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Park JD. Metabolism and drug interactions of Korean ginseng based on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides: Current status and future perspectives. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:253-265. [PMID: 38707645 PMCID: PMC11068998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Orally administered ginsenosides, the major active components of ginseng, have been shown to be biotransformed into a number of metabolites by gastric juice, digestive and bacterial enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and also in the liver. Attention is brought to pharmacokinetic studies of ginseng that need further clarification to better understand the safety and possible active mechanism for clinical application. Experimental results demonstrated that ginsenoside metabolites play an important role in the pharmacokinetic properties such as drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, thereby can be applied as a metabolic modulator. Very few are known on the possibility of the consistency of detected ginsenosides with real active metabolites if taken the recommended dose of ginseng, but they have been found to act on the pharmacokinetic key factors in any clinical trial, affecting oral bioavailability. Since ginseng is increasingly being taken in a manner more often associated with prescription medicines, ginseng and drug interactions have been also reviewed. Considering the extensive oral administration of ginseng, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and perspectives of recent studies on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides such as deglycosylation, absorption, metabolizing enzymes and transporters, together with ginsenoside and drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Dae Park
- R&D Center, REBIO Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lam CS, Koon HK, Ma CT, Au KY, Zuo Z, Chung VCH, Cheung YT. Real-world data on herb-drug interactions in oncology: A scoping review of pharmacoepidemiological studies. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154247. [PMID: 35716539 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concurrent use of conventional drugs and herbal medicines is becoming popular among patients with cancer. However, the potential risk of herb-drug interactions (HDI) remains under-addressed in the literature. Previous reviews have mainly focused on the prevalence of interactions, with less attention paid to the methods used by pharmacoepidemiological studies on evaluating HDI. This scoping review aims to summarize the existing pharmacoepidemiological studies that evaluate HDI using real-world data and to identify gaps to be addressed in future research. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed in nine English- and Chinese-language databases from their inception to May 2021. Gray literature and manual searches were conducted to identify additional studies. The recommended components of the pharmacoepidemiological studies and key findings related to HDI were summarized. The proportion (%) of patients with cancer at risk of HDI was estimated by combining data from eligible studies. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies were included in the review. More than half of these studies were cross-sectional studies (n = 18, 64.3%), followed by retrospective cohort studies (n = 5, 17.9%) and prospective cohort studies (n = 2, 7.1%). The three cancer drugs most commonly studied for their interaction potential with herbs were tamoxifen (n = 11, 39.3%), cyclophosphamide (n = 6, 21.4%), and paclitaxel (n = 6, 21.4%). Most cross-sectional studies identified potential HDI using tertiary databases and primary literature searches. Conversely, prospective and retrospective studies mainly investigated actual clinical outcomes, such as adverse events and secondary cancer occurrences. Most interaction outcomes identified using real-world data did not lead to negative clinical consequences. Collectively, 45.4% of herbal medicine users of the included studies were found to be at risk of HDI. We infer from this review that the common limitations of these studies were limited sample size, lack of data on herbal medicine use and details of HDI, and lack of evidence of HDI. Based on the study limitations, several recommendations to enrich the data sources and optimize the study designs were proposed. CONCLUSIONS There is a high demand for pharmacoepidemiological research on HDI, considering the increasing popularity of herbal medicine among patients with cancer. It is anticipated that emerging real-world data in this field can guide the development of safe and effective approaches to integrative oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sing Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 8th Floor, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Kee Koon
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Chi College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 101, Li Wai Chun Building, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Chung Tin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 8th Floor, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Yin Au
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, 4L, 4/F, Day Treatment Block, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 8th Floor, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent Chi-Ho Chung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Chi College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 101, Li Wai Chun Building, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong; Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Room 202, School of Public Health Building, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Yin Ting Cheung
