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He Y, Xu Y, Hai M, Feng Y, Liu P, Chen Z, Duan W. Exoskeleton-Assisted Rehabilitation and Neuroplasticity in Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg 2024; 185:45-54. [PMID: 38320651 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in neurological deficits below the level of injury, causing motor dysfunction and various severe multisystem complications. Rehabilitative training plays a crucial role in the recovery of individuals with SCI, and exoskeleton serves as an emerging and promising tool for rehabilitation, especially in promoting neuroplasticity and alleviating SCI-related complications. This article reviews the classifications and research progresses of medical exoskeletons designed for SCI patients and describes their performances in practical application separately. Meanwhile, we discuss their mechanisms for enhancing neuroplasticity and functional remodeling, as well as their palliative impacts on secondary complications. The potential trends in exoskeleton design are raised according to current progress and requirements on SCI rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghang Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Penghao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute(CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute(CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Wanru Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, China International Neuroscience Institute(CHINA-INI), Beijing, China.
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Agarwal G, Roy A, Singh AA, Kumar H, Mandoli A, Srivastava A. BM-MSC-Loaded Graphene-Collagen Cryogels Ameliorate Neuroinflammation in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1478-1489. [PMID: 38354406 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A major obstacle to axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) is neuroinflammation mediated by astrocytes and microglial cells. We previously demonstrated that graphene-based collagen hydrogels alone can decrease neuroinflammation in SCI. Their regenerative potential, however, is poorly understood and incomplete. Furthermore, stem cells have demonstrated both neuroprotective and regenerative properties in spinal cord regeneration, although there are constraints connected with the application of stem cell-based therapy. In this study, we have analyzed the regeneration capability of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC)-loaded graphene-cross-linked collagen cryogels (Gr-Col) in a thoracic (T10-T11) hemisection model of SCI. Our study found that BM-MSC-loaded Gr-Col improves axonal regeneration, reduces neuroinflammation by decreasing astrocyte reactivity, and promotes M2 macrophage polarization. BM-MSC-loaded-Gr-Col demonstrated enhanced regenerative potential compared to Gr-Col and the injury group control. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis revealed that BM-MSC-loaded-Gr-Col modulates the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, thus decreasing the reactive and scar-forming astrocyte phenotype. The decrease in neuroinflammation in the BM-MSC-loaded-Gr-Col group is attributed to the modulation of Notch/Rock and STAT5a/b and STAT6 signaling. Overall, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis suggests the promising role of BM-MSC-loaded-Gr-Col in promoting axonal regeneration after SCI by modulating molecular pathways such as the PI3/Akt pathway, focal adhesion kinase, and various inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Abhishek A Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud University, Postbus 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Amit Mandoli
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Department of Medical Device, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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Xu X, Du HY, Talifu Z, Zhang CJ, Li ZH, Liu WB, Liang YX, Xu XL, Zhang JM, Yang DG, Gao F, Du LJ, Yu Y, Jing YL, Li JJ. Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) Combined with Body Weight Support Treadmill Training Improved Spinal Cord and Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function in Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. Nutrients 2023; 15:4578. [PMID: 37960231 PMCID: PMC10649910 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a frequent complication after spinal cord injury (SCI) and can influence the recovery of motor function and metabolism in affected patients. Delaying skeletal muscle atrophy can promote functional recovery in SCI rats. In the present study, we investigated whether a combination of body weight support treadmill training (BWSTT) and glycine and N-acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) could exert neuroprotective effects, promote motor function recovery, and delay skeletal muscle atrophy in rats with SCI, and we assessed the therapeutic effects of the double intervention from both a structural and functional viewpoint. We found that, after SCI, rats given GlyNAC alone showed an improvement in Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, gait symmetry, and results in the open field test, indicative of improved motor function, while GlyNAC combined with BWSTT was more effective than either treatment alone at ameliorating voluntary motor function in injured rats. Meanwhile, the results of the skeletal muscle myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), hindlimb grip strength, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immunostaining analysis demonstrated that GlyNAC improved the structure and function of the skeletal muscle in rats with SCI and delayed the atrophication of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Hua-Yong Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chun-Jia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Ze-Hui Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Wu-Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yi-Xiong Liang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Xu-Luan Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Jin-Ming Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - De-Gang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Liang-Jie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Ying-Li Jing
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (X.X.)
