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Aljubouri SA, Alobaidi KH. Assessment of the Antivirulence Potential of Tamarix aphylla Ethanolic Extract against Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Iraqi Patients. ScientificWorldJournal 2023; 2023:6662262. [PMID: 37575558 PMCID: PMC10421707 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6662262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Halophytes have long been used for medicinal purposes. However, their use was entirely empirical, with no knowledge of the bioactive compounds. The plant Tamarix aphylla L. has not drawn the deserving attention for its phytochemical and bioactive explorations, but available data expressed its needs to be attended for its potential. The Streptococcus mutans SpaP gene (cell-surface antigen) mediates the binding of these bacteria to tooth surfaces. The growing problem of antibiotic resistance triggered the research on alternative antimicrobial approaches. Our study aims to explore the activity of T. aphylla ethanolic extract against the virulence gene found in Streptococcus mutans pathogenic bacteria. Samples that were previously collected and identified in our previous work (in press) were obtained from different dental clinics and hospitals in Baghdad. Three nonbiofilm-forming bacterial isolates having multidrug resistance (MDR) for 10 antibiotics (doxycycline, ofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, vancomycin, clindamycin, rifampicin, imipenem, amikacin, and cefepime) were selected to examine the potential of the T. aphylla ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract showed high antimicrobial activity against MDR. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for the extract was 17.5 mg/ml, while minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 35 mg/ml. The phytochemical compounds present in the ethanolic extract were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which revealed that the leaves contain thirteen different alkaloids, twelve flavonoids, and four vitamins. The extract strongly inhibited a virulence property, the adherence of S. mutans which reduced during critical growth phases. The one-step RT-PCR method was used to study the SpaP gene expression of bacterial isolates which significantly reduced. In conclusion, extraction of T. aphylla leaves showed an antimicrobial effect against MDR S. mutans. The identified phytochemicals in the T. aphylla extract are reported to be biologically important and need further investigation to develop safe and cheap drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahira A. Aljubouri
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
| | - Khalid H. Alobaidi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
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Park SY, Raka RN, Hui XL, Song Y, Sun JL, Xiang J, Wang J, Jin JM, Li XK, Xiao JS, Wu H. Six Spain Thymus essential oils composition analysis and their in vitro and in silico study against Streptococcus mutans. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:106. [PMID: 37020229 PMCID: PMC10074788 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans is a well-known oral pathogen that plays a critical role in the development of dental caries. Many studies have been directed to discover the chemical compounds present in natural products to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation activity of S. mutans. Thymus essential oils exhibit good inhibition on the growth and pathogenesis of S. mutans. However, details about the active compounds in Thymus essential oil and the inhibition mechanism still remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 6 Thymus species (Three samples of Thymus vulgaris, two samples of Thymus zygis, and one sample of Thymus satureioides essential oils) on S. mutans, to identify the potential active components, and to reveal the underlying mechanism. METHODS The composition of Thymus essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. And its antibacterial effect was evaluated based on the bacterial growth, acid production, biofilm formation and genetic expression of virulence factors by S. mutans. Potential active components of the Thymus essential oil were identified using molecular docking and correlation analysis. RESULTS GC-MS analysis showed that the major components in the 6 Spain Thymus essential oils were linalool, α-terpineol, p-cymene, thymol and carvacrol. MIC and MBC analysis showed that 3 Thymus essential oils showed very sensitive antimicrobial activity, and were chosen for further analysis. The 3 Thymus essential oil exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on acid production, adherence and biofilm formation of S. mutans and the expression of virulence genes, such as brpA, gbpB, gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, vicR, spaP and relA. Correlation analysis showed that phenolic components, such as carvacrol and thymol, were positively related to DIZ value, which suggests that they are the potential antimicrobial components. Molecular docking between the Thymus essential oil components and virulence proteins also found that carvacrol and thymol exhibited strong binding affinity with functional domains of virulence genes. CONCLUSIONS Thymus essential oil showed significant inhibition against the growth and pathogenesis of S. mutans depending on their composition and concentration. And phenolic compounds, such as carvacrol and thymol, are the major active components. Thymus essential oil could be used in oral healthcare products as a potential anti-caries ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Park
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Rifat Nowshin Raka
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiu-Li Hui
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jin-Long Sun
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xu-Kai Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Jun-Song Xiao
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Chrysanthemum boreale Makino Inhibits Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Damage in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells by Suppressing MAPK-Regulated Apoptosis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175498. [PMID: 36080264 PMCID: PMC9457777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in the pathological processes of many neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we demonstrated that Chrysanthemum boreale Makino extract (CBME) suppresses oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. Our observations revealed that CBME effectively protected neuronal cells against H2O2-induced cell death by preventing caspase-3 activation, Bax upregulation, Bcl-2 downregulation, activation of three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and NF-κB phosphorylation, and iNOS induction. These results provide evidence that CBME has remarkable neuroprotective properties in SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative damage, suggesting that the complementary or even alternative role of CBME in preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases is worth further studies.
