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Shin BJ, Kim HC, Kim DH, Cho HH. Intraoperative Handheld Digital X-ray for Assessment of Intracochlear Positioning of Electrode Arrays in Recipients of Cochlear Implants. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2024:1455613231223954. [PMID: 38321704 DOI: 10.1177/01455613231223954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the practicality of handheld digital X-ray in determining the position of the electrode array following Cochlear implantation (CI). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving 11 patients (12 ears) who underwent intraoperative imaging via handheld X-ray (MINE ALNU®, OTOM, Gwangju, South Korea) post-CI between December 2021 and January 2023. Immediate confirmation of the correct electrode array placement in the cochlea was achieved, with subsequent comparisons made to C-arm image and postoperative transorbital view X-ray. Results: Rapid intraoperative imaging was achieved in all instances. The electrode types used included 9 Nucleus slim modiolar electrodes, 1 Nucleus contour electrode, and 2 Medel flex26 electrodes. A malpositioned electrode array was detected in one patient. The handheld digital X-ray also adeptly visualized the electrodes implanted in pediatric patients. Conclusions: The use of intraoperative handheld digital X-ray using MINE ALNU® proves to be a safe, efficient, straightforward, and reliable method for immediate identification of an inserted electrode array. It has potential to replace the traditional C-arm X-ray for verifying electrode positioning in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Jin Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hong Chan Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyong-Ho Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
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Hashemi SB, Janipour M, Jahangiri R, Babaei A. The effect of cochlear implant insertion technique on post-operative neural response telemetry and impedance in paediatric patients. J Laryngol Otol 2023; 137:363-367. [PMID: 35445650 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215122000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare neural response telemetry and impedance between the round window and cochleostomy approaches for cochlear implantation. METHODS In this case-control study, 64 patients aged less than 3.5 years underwent cochlear implantation via the round window or cochleostomy approach. Post-operative neural response telemetry and impedance were measured. RESULTS The impedance measurements at electrodes 1, 11 and 22 showed no significant differences between the two groups three months after implantation (p = 0.90, p = 0.08 and p = 0.37, respectively). Similar results were observed six months after implantation (p = 0.71, p = 0.65 and p = 0.70, respectively). There was no significant difference in neural response telemetry between the two groups after three months. The neural response telemetry of electrode 1 in the cochleostomy group (171.26 ± 19.81 μV) was significantly higher in comparison with that of electrode 1 in the round window group (161.97 ± 12.71 μV) after six months (p = 0.03). The neural response telemetry values for electrodes 11 and 22 did not show any significant difference after six months (p = 0.14 and p = 0.48, respectively). CONCLUSION Both approaches provide equal stimulation of the cochlear nerve and impedance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hashemi
- Otolaryngology Research Centre, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Janipour
- Otolaryngology Research Centre, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - R Jahangiri
- Otolaryngology Research Centre, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Babaei
- Otolaryngology Research Centre, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Kim Y, Kim Y, Kim YS, Lee SY, Choi BY. Tight modiolar proximity and feasibility of slim modiolar cochlear implant electrode array insertion in diverse etiologies of hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:3899-3909. [PMID: 34718854 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-07150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report on our experience with the slim modiolar electrode (SME) especially focusing on the wide range of etiologies including inner ear anomalies, tumors, ossifications, and even revision surgeries. METHODS All the cochlear implantation cases performed from June 2018 to September 2019 by a single surgeon was prospectively recruited. The molecular/radiological etiology of hearing loss, intraoperative outcomes, and radiographic studies of cases where the SME was implanted was reviewed to evaluate compatibility of SME for the wide range of etiologies. For cases where SME replaced the other electrode as a revision, audiologic assessment was also made. RESULTS Among the 99 ears implanted during the study period, the SME was successfully implanted in 86 ears. These SME cases comprised inner ear anomaly/cochear nerve deficiency (n = 21) including cochlear hypoplasia type IV with the modiolus, intracochlear schwannoma (n = 1), far advanced otosclerosis (n = 1) and 7 revision cases. The SME was successfully used in 7 revision surgeries to replace the existing electrode. Shorter spiral diameter and decreased intracochlear position index for SME was found compared with their previous electrodes. Four out of the 6 patients who received revision implantation showed better speech perception after their surgeries. CONCLUSION The SME can be implanted in any cases unless the integrity of the modiolus is totally compromised. Due to its slim design and tight modiolar-hugging feature, good functional outcome can also be anticipated. Additionally, it is suitable for revision surgeries possibly allowing better hearing outcomes which may be attributed to its closer proximity to the modiolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehree Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Kyunggi-do, Seoul, 463-707, Korea
| | - Yoonjoong Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Kyunggi-do, Seoul, 463-707, Korea
| | - Sang-Yeon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Yoon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Kyunggi-do, Seoul, 463-707, Korea.