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Xu X, Talifu Z, Zhang CJ, Gao F, Ke H, Pan YZ, Gong H, Du HY, Yu Y, Jing YL, Du LJ, Li JJ, Yang DG. Mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury: A narrative review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1099143. [PMID: 36937344 PMCID: PMC10020380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1099143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury leads to loss of innervation of skeletal muscle, decreased motor function, and significantly reduced load on skeletal muscle, resulting in atrophy. Factors such as braking, hormone level fluctuation, inflammation, and oxidative stress damage accelerate skeletal muscle atrophy. The atrophy process can result in skeletal muscle cell apoptosis, protein degradation, fat deposition, and other pathophysiological changes. Skeletal muscle atrophy not only hinders the recovery of motor function but is also closely related to many systemic dysfunctions, affecting the prognosis of patients with spinal cord injury. Extensive research on the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy and intervention at the molecular level has shown that inflammation and oxidative stress injury are the main mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury and that multiple pathways are involved. These may become targets of future clinical intervention. However, most of the experimental studies are still at the basic research stage and still have some limitations in clinical application, and most of the clinical treatments are focused on rehabilitation training, so how to develop more efficient interventions in clinical treatment still needs to be further explored. Therefore, this review focuses mainly on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury and summarizes the cytokines and signaling pathways associated with skeletal muscle atrophy in recent studies, hoping to provide new therapeutic ideas for future clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Jia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Zhu Pan
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Han Gong
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yong Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Li Jing
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Jie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Jun Li
| | - De-Gang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- De-Gang Yang
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Yan L, Fu J, Dong X, Chen B, Hong H, Cui Z. Identification of hub genes in the subacute spinal cord injury in rats. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:51. [PMID: 36030234 PMCID: PMC9419366 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common trauma in clinical practices. Subacute SCI is mainly characterized by neuronal apoptosis, axonal demyelination, Wallerian degeneration, axonal remodeling, and glial scar formation. It has been discovered in recent years that inflammatory responses are particularly important in subacute SCI. However, the mechanisms mediating inflammation are not completely clear. Methods The gene expression profiles of GSE20907, GSE45006, and GSE45550 were downloaded from the GEO database. The models of the three gene expression profiles were all for SCI to the thoracic segment of the rat. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were performed using R software, and functional enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network were performed using Metascape. Module analysis was performed using Cytoscape. Finally, the relative mRNA expression level of central genes was verified by RT-PCR. Results A total of 206 candidate genes were identified, including 164 up-regulated genes and 42 down-regulated genes. The PPI network was evaluated, and the candidate genes enrichment results were mainly related to the production of tumor necrosis factors and innate immune regulatory response. Twelve core genes were identified, including 10 up-regulated genes and 2 down-regulated genes. Finally, seven hub genes with statistical significance in both the RT-PCR results and expression matrix were identified, namely Itgb1, Ptprc, Cd63, Lgals3, Vav1, Shc1, and Casp4. They are all related to the activation process of microglia. Conclusion In this study, we identified the hub genes and signaling pathways involved in subacute SCI using bioinformatics methods, which may provide a molecular basis for the future treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.6, North Road, 226000, Haierxiang, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.6, North Road, 226000, Haierxiang, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.6, North