Arabia. The leaves and twigs of this small tree are chewed by several millions of people worldwide for their stimulating amphetamine-like effects. The reported prevalence of khat chewing in Europe and the USA is on the rise, especially with global migration. Long-term khat chewing has several detrimental general and oral health effects. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature regarding khat use and its association with oral and dental diseases, with particular emphasis on its link with oral keratotic white lesions and oral cancer. We searched the literature to identify all relevant articles. Studies showed that khat is associated with several oral and dental conditions, including keratotic white lesions, mucosal pigmentation, periodontal disease, tooth loss, plasma cell stomatitis, and xerostomia. There are limited data on the incidence of dental caries among khat chewers. The evidence that khat chewing is a risk factor for oral cancer is still weak, and is mainly based on anecdotal case reports and uncontrolled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq A Al-Maweri
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Oral Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Department of Oral Medicine, King's College, London, UK.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, UK
| | - Abdulaziz Samran
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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Al-Akhali MS, Al-Moraissi EA. Khat chewing habit produces a significant adverse effect on periodontal, oral health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontal Res 2017. [PMID: 28626895 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although there is a general agreement that a khat chewing habit produces clinicopathological changes in the oral mucosa. However there is no reliable evidence of the effects of a khat chewing habit on the periodontal tissues. Thus, authors aimed to investigate the influence of khat chewing habits on periodontal, oral health, by comparing khat chewers to non-chewers in respect of gingival recession, periodontal pocketing depth and loss of attachment. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and grey literature. The inclusion criteria were all studies with aims of comparing khat chewers and/or sides to non-chewers and/or sides in respect of gingival recession, periodontal pocketing depth and loss of attachment. For continuous data, we computed weighted mean difference or standard mean difference analyses. An odds ratio using a random effect model was used if heterogeneity was detected; otherwise, a fixed effects model with a 95% confidence interval was used for continuous data. Two subgroups were analysed: khat chewers vs non-chewers and khat chewer sides vs non-chewer sides of the chewer's individuals. A total of 6373 participants were enrolled in 12 studies (khat chewers=3812, non-chewers=2561). There were statistically significant differences between khat and non-chewers in both subgroup analyses regarding gingival recession, periodontal pocketing depth and loss of attachment (P<.05). The odds ratios for khat chewers compared to non-chewers, in respect of depth of periodontal pocket and gingival recession were 4.797 and 6.853 respectively. The results of this meta-analysis have shown that the khat chewing habit produces a destructive and adverse effect on periodontal, oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Al-Akhali
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - E A Al-Moraissi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
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Al-Maweri SA, AlAkhali M. Oral hygiene and periodontal health status among khat chewers. A case-control study. J Clin Exp Dent 2017; 9:e629-e634. [PMID: 28512538 PMCID: PMC5429473 DOI: 10.4317/jced.53520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Habitual khat chewing is a widespread male habit in Southern Arabia and East Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Khat chewing on oral hygiene and periodontal health status among Yemeni male khat chewers. Material and Methods This case- control study included 310 khat chewers, aged 20-65 years, and 72 age- and gender- matched non-chewers as controls. Periodontal examination included recording of dental plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), attachment level (AL) and gingival recession (GR). Demographic data, oral hygiene practices, and duration, frequency and site of khat chewing were obtained using questionnaires. SPSS was used for data analysis. ANOVA and t- tests were used to compare groups. Results Khat chewers had significantly higher mean PI, AL, GR scores than non-chewers (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in the GI and PPD mean scores were observed between both groups (p > 0.05). Interestingly, the results showed that the chewing side had less PI, GI and PPD than non-chewing side. However, gingival recession was significantly higher in the chewing side. The duration of chewing showed a significant effect on PI, PPD, AL, and GR but had no effect on the gingival condition. Likewise, the frequency of chewing showed a significant effect on PPD, AL, and GR, but had no effect on other indices (PI and GI). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that khat chewing have a detrimental effect on the periodontium. Key words:Khat chewing, periodontal health, oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq-Ali Al-Maweri
- Assistant professor, department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Alfarabi colleges, Riyadh, Saudi; department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
| | - Mohammed AlAkhali
- Associate professor, Department of periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, KSA; Associate professor, Department of periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Yemen
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