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Coppola L, Beretta S, Bignozzi MC, Bolzoni F, Brenna A, Cabrini M, Candamano S, Caputo D, Carsana M, Cioffi R, Coffetti D, Colangelo F, Crea F, De Gisi S, Diamanti MV, Ferone C, Frontera P, Gastaldi MM, Labianca C, Lollini F, Lorenzi S, Manzi S, Marroccoli M, Notarnicola M, Ormellese M, Pastore T, Pedeferri M, Petrella A, Redaelli E, Roviello G, Telesca A, Todaro F. The Improvement of Durability of Reinforced Concretes for Sustainable Structures: A Review on Different Approaches. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082728. [PMID: 35454421 PMCID: PMC9029423 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The topic of sustainability of reinforced concrete structures is strictly related with their durability in aggressive environments. In particular, at equal environmental impact, the higher the durability of construction materials, the higher the sustainability. The present review deals with the possible strategies aimed at producing sustainable and durable reinforced concrete structures in different environments. It focuses on the design methodologies as well as the use of unconventional corrosion-resistant reinforcements, alternative binders to Portland cement, and innovative or traditional solutions for reinforced concrete protection and prevention against rebars corrosion such as corrosion inhibitors, coatings, self-healing techniques, and waterproofing aggregates. Analysis of the scientific literature highlights that there is no preferential way for the production of “green” concrete but that the sustainability of the building materials can only be achieved by implementing simultaneous multiple strategies aimed at reducing environmental impact and improving both durability and performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Università di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy; (M.C.); (D.C.); (S.L.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-035-205-2316
| | - Silvia Beretta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Maria Chiara Bignozzi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Università di Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Fabio Bolzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Andrea Brenna
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Marina Cabrini
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Università di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy; (M.C.); (D.C.); (S.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Sebastiano Candamano
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, Università della Calabria, Via Bucci-Cubo 46C, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, Università “Federico II” di Napoli, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maddalena Carsana
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Raffaele Cioffi
- Department of Engineering, Università Parthenope di Napoli, Via Amm. Acton 38, 80133 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Denny Coffetti
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Università di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy; (M.C.); (D.C.); (S.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Francesco Colangelo
- Department of Engineering, Università Parthenope di Napoli, Via Amm. Acton 38, 80133 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Fortunato Crea
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, Università della Calabria, Via Bucci-Cubo 46C, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Sabino De Gisi
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.L.); (M.N.); (A.P.); (F.T.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Diamanti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Claudio Ferone
- Department of Engineering, Università Parthenope di Napoli, Via Amm. Acton 38, 80133 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Patrizia Frontera
- Department of Civil Engineering, Energy, Environmental and Materials, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Via dell’Università 25, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Matteo Maria Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Claudia Labianca
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.L.); (M.N.); (A.P.); (F.T.)
| | - Federica Lollini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Sergio Lorenzi
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Università di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy; (M.C.); (D.C.); (S.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Stefania Manzi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Università di Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (M.C.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Milena Marroccoli
- School of Engineering, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.L.); (M.N.); (A.P.); (F.T.)
| | - Marco Ormellese
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Tommaso Pastore
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Università di Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine, Italy; (M.C.); (D.C.); (S.L.); (T.P.)
| | - MariaPia Pedeferri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Andrea Petrella
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.L.); (M.N.); (A.P.); (F.T.)
| | - Elena Redaelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (F.B.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.V.D.); (M.M.G.); (F.L.); (M.O.); (M.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Giuseppina Roviello
- Department of Engineering, Università Parthenope di Napoli, Via Amm. Acton 38, 80133 Naples, Italy; (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Antonio Telesca
- School of Engineering, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (M.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Francesco Todaro
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (C.L.); (M.N.); (A.P.); (F.T.)
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Singh JK, Mandal S, Lee HS, Yang HM. Effect of Chloride Ions Concentrations to Breakdown the Passive Film on Rebar Surface Exposed to L-Arginine Containing Pore Solution. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195693. [PMID: 34640090 PMCID: PMC8510377 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 0.115 M L-arginine (LA) has been used as an eco-friendly inhibitor in simulated concrete pore solutions (SP-0) in order to form passive films on a steel rebar–solution interface until 144 h. Hence, 0.51 (SP-1) and 0.85 M NaCl (SP-2) were added in LA containing SP-0 solution to breakdown the passive film and to initiate corrosion reactions. The electrochemical results show that the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of steel rebar exposed to SP-1 and SP-2 solutions increased with respect to immersion periods. The sample exposed to the SP-2 solution initiated the corrosion reaction at the steel rebar–solution interface after 24 h of NaCl addition and formed pits; on the other hand, the sample without NaCl added, i.e., SP-0, showed agglomeration and dense morphology of corrosion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar Singh
- Innovative Durable Building and Infrastructure Research Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Ansan-si 15588, Korea;
| | - Soumen Mandal
- Intelligent Construction Automation Center, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Han-Seung Lee
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Ansan-si 15588, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.L.); (H.-M.Y.); Tel.: +82-31-436-8159 (H.-S.L.); Fax: +82-31-436-8169 (H.-S.L.)
| | - Hyun-Min Yang
- Innovative Durable Building and Infrastructure Research Center, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Ansan-si 15588, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-S.L.); (H.-M.Y.); Tel.: +82-31-436-8159 (H.-S.L.); Fax: +82-31-436-8169 (H.-S.L.)