Road, 226000, Haierxiang, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baishen Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.6, North Road, 226000, Haierxiang, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Hong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.6, North Road, 226000, Haierxiang, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No.6, North Road, 226000, Haierxiang, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Bigford GE, Donovan A, Webster MT, Dietrich WD, Nash MS. Selective Myostatin Inhibition Spares Sublesional Muscle Mass and Myopenia-Related Dysfunction after Severe Spinal Cord Contusion in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3440-3455. [PMID: 34714134 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically relevant myopenia accompanies spinal cord injury (SCI), and compromises function, metabolism, body composition, and health. Myostatin, a transforming growth factor (TGF)β family member, is a key negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. We investigated inhibition of myostatin signaling using systemic delivery of a highly selective monoclonal antibody - muSRK-015P (40 mg/kg) - that blocks release of active growth factor from the latent form of myostatin. Adult female mice (C57BL/6) were subjected to a severe SCI (65 kdyn) at T9 and were then immediately and 1 week later administered test articles: muSRK-015P (40 mg/kg) or control (vehicle or IgG). A sham control group (laminectomy only) was included. At euthanasia, (2 weeks post-SCI) muSRK-015P preserved whole body lean mass and sublesional gastrocnemius and soleus mass. muSRK-015P-treated mice with SCI also had significantly attenuated myofiber atrophy, lipid infiltration, and loss of slow-oxidative phenotype in soleus muscle. These outcomes were accompanied by significantly improved sublesional motor function and muscle force production at 1 and 2 weeks post-SCI. At 2 weeks post-SCI, lean mass was significantly decreased in SCI-IgG mice, but was not different in SCI-muSRK-015P mice than in sham controls. Total energy expenditure (kCal/day) at 2 weeks post-SCI was lower in SCI-immunoglobulin (Ig)G mice, but not different in SCI-muSRK-015P mice than in sham controls. We conclude that in a randomized, blinded, and controlled study in mice, myostatin inhibition using muSRK-015P had broad effects on physical, metabolic, and functional outcomes when compared with IgG control treated SCI animals. These findings may identify a useful, targeted therapeutic strategy for treating post-SCI myopenia and related sequelae in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Bigford
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mark S Nash
- Department of Neurological Surgery and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Huang H, Xue J, Zheng J, Tian H, Fang Y, Wang W, Wang G, Hou D, Lin J. Bioinformatic analysis of the gene expression profile in muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21903. [PMID: 34754020 PMCID: PMC8578571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by muscle atrophy; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy following SCI were investigated. The GSE45550 gene expression profile of control (before SCI) and experimental (14 days following SCI) groups, consisting of Sprague–Dawley rat soleus muscle (n = 6 per group), was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and then differentially expressed gene (DEG) identification and Gene Ontology, pathway, pathway network, and gene signal network analyses were performed. A total of 925 differentially expressed genes, 149 biological processes, and 55 pathways were screened. In the pathway network analysis, the 10 most important pathways were citrate cycle (TCA cycle), pyruvate metabolism, MAPK signalling pathway, fatty acid degradation, propanoate metabolism, apoptosis, focal adhesion, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, Wnt signalling, and cancer pathways. In the gene signal network analysis, the 10 most important genes were Acat1, Acadvl, Acaa2, Hadhb, Acss1, Oxct1, Hadha, Hadh, Acaca, and Cpt1b. Thus, we screened the key genes and pathways that may be involved in muscle atrophy after SCI and provided support for finding valuable markers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Jinju Xue
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Haiquan Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Changzhi, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yehan Fang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Dan Hou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China.
| | - Jianping Lin
- Department of Joint Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, Hainan, China.
