1
|
Mohammed FF, Abdelrazik EG, Anwar A, Abdelgayed SS. Hepatic P53 upregulation and the genotoxic potential of acesulfame-K treatment in rats with a special emphasis on in vitro lymphocyte and macrophage activity testing. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241236900. [PMID: 38418425 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241236900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Acesulfame-k (Ace-k) is a widely used artificial sweetener in various products, and long-term cumulative and multisource exposure is possible despite inadequate toxicological data confirming its safety. Ninety male rats were divided into two main groups according to their body weight into immature and mature rats. Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups: control untreated, 30 and 90 mg/kg b. w of Ace-k via gastric intubation. The treatment was performed daily 5 days per week for 12 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected for in vitro testing of lymphocyte proliferation rate, comet assay, and macrophage activity about nitric oxide (NO) production. In addition, the collection of liver specimens was performed for P53 gene expression and histopathological evaluation. The results revealed that Ace-k induced modulation in lymphocyte proliferation rate and affected the production of NO by macrophages while increasing in tail moment in a dose-dependent manner that varied among different age groups. The upregulation of P53 in the liver was correlated with increased polyploidization and necro apoptotic reaction and various histopathological hepatic alterations. The present data revealed that chronic treatment of rats with Ace-k affects lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the genotoxic and hepatotoxic potential of Ace-k were confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faten F Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer Anwar
- Immunology Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherein S Abdelgayed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Short-Chain Fatty Acids Ameliorate Diabetic Nephropathy via GPR43-Mediated Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and NF- κB Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4074832. [PMID: 32831998 PMCID: PMC7422068 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4074832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease. Oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling play an important role in the pathogenesis of DN. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced from carbohydrate fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract exert positive regulatory effects on inflammation and kidney injuries. However, it is unclear whether SCFAs can prevent and ameliorate DN. In the present study, we evaluated the role and mechanism of the three main SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) in high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced type2 diabetes (T2D) and DN mouse models and in high glucose-induced mouse glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs), to explore novel therapeutic strategies and molecular targets for DN. We found that exogenous SCFAs, especially butyrate, improved hyperglycemia and insulin resistance; prevented the formation of proteinuria and an increase in serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, and cystatin C; inhibited mesangial matrix accumulation and renal fibrosis; and blocked NF-κB activation in mice. SCFAs also inhibited high glucose-induced oxidative stress and NF-κB activation and enhanced the interaction between β-arrestin-2 and I-κBα in GMCs. Specifically, the beneficial effects of SCFAs were significantly facilitated by the overexpression GPR43 or imitated by a GPR43 agonist but were inhibited by siRNA-GPR43 in GMCs. These results support the conclusion that SCFAs, especially butyrate, partially improve T2D-induced kidney injury via GPR43-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling, suggesting SCFAs may be potential therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of DN.
Collapse
|
3
|
Franco R, Justino A, Martins M, Silva C, Campana P, Lopes J, De Almeida V, Espindola F. Phytoscreening of Vochysiaceae species: Molecular identification by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and evaluating of their antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against human α-amylase and protein glycation. Bioorg Chem 2019; 91:103122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
4
|
Justino AB, Miranda NC, Franco RR, Martins MM, Silva NMD, Espindola FS. Annona muricata Linn. leaf as a source of antioxidant compounds with in vitro antidiabetic and inhibitory potential against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, non-enzymatic glycation and lipid peroxidation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:83-92. [PMID: 29425747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Annona muricata leaves are used in traditional medicine to manage diabetes mellitus and its complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential in vitro antidiabetic properties of Annona muricata leaf by identifying its main phytochemical constituents and characterizing the phenolic-enriched fractions for their in vitro antioxidant capacity and inhibitory activities against glycoside and lipid hydrolases, advanced glycation end-product formation and lipid peroxidation. Ethanol extract of A. muricata leaf was subjected to a liquid-liquid partitioning and its fractions were used in enzymatic assays to evaluate their inhibitory potential against α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase, as well as their antioxidant (DPPH, ORAC, FRAP and Fe2+-ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation assays) and anti-glycation (BSA-fructose, BSA-methylglyoxal and arginine-methylglyoxal models) capacities. In addition, identification of the main bioactive compounds of A. muricata leaf by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was carried out. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (BuOH) fractions showed, respectively, antioxidant properties (ORAC 3964 ± 53 and 2707 ± 519 μmol trolox eq g-1, FRAP 705 ± 35 and 289 ± 18 μmol trolox eq g-1, and DPPH IC50 4.3 ± 0.7 and 9.3 ± 0.8 μg mL-1) and capacity to reduce liver lipid peroxidation (p < .01). Also, EtOAc and BuOH, respectively, inhibited glycation in BSA-fructose (IC50 45.7 ± 13.5 and 61.9 ± 18.2 μg mL-1), BSA-methylglyoxal (IC50 166.1 ± 21.6 and 413.2 ± 49.5 μg mL-1) and arginine-methylglyoxal (IC50 437.9 ± 89.0 and 1191.0 ± 199.0 μg mL-1) assays, α-amylase (IC50 9.2 ± 2.3 and 6.1 ± 1.6 μg mL-1), α-glucosidase (IC50 413.1 ± 121.1 and 817.4 ± 87.9 μg mL-1) and lipase (IC50 74.2 ± 30.1 and 120.3 ± 50.5 μg.mL-1), and presented lower cytotoxicity, when compared to the other fractions and crude extract. Various biomolecules known as potent antioxidants were identified in these fractions, such as chlorogenic and caffeic acids, procyanidins B2 and C1, (epi)catechin, quercetin, quercetin-hexosides and kaempferol. This study presents new biological activities not yet described for A. muricata, which contributes to the understanding of the potential effectiveness in the use of the A. muricata leaf, especially its polyphenols-enriched fractions, for the management of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allisson Benatti Justino
- Institute of Biotechnology - Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG Brazil
| | - Natália Carnevalli Miranda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences - Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues Franco
- Institute of Biotechnology - Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG Brazil
| | - Mário Machado Martins
- Institute of Chemistry - Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG Brazil
| | - Neide Maria da Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences - Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Biotechnology - Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38400-902, Uberlândia, MG Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Gouveia NM, Rodrigues WF, de Sousa RMF, Calábria LK, Mundim AV, Miguel CB, Oliveira CJF, Lazo-Chica JE, de Oliveira A, Lago JHG, dos Santos VB, do Lago CL, Espindola FS. Phytochemical characterization of the Vochysia rufa (Vochysiaceae) extract and its effects on oxidative stress in the pancreata of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184807. [PMID: 28981518 PMCID: PMC5628804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous extract of macerated Vochysia rufa stem bark has been commonly used in the treatment of diabetes. Therefore, we evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of an extract of V. rufa on the pancreata of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Animals received one of the following treatments daily by oral gavage: water (diabetic-control), V. rufa extract (diabetic-V. rufa), or glibenclamide (diabetic-GBD). Total antioxidant capacity; levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced glutathione, and sulfhydryls; and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured in the pancreas. Biochemical analysis of serum total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, acid uric, ALP, γ-GT, AST, and ALT was performed, and pancreatic β-cells positive for insulin were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Rats treated with extract exhibited a decrease in fasting blood glucose compared with levels in diabetic control rats. GPx activity and sulfhydryl levels were significantly lower in diabetic-V. rufa rats compared with those of diabetic-control rats. V. rufa extract acted to normalize the biochemical alterations found in diabetic rats (diabetic-controls), as demonstrated by increases in urea, HDL, ALP, AST, and ALT. Reduction in blood glucose was independent of an increase in insulin. The V. rufa extract was found to be composed of free sugars (inositol, galactose, glucose, mannose, sucrose, arabinose, and ribose) as the main metabolites. Thus, aqueous extract of the stem bark of V. rufa is capable of reducing blood glucose, resulting in an antioxidant effect on the pancreatic tissue of STZ-diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neire M. de Gouveia
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biofuncionais, Faculdade Morgana Potrich, Mineiros, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Wellington F. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel M. F. de Sousa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana K. Calábria
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio V. Mundim
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila B. Miguel
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório Morfofuncional, Centro Universitário de Mineiros, UNIFIMES, Mineiros, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Carlo J. F Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Javier E. Lazo-Chica
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João H. G. Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas da Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Foued S. Espindola
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Justino AB, Pereira MN, Peixoto LG, Vilela DD, Caixeta DC, de Souza AV, Teixeira RR, Silva HCG, de Moura FBR, Moraes IB, Espindola FS. Hepatoprotective Properties of a Polyphenol-Enriched Fraction from Annona crassiflora Mart. Fruit Peel against Diabetes-Induced Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4428-4438. [PMID: 28514152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A polyphenol-enriched fraction from Annona crassiflora fruit peel (Ac-Pef) containing chlorogenic acid, (epi)catechin, procyanidin B2, and caffeoyl-glucoside was investigated against hepatic oxidative and nitrosative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Serum biochemical parameters, hepatic oxidative and nitrosative status, glutathione defense system analysis, and in silico assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) of the main compounds of Ac-Pef were carried out. Ac-Pef treatment during 30 days decreased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities, as well as hepatic lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and nitration, inducible nitric oxide synthase level, and activities and expressions of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. There were increases in antioxidant capacity, glutathione reductase activity, and reduced glutathione level. ADMET predictions of Ac-Pef compounds showed favorable absorption and distribution, with no hepatotoxicity. A. crassiflora fruit peel showed hepatoprotective properties, indicating a promising natural source of bioactive molecules for prevention and therapy of diabetes complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Nunes Pereira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Gomes Peixoto