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 8th Floor, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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Zhu H, You J, Wen Y, Jia L, Gao F, Ganesan K, Chen J. Tumorigenic risk of Angelica sinensis on ER-positive breast cancer growth through ER-induced stemness in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114415. [PMID: 34271113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Angelica sinensis is widely used in traditional Chinese Medicine for relieving gynecological discomforts among the women population. However, its hormone-like effects have raised great attention on whether it is appropriate to use in breast cancer (BC) patients. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the tumorigenic effect of aqueous root extract of Angelica sinensis (AS) on estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BC growth through ER-induced stemness in-vitro and in-vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of the AS was characterized by HPLC. Cell viability was detected by MTS assay. The in-vivo effect of AS was investigated by xenograft model, immunohistochemistry, histology, Western blot, and self-renewal ability assay. Target verification was used by shRNA construction and transfection. Mammosphere formation assay was performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS AS significantly promoted the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells. AS significantly induced tumor growth (2.5 mg/kg) in xenograft models and however tamoxifen treatment significantly suppressed the AS-induced tumor growth. AS induced ERα expression in both in-vivo and in-vitro and promoted cancer stem cell activity in ER-positive BC. CONCLUSION AS shows the tumorigenic potential on ER-positive BC growth through ERα induced stemness, suggesting that the usage of AS is not recommended for BC in terms of safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongni Zhu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jeishu You
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Wen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Daxuecheng Hongmian Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Abstract
Ginseng is one of the oldest documented herbs still in use today. It is known as a panacea for many disease states and for the enhancement of wellness affecting most body systems. Very few side effects are experienced, but there are considerations with its use. Three major types of ginseng are described. Asian ginseng is more potent than American ginseng; however, most supplements come from American and Asian types of ginseng. Purchases should be made from reputable sources owing to the lack of standardization of the production of herbal supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Flagg
- Middle Tennessee State University (MTSU) School of Nursing, MTSU Box 81, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
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Lin YJ, Liang WM, Chen CJ, Tsang H, Chiou JS, Liu X, Cheng CF, Lin TH, Liao CC, Huang SM, Chen J, Tsai FJ, Li TM. Network analysis and mechanisms of action of Chinese herb-related natural compounds in lung cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 58:152893. [PMID: 30901663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are a resource of natural compounds (ingredients) and their potential chemical derivatives with anticancer properties, some of which are already in clinical use. Bei-Mu (BM), Jie-Geng (JG), and Mai-Men-Dong-Tang (MMDT) are important CHMs prescribed for patients with lung cancer that have improved the survival rate. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The aim of this study was to systemically investigate the mechanisms of action of these CHM products in lung cancer cells. METHODS We used a network pharmacology approach to study CHM product-related natural compounds and their lung cancer targets. In addition, the underlying anti-lung cancer effects of the natural compounds on apoptosis, cell cycle progression, autophagy, and the expression of related proteins was investigated in vitro. RESULTS Ingredient-lung cancer target network analysis identified 20 natural compounds. Three of these compounds, ursolic acid, 2-(3R)-8,8-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano(6,5-f)chromen-3-yl)-5-methoxyphenol, and licochalcone A, inhibited the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Signal pathway analyses suggested that these three ingredients may target cellular apoptosis, anti-apoptosis, and cell cycle-related proteins. These three ingredients induced apoptosis through the regulation of the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, including B-cell lymphoma-2 and full-length and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteins. They also induced cell cycle arrest in S and G2/M phases and autophagy in A549 cells. CONCLUSION The pharmacological mechanisms of ingredients from MMDT on lung cancer may be strongly associated with their modulatory effects on apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle progression, and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Miin Liang
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsinyi Tsang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; Attain, LLC, McClean, VA, USA
| | - Jian-Shiun Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xiang Liu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chi-Fung Cheng
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsu Lin
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Chu Liao
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Mei Huang
- Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Genetic Center, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Te-Mao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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De Oliveira Andrade F, Yu W, Zhang X, Carney E, Hu R, Clarke R, FitzGerald K, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Effects of Jaeumkanghwa-tang on tamoxifen responsiveness in preclinical ER+ breast cancer model. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:339-353. [PMID: 30640711 PMCID: PMC6365679 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to endocrine therapy remains a clinical challenge in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. We investigated if adding a traditional Asian herbal mixture consisting of 12 herbs, called Jaeumkanghwa-tang (JEKHT), to tamoxifen (TAM) therapy might prevent resistance and recurrence in the ER+ breast cancer model of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into four groups treated as follows: 15 mg/kg TAM administered via diet as TAM citrate (TAM only); 500 mg/kg JEKHT administered via drinking water (JEKHT only group); TAM + JEKHT and no treatment control group. The study was replicated using two different batches of JEKHT. In both studies, a significantly higher proportion of ER+ mammary tumors responded to TAM if animals also were treated with JEKHT (experiment 1: 47% vs 65%, P = 0.015; experiment 2: 43% vs 77%, P < 0.001). The risk of local recurrence also was reduced (31% vs 12%, P = 0.002). JEKHT alone was mostly ineffective. In addition, JEKHT prevented the development of premalignant endometrial lesions in TAM-treated rats (20% in TAM only vs 0% in TAM + JEKHT). Co-treatment of antiestrogen-resistant LCC9 human breast cancer cells with 1.6 mg/mL JEKHT reversed their TAM resistance in dose-response studies in vitro. Several traditional herbal medicine preparations can exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and may increase anti-tumor immune activities in the tumor microenvironment. In the tumors of rats treated with both JEKHT and TAM, expression of Il-6 (P = 0.03), Foxp3/T regulatory cell (Treg) marker (P = 0.033) and Tgfβ1 that activates Tregs (P < 0.001) were significantly downregulated compared with TAM only group. These findings indicate that JEKHT may prevent TAM-induced evasion of tumor immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage
- Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/blood
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Endometrium/drug effects
- Endometrium/pathology
- Estrogen Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
- Medicine, East Asian Traditional
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Plant Extracts/administration & dosage
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Tamoxifen/administration & dosage
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Elissa Carney
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kevin FitzGerald
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Hilakivi-Clarke:
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Fang T, Li J, Wu X. Shenmai injection improves the postoperative immune function of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients by inhibiting differentiation into Treg cells via miR-103/GPER1 axis. Drug Dev Res 2018; 79:324-331. [PMID: 30267584 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Shenmai injection (SMI) is increasingly used in tumor combination therapy, devoting to enhancing anti-tumor effects and reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. This study aimed to explore the role of SMI in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) treatment. Flow cytometry was used to examine Treg cells percentage in CD4 + T cells. The expression of RNA and protein was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Inducers were used to stimulate CD4 + T cells to differentiate into Treg cells. The interaction between miR-103 and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) was confirmed with the dual luciferase assays. Cell transfection and recombinant plasmids were used to achieve endogenous expression. Compared with patients not treated with 131 I, the Treg cells percentage and Foxp3 expression were clearly increased in patients with 131 I radiotherapy, just the opposite in SMI combination therapy. SMI inhibited the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Treg cells. Aberrant expression of miR-103 and GPER1 induced by 131 I was reversed by SMI and 131 I combination therapy. GPER1 was negatively regulated by miR-103 and SMI inhibits the differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Treg cells via miR-103/GPER1 axis, which improves the postoperative immunological function of PTC patients with 131 I radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Fang
- Department of thyroid surgery, The Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of thyroid surgery, The Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjiang Wu
- Department of thyroid surgery, The Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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Li TM, Yu YH, Tsai FJ, Cheng CF, Wu YC, Ho TJ, Liu X, Tsang H, Lin TH, Liao CC, Huang SM, Li JP, Lin JC, Lin CC, Liang WM, Lin YJ. Characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine usage and its effect on survival of lung cancer patients in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:92-100. [PMID: 29100936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Taiwan, lung cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers. Survival of lung cancer patients remains low, ranging from 6% to 18%. Studies have shown that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) can be used to induce cell apoptosis and exhibit anti-inflammatoryanti-inflammatory activities in cancer cells. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the frequencies and patterns of CHM treatment for lung cancer patients and the effect of CHM on their survival probability in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 6939 lung cancer patients (ICD-9-CM: 162). We allocated 264 CHM users and 528 CHM-non users, matched for age, gender, duration, and regular treatment. Chi-square test, conditional multivariable logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test were used in this study. RESULTS The CHM group was characterized by a longer follow up time and more cases of hyperlipidemia and liver cirrhosis. This group exhibited a lower mortality hazard ratio (0.48, 95% confidence interval [0.39-0.61], p < 0.001), after adjusting for comorbidities. The trend was also observed that the cumulative survival probability was higher in CHM than in non-CHM users (p < 0.0001, log rank test). Analysis of their CHM prescription pattern revealed that Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang (BZYQT), Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang (XSLJZT), and Bai-He-Gu-Jin-Tang (BHGJT); and Bei-Mu (BM), Xing-Ren (XR) and Ge-Gen (GG) were found to be the top three formulas and herbs, respectively. Among them, BM was the core CHM of the major cluster, and Jie-Geng (JG) and Mai-Men-Dong-Tang (MMDT) were important CHMs by CHM network analysis. CONCLUSION The use of CHM as an adjunctive therapy may reduce the mortality hazard ratio of lung cancer patients. The investigation of their comprehensive CHM prescription patterns might be useful in future large-scale, randomized clinical investigations of agent effectiveness, safety, and potential interactions with conventional treatments for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Mao Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hao Yu
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xiang Liu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hsinyi Tsang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ting-Hsu Lin
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Chu Liao
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Mei Huang
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Pi Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Rheumatism Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chun Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Miin Liang
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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