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Kechiyan DK, Bakhshinyan VV, Tavartkiladze GA. [Threshold dynamics of the auditory nerve electrically evoked compound action potential in implanted children]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2021; 85:17-22. [PMID: 33474911 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20208506117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the dynamics of thresholds of the electrically evoked compound action potential of the auditory nerve (ECAP) during neural responce telemetry (NRT) intraoperatively, at the time of activation of the cochlear implantation system (CI) and after 3 and 6 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 50 children aged 1 year to 4 years with bilateral sensorineural deafness, operated on by Nucleus CI512 Profile + CP900 CI systems («Cochlear», Australia). In all patients, the electrode array was fully inserted. The dynamics and thresholds of ECAP were recorded and assessed in dynamics: when performing NRT intraoperatively, when the CI system was activated, and after 3 and 6 months. To assess the thresholds, the 1st, 6th, 11th, 16th and 22nd electrodes of the multichannel electrode array were selected. RESULTS The average threshold values and the NRT threshold profile determined intraoperatively and during measurements at different times after the activation of the CI system were significantly different (p<0.001), while the average postoperative results were characterized by relative stability. It was shown that the thresholds determined on the electrodes located in the middle of the electrode lattice are more stable than the thresholds determined on the apical and basal electrodes. In most patients, the NRT threshold values determined at the time of the activation of the CI system and after 3 and 6 months were significantly lower than the thresholds determined intraoperatively. The data obtained allow us to conclude that NRT is a stable and accurate technique that allows you to objectify the process of setting up an individual card for the stimulation of the speech processor at the rehabilitation stage after cochlear implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kechiyan
- National Research Centre for Audiology and Hearing Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Bakhshinyan
- National Research Centre for Audiology and Hearing Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Tavartkiladze
- National Research Centre for Audiology and Hearing Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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Garaycochea O, Manrique-Huarte R, Lazaro C, Huarte A, Prieto C, Alvarez de Linera-Alperi M, Manrique M. Comparative study of two different perimodiolar and a straight cochlear implant electrode array: surgical and audiological outcomes. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 277:69-76. [PMID: 31637478 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the surgical and audiological outcomes with two perimodiolar electrode arrays (Nucleus 512-Contour Advance® y Nucleus 532-Slim Perimodiolar®) and a straight electrode array (Nucleus 422/522). METHODS Patients were retrospectively selected from our cochlear implant program database. Only patients with a history of bilateral, sensorineural postlingually profound hearing loss who underwent cochlear implant surgery with either a N512, a N532 or a N422 were included. Throughout a year of follow-up, pure tone audiometry (PTA), speech perception, Impedances and T-C Thresholds levels were analyzed. Surgical data were also analyzed. RESULTS 66 patients were included (19-CI532, 20-CI512 and 27-CI422). The most common type of cochlea access with the N532, N512 and N422 was through an extended round window, a promontorial cochleostomy and a pure round window, respectively. No significant differences were observed after 12 months in Mean PTA and Speech recognition. No significant differences were seen in the levels of hearing preservation at frequencies of 250 and 500. The average values of the impedances were significantly higher in the CI group N532 and N422 than in the N512. The mean values of the T and C levels were significantly lower in the CI groups N532 and N422 compared with the N512. CONCLUSIONS No significant differences were observed after 12 months in Mean PTA and Speech recognition; however, a faster acquisition of auditory results were observed in the group of patients treated with the CI N532. The type of electrode array influences in the type of cochleostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Garaycochea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Manrique-Huarte
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. .,University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Lazaro
- University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia Huarte
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Alvarez de Linera-Alperi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Manrique
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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Motasaddi Zarandy M, Nourizadeh N, Mobedshahi F, Jafarzadeh S. Relationship between Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential Thresholds and Auditory, Language, and Speech Progress after Cochlear Implant Surgery. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2018; 30:185-188. [PMID: 30083523 PMCID: PMC6064758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) is an objective auditory response that can be used in the programing of cochlear implants. The aims of this study were to monitor ECAP thresholds and auditory, language and speech progress for 6 months after cochlear implant surgery and to evaluate any relationship between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten children with a mean age of 4.2 (±0.6) years and bilateral congenital and profound sensorineural hearing loss underwent cochlear implant surgery and post-operation auditory and speech training. The auditory, language, and speech abilities (Newsha level) and ECAP thresholds (for apical, medial and basal region of cochlea) were evaluated 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS ECAP threshold showed no significant improvement in any of the evaluated areas in the 6 months after surgery (P>0.05); however, the Newsha level improved for all patients (P=0.00). CONCLUSION There was no relationship between ECAP thresholds and auditory, language, and speech abilities (Newsha level) in the first 6 months after surgery. ECAP thresholds may be a poor indicator of improvement in auditory, language, and speech abilities, and depend on many factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Motasaddi Zarandy