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Huang J, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Hu J, Huang H, Wei J, Yu Q. pH-Triggered Release Performance of Microcapsule-Based Inhibitor and Its Inhibition Effect on the Reinforcement Embedded in Mortar. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5517. [PMID: 34639907 PMCID: PMC8509776 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The smart release of healing agents is a key factor determining the inhibition efficiency of microcapsules-based corrosion inhibitors for reinforced concrete. In this study, the release behavior of benzotriazole (BTA) in microcapsule-based inhibitors was investigated in mortar sample to clarify the influence of different hydration products on the release process. The results indicated that under high pH environment (pH > 12.4), only about 5% reserved BTA was released from the mortar sample. pH drop resulted in the increased release of BTA from mortar sample. Most BTA in the microcapsule-based inhibitors was released from mortar sample in low pH environment, which was closely related to morphology/composition alterations of hydration products caused by pH drop of the environment. The smart release of BTA dramatically delayed corrosion initiation of reinforced mortar and halted corrosion product accumulation on the steel surface. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of the reinforced mortar was improved after corrosion initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhen Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Y.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524006, China
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Y.)
- China Vanke Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yuwei Ma
- Research Center for Wind Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Haoliang Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Jiangxiong Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qijun Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.H.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Y.)
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Sliem MH, Radwan AB, Mohamed FS, Alnuaimi NA, Abdullah AM. An efficient green ionic liquid for the corrosion inhibition of reinforcement steel in neutral and alkaline highly saline simulated concrete pore solutions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14565. [PMID: 32884011 PMCID: PMC7471328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the green ionic liquid compound, Quaternium-32 (Q-32), on the corrosion inhibition performance of reinforcement steel, in a simulated concrete pore solution, was investigated at different temperatures and pH values, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The inhibition efficiency was improved as the concentration of Q-32 and pH values were increased. However, it decreased as the temperature was raised. A Q-32 concentration of 20 µmol L-1 exhibited a 94% inhibition efficiency at 20 °C. The adsorption isotherm was evaluated using EIS measurements, and it was found to obey the Langmuir isotherm. The surface topography was examined using an atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope. The effect of the Q-32 concentration with the highest corrosion efficiency on the mechanical properties of the mortars was also explained by flexure and compression techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa H Sliem
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Farida S Mohamed
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nasser A Alnuaimi
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Coppola L, Coffetti D, Crotti E, Gazzaniga G, Pastore T. Chloride Diffusion in Concrete Protected with a Silane-Based Corrosion Inhibitor. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13082001. [PMID: 32344730 PMCID: PMC7216148 DOI: 10.3390/ma13082001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important parameters concerning durability is undoubtedly represented by cement matrix resistance to chloride diffusion in environments where reinforced concrete structures are exposed to the corrosion risk induced by marine environment or de-icing salts. This paper deals with protection from chloride ingress by a silane-based surface-applied corrosion inhibitor. Results indicated that the corrosion inhibitor (CI) allows to reduce the penetration of chloride significantly compared to untreated specimens, independently of w/c, cement type, and dosage. Reduction of chloride diffusion coefficient (Dnssn) measured by an accelerated test in treated concrete was in the range 30–60%. Natural chloride diffusion test values indicate a sharp decrease in apparent diffusion coefficient (Dapp) equal to about 75% when concrete is protected by CI. Mechanism of action of CI in slowing down the chloride penetration inside the cement matrix is basically due to the water repellent effect as confirmed by data of concrete bulk electrical resistivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Coppola
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy; (D.C.); (E.C.); (G.G.); (T.P.)
- UdR Materials and Corrosion, Consorzio INSTM, 50121 Florence, Italy
- UdR Bergamo, Consorzio CSGI, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-035-2052054
| | - Denny Coffetti
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy; (D.C.); (E.C.); (G.G.); (T.P.)
- UdR Materials and Corrosion, Consorzio INSTM, 50121 Florence, Italy
- UdR Bergamo, Consorzio CSGI, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elena Crotti
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy; (D.C.); (E.C.); (G.G.); (T.P.)
- UdR Materials and Corrosion, Consorzio INSTM, 50121 Florence, Italy
- UdR Bergamo, Consorzio CSGI, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gazzaniga
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy; (D.C.); (E.C.); (G.G.); (T.P.)
- UdR Bergamo, Consorzio CSGI, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pastore
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy; (D.C.); (E.C.); (G.G.); (T.P.)
- UdR Materials and Corrosion, Consorzio INSTM, 50121 Florence, Italy
- UdR Bergamo, Consorzio CSGI, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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