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β-Caryophyllene in the Essential Oil from Chrysanthemum Boreale Induces G 1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203754. [PMID: 31635244 PMCID: PMC6832734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum boreale is a plant widespread in East Asia, used in folk medicine to treat various disorders, such as pneumonia, colitis, stomatitis, and carbuncle. Whether the essential oil from C. boreale (ECB) and its active constituents have anti-proliferative activities in lung cancer is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of ECB in A549 and NCI-H358 human lung cancer cells. Culture of A549 and NCI-H358 cells with ECB induced apoptotic cell death, as revealed by an increase in annexin V staining. ECB treatment reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), disrupted the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, and activated caspase-8, -9, and -3, as assessed by western blot analysis. Interestingly, pretreatment with a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) significantly attenuated ECB-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of ECB identified six compounds. Among them, β-caryophyllene exhibited a potent anti-proliferative effect, and thus was identified as the major active compound. β- Caryophyllene induced G1 cell cycle arrest by downregulating cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) -2, -4, and -6, and RB phosphorylation, and by upregulating p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1. These results indicate that β-caryophyllene exerts cytotoxic activity in lung cancer cells through induction of cell cycle arrest.
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Effects of a New Nano-Silver Fluoride-Containing Dentifrice on Demineralization of Enamel and Streptococcus mutans Adhesion and Acidogenicity. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:1351925. [PMID: 29853891 PMCID: PMC5964412 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1351925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An experimental dentifrice containing nano-silver fluoride (NSF) and a sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpaste were tested in vitro, against S. mutans, to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), antiadherence, antiacid, enamel microhardness, and OCT. The microdilution technique was used to determine the MIC and MBC. Fragments of deciduous enamel were treated with dentifrice slurries, containing bacterial suspension and PBS-treated saliva. The quantification of the microorganisms that adhered to the enamel was determined after 24 hours of incubation, and media pH readings were performed after 2 hours and 24 hours. Deciduous teeth were evaluated for microhardness and OCT during 14 days of pH cycling. Data were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA, and Tukey tests at 5% of significance. Dentifrices containing NSF presented a lower MIC and higher statistically significant results compared to NaF dentifrices with respect to preventing bacterial adhesion and pH decreases. NSF and NaF dentifrices showed the same ability to avoid enamel demineralization corroborated by the OCT images. The NSF formulation had a better antibacterial effect compared to NaF dentifrices and similar action on the demineralization of enamel indicating their potential effectiveness to prevent caries.