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Danielle Diniz Vilela
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Adriele Vieira de Souza
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Izabela Barbosa Moraes
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Oeste da Bahia , Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vochysia rufa Stem Bark Extract Protects Endothelial Cells against High Glucose Damage. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4010009. [PMID: 28930225 PMCID: PMC5597076 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Increased oxidative stress by persistent hyperglycemia is a widely accepted factor in vascular damage responsible for type 2 diabetes complications. The plant Vochysia rufa (Vr) has been used in folk medicine in Brazil for the treatment of diabetes. Thus; the protective effect of a Vr stem bark extract against a challenge by a high glucose concentration on EA.hy926 (EA) endothelial cells is evaluated. Methods: Vegetal material is extracted with distilled water by maceration and evaporated until dryness under vacuum. Then; it is isolated by capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. Cell viability is evaluated on EA cells treated with 0.5-100 µg/mL of the Vr extract for 24 h. The extract is diluted at concentrations of 5, 10 and 25 µg/mL and maintained for 24 h along with 30 mM of glucose to evaluate its protective effect on reduced glutathione (GSH); glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GR) and protein carbonyl groups. Results:V. rufa stem bark is composed mainly of sugars; such as inositol; galactose; glucose; mannose; sacarose; arabinose and ribose. Treatment with Vr up to 100 µg/mL for 24 h did not affect cell viability. Treatment of EA cells with 30 mM of glucose for 24 h significantly increased the cell damage. EA cells treated with 30 mM of glucose showed a decrease of GSH concentration and increased Radical Oxygen Species (ROS) and activity of antioxidant enzymes and protein carbonyl levels; compared to control. Co-treatment of EA with 30 mM glucose plus 1-10 μg/mL Vr significantly reduced cell damage while 5-25 μg/mL Vr evoked a significant protection against the glucose insult; recovering ROS; GSH; antioxidant enzymes and carbonyls to baseline levels. Conclusion:V. rufa extract protects endothelial cells against oxidative damage by modulating ROS; GSH concentration; antioxidant enzyme activity and protein carbonyl levels.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee JY, Kim MY, Shin SH, Shin MR, Kwon OJ, Kim TH, Park CH, Noh JS, Rhee MH, Roh SS. Persicarin isolated from Oenanthe javanica protects against diabetes-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1194-1202. [PMID: 28413457 PMCID: PMC5377288 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Persicarin is one of the major components of the Oenanthe javanica (water dropwort). The present study was aimed to evaluate the role of persicarin in the hepatic tissue of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced by single intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin (120 mg/kg body weight) and then oral administration of persicarin at a dose 2.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight for 10 days. Serum and hepatic glucose levels were increased in diabetic control mice, while persicarin treatment groups were markedly reduced. Also, the increased levels of ALT and AST in serum were improved by persicarin. In our results revealed that persicarin suppressed increased oxidative stress parameter (reactive oxygen species, peroxinitrite, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit (Nox-4 and P47phox) and inflammatory related makers (NF-κB, AP-1, TGF-β, COX-2, and iNOS). These results suggest that persicarin protects against liver damage by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory response under hyperglycemic conditions. Thus, persicarin could perform as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Lee
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Rae Shin
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, Republic of Korea
| | - O Jun Kwon
- Kyeoungbuk Institute for Regional Program Evaluation, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk 38542, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Gyeongsangbuk 27710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Noh
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Tongmyong University, Busan, Gyeongsangnam 48520, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Soo Roh
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Evaluation of Hypoglycemic and Genotoxic Effect of Polyphenolic Bark Extract from Quercus sideroxyla. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:4032618. [PMID: 27867402 PMCID: PMC5102877 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4032618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Quercus sideroxyla is a wood species whose bark has phenolic compound and should be considered to be bioactive; the hypoglycemic and genotoxic properties of Q. sideroxyla bark were evaluated in this study. Total phenolic compound was determined in crude extract (CE) and organic extract (OE). The OE has the highest amount of phenols (724.1 ± 12.0 GAE/g). Besides, both CE and OE demonstrated effect over the inhibition of α-amylase in vitro. Hypoglycemic activity was assessed by glucose tolerance curve and the area under curve (UAC); OE showed the highest hypoglycemic activity. In addition, diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) and the extracts (50 mg/kg) were administered for 10 days; OE showed hypoglycemic effect compared with diabetic control and decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation. Acute toxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated in CE; results of acute toxicity did not show any mortality. Besides, the comet assay showed that CE at a dose of 100 mg/kg did not show any genotoxic effect when evaluated at 24 h, whereas it induced slight damage at 200 mg/kg, with the formation of type 1 comets.
Collapse
|