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Niu SP, Zhang YJ, Han N, Yin XF, Zhang DY, Kou YH. Identification of four differentially expressed genes associated with acute and chronic spinal cord injury based on bioinformatics data. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:865-870. [PMID: 33229721 PMCID: PMC8178775 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex pathological changes occur during the development of spinal cord injury (SCI), and determining the underlying molecular events that occur during SCI is necessary for the development of promising molecular targets and therapeutic strategies. This study was designed to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the acute and chronic stages of SCI using bioinformatics analysis. Gene expression profiles (GSE45006, GSE93249, and GSE45550) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. SCI-associated DEGs from rat samples were identified, and Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed. In addition, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed. Approximately 66 DEGs were identified in GSE45550 between 3–14 days after SCI, whereas 2418 DEGs were identified in GSE45006 1–56 days after SCI. Moreover, 1263, 195, and 75 overlapping DEGs were identified between these two expression profiles, 3, 7/8, and 14 days after SCI, respectively. Additionally, 16 overlapping DEGs were obtained in GSE45006 1–14 days after SCI, including Pank1, Hn1, Tmem150c, Rgd1309676, Lpl, Mdh1, Nnt, Loc100912219, Large1, Baiap2, Slc24a2, Fundc2, Mrps14, Slc16a7, Obfc1, and Alpk3. Importantly, 3882 overlapping DEGs were identified in GSE93249 1–6 months after SCI, including 3316 protein-coding genes and 567 long non-coding RNA genes. A comparative analysis between GSE93249 and GSE45006 resulted in the enrichment of 1135 overlapping DEGs. The significant functions of these 1135 genes were correlated with the response to the immune effector process, the innate immune response, and cytokine production. Moreover, the biological processes and KEGG pathways of the overlapping DEGs were significantly enriched in immune system-related pathways, osteoclast differentiation, the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, and the chemokine signaling pathway. Finally, an analysis of the overlapping DEGs associated with both acute and chronic SCI, assessed using the expression profiles GSE93249 and GSE45006, identified four overlapping DEGs: Slc16a7, Alpk3, Lpl and Nnt. These findings may be useful for revealing the biological processes associated with SCI and the development of targeted intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ping Niu
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education; Office of Academic Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education; Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Han
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education; Office of Academic Research, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education; Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dian-Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education; Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hui Kou
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education; Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Modalities Associated with Skeletal Muscle Loss Following Spinal Cord Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120933. [PMID: 33276534 PMCID: PMC7761577 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) may lead to loss of strength, sensation, locomotion and other body functions distal to the lesion site. Individuals with SCI also develop secondary conditions due to the lack of skeletal muscle activity. As SCI case numbers increase, recent studies have attempted to determine the best options to salvage affected musculature before it is lost. These approaches include pharmacotherapeutic options, immunosuppressants, physical activity or a combination thereof. Associated biomarkers are increasingly used to determine if these treatments aid in the protection and reconstruction of affected musculature.
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Otzel DM, Lee J, Ye F, Borst SE, Yarrow JF. Activity-Based Physical Rehabilitation with Adjuvant Testosterone to Promote Neuromuscular Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061701. [PMID: 29880749 PMCID: PMC6032131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular impairment and reduced musculoskeletal integrity are hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI) that hinder locomotor recovery. These impairments are precipitated by the neurological insult and resulting disuse, which has stimulated interest in activity-based physical rehabilitation therapies (ABTs) that promote neuromuscular plasticity after SCI. However, ABT efficacy declines as SCI severity increases. Additionally, many men with SCI exhibit low testosterone, which may exacerbate neuromusculoskeletal impairment. Incorporating testosterone adjuvant to ABTs may improve musculoskeletal recovery and neuroplasticity because androgens attenuate muscle loss and the slow-to-fast muscle fiber-type transition after SCI, in a manner independent from mechanical strain, and promote motoneuron survival. These neuromusculoskeletal benefits are promising, although testosterone alone produces only limited functional improvement in rodent SCI models. In this review, we discuss the (1) molecular deficits underlying muscle loss after SCI; (2) independent influences of testosterone and locomotor training on neuromuscular function and musculoskeletal integrity post-SCI; (3) hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of these strategies; and (4) evidence supporting a multimodal strategy involving ABT with adjuvant testosterone, as a potential means to promote more comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal recovery than either strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology, Kinesiology and University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Locomotor Treadmill Training Promotes Soleus Trophism by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway in Paraplegic Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1258-1268. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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