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Analysis of Small RNAs in Streptococcus mutans under Acid Stress-A New Insight for Caries Research. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091529. [PMID: 27649155 PMCID: PMC5037804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the major clinical pathogen responsible for dental caries. Its acid tolerance has been identified as a significant virulence factor for its survival and cariogenicity in acidic conditions. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are recognized as key regulators of virulence and stress adaptation. Here, we constructed three libraries of sRNAs with small size exposed to acidic conditions for the first time, followed by verification using qRT-PCR. The levels of two sRNAs and target genes predicted to be bioinformatically related to acid tolerance were further evaluated under different acid stress conditions (pH 7.5, 6.5, 5.5, and 4.5) at three time points (0.5, 1, and 2 h). Meanwhile, bacterial growth characteristics and vitality were assessed. We obtained 1879 sRNAs with read counts of at least 100. One hundred and ten sRNAs were perfectly mapped to reported msRNAs in S. mutans. Ten out of 18 sRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. The survival of bacteria declined as the acid was increased from pH 7.5 to 4.5 at each time point. The bacteria can proliferate under each pH except pH 4.5 with time. The levels of sRNAs gradually decreased from pH 7.5 to 5.5, and slightly increased in pH 4.5; however, the expression levels of target mRNAs were up-regulated in acidic conditions than in pH 7.5. These results indicate that some sRNAs are specially induced at acid stress conditions, involving acid adaptation, and provide a new insight into exploring the complex acid tolerance for S. mutans.
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Qu L, She P, Wang Y, Liu F, Zhang D, Chen L, Luo Z, Xu H, Qi Y, Wu Y. Effects of norspermidine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and eradication. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:402-12. [PMID: 26817804 PMCID: PMC4905993 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are defined as aggregation of single cell microorganisms and associated with over 80% of all the microbial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen capable of leading to various infections in immunocompromised people. Recent studies showed that norspermidine, a kind of polyamine, prevented and disrupted biofilm formation by some Gram-negative bacterium. In this study, the effects of norspermidine on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and eradication were tested. Microtiter plate combined with crystal violet staining was used to study the effects of norspermidine on P. aeruginosa initial attachment, then we employed SEM (scanning electron microscope), qRT-PCR, and QS-related virulence factor assays to investigate how norspermidine prevent biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. We reported that high-dose norspermidine had bactericide effect on P. aeruginosa, and norspermidine began to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate 24-h mature biofilm at concentration of 0.1 and 1 mmol/L, respectively, probably by preventing cell-surface attachment, inhibiting swimming motility, and downregulating QS-related genes expression. To investigate the potential utility of norspermidine in preventing device-related infections, we found that catheters immersed with norspermidine were effective in eradicating mature biofilm. These results suggest that norspermidine could be a potent antibiofilm agent for formulating strategies against P. aeruginosa biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qu
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Pengfei She
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Yangxia Wang
- Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Yong Qi
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Medicine Clinical LaboratoryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangsha410013China
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Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Plectranthus neochilus against Cariogenic Bacteria. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:102317. [PMID: 26161115 PMCID: PMC4487696 DOI: 10.1155/2015/102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This work used the broth microdilution method to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthus neochilus (PN-EO) against a representative panel of oral pathogens. We assessed the antimicrobial activity of this oil in terms of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). PN-EO displayed moderate activity against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 250 μg/mL) and Streptococcus salivarus (MIC = 250 μg/mL), significant activity against Streptococcus sobrinus (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), Streptococcus sanguinis (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), Streptococcus mitis (MIC = 31.25 μg/mL), and Lactobacillus casei (MIC = 31.25 μg/mL), and interesting activity against Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 3.9 μg/mL). GC-FID and GC-MS helped to identify thirty-one compounds in PN-EO; α-pinene (1, 14.1%), β-pinene (2, 7.1%), trans-caryophyllene (3, 29.8%), and caryophyllene oxide (4, 12.8%) were the major chemical constituents of this essential oil. When tested alone, compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4 were inactive (MIC > 4000 μg/mL) against all the microorganisms. These results suggested that the essential oil extracted from the leaves of Plectranthus neochilus displays promising activity against most of the evaluated cariogenic bacteria, especially S. mutans.
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