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid Nourizadeh
- Sinus and Surgical Endoscopic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Farzad Mobedshahi
- Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Department of Audiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Sadegh Jafarzadeh
- Department of Audiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Mistrík P, Jolly C, Sieber D, Hochmair I. Challenging aspects of contemporary cochlear implant electrode array design. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 3:192-199. [PMID: 29780962 PMCID: PMC5956130 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A design comparison of current perimodiolar and lateral wall electrode arrays of the cochlear implant (CI) is provided. The focus is on functional features such as acoustic frequency coverage and tonotopic mapping, battery consumption and dynamic range. A traumacity of their insertion is also evaluated. Methods Review of up-to-date literature. Results Perimodiolar electrode arrays are positioned in the basal turn of the cochlea near the modiolus. They are designed to initiate the action potential in the proximity to the neural soma located in spiral ganglion. On the other hand, lateral wall electrode arrays can be inserted deeper inside the cochlea, as they are located along the lateral wall and such insertion trajectory is less traumatic. This class of arrays targets primarily surviving neural peripheral processes. Due to their larger insertion depth, lateral wall arrays can deliver lower acoustic frequencies in manner better corresponding to cochlear tonotopicity. In fact, spiral ganglion sections containing auditory nerve fibres tuned to low acoustic frequencies are located deeper than 1 and half turn inside the cochlea. For this reason, a significant frequency mismatch might be occurring for apical electrodes in perimodiolar arrays, detrimental to speech perception. Tonal languages such as Mandarin might be therefore better treated with lateral wall arrays. On the other hand, closer proximity to target tissue results in lower psychophysical threshold levels for perimodiolar arrays. However, the maximal comfort level is also lower, paradoxically resulting in narrower dynamic range than that of lateral wall arrays. Battery consumption is comparable for both types of arrays. Conclusions Lateral wall arrays are less likely to cause trauma to cochlear structures. As the current trend in cochlear implantation is the maximal protection of residual acoustic hearing, the lateral wall arrays seem more suitable for hearing preservation CI surgeries. Future development could focus on combining the advantages of both types: perimodiolar location in the basal turn extended to lateral wall location for higher turn locations.
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A Mid-scala Cochlear Implant Electrode Design Achieves a Stable Post-surgical Position in the Cochlea of Patients Over Time—A Prospective Observational Study. Otol Neurotol 2018; 39:e231-e239. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Trakimas DR, Kozin ED, Ghanad I, Barber SR, Curtin H, Remenschneider AK. Precurved Cochlear Implants and Tip Foldover: A Cadaveric Imaging Study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 158:343-349. [PMID: 29086634 DOI: 10.1177/0194599817738978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to define a reliable protocol for radiographic identification of placement and tip foldover of newly designed precurved and straight electrodes. Study Design Prospective imaging study. Setting Academic institution. Methods Three models of cochlear implants (Cochlear, MED-EL, and Advanced Bionics) were inserted into fresh cadaveric specimens (n = 2) in 3 configurations (normal positioning in the scala tympani, intracochlear tip foldover, and placement into the vestibular system) for a total of 9 implant scenarios. Specimens were imaged with plain radiography in Stenvers projection, as well as by high-resolution computed tomography. Results Electrode placement and presence or absence of electrode tip foldover were easily identified in all 9 scenarios on plain radiography based on the described technique. Each was confirmed with high-resolution computed tomography. Plain film temporal bone images of new electrode designs with proper and improper placement are provided for reference. Conclusion A defined protocol for intraoperative plain film radiography allowed for reliable imaging of 3 newly designed cochlear implant electrodes and immediate identification of extracochlear placement and tip foldover. Findings may be used for intraoperative confirmation of electrode array placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Trakimas
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,2 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,3 University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elliott D Kozin
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,2 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iman Ghanad
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,2 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sam R Barber
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,2 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hugh Curtin
- 4 Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron K Remenschneider
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,2 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,5 Department of Otolaryngology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Hilly O, Smith L, Hwang E, Shipp D, Symons S, Nedzelski JM, Chen JM, Lin VYW. Depth of Cochlear Implant Array Within the Cochlea and Performance Outcome. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 125:886-892. [PMID: 27443343 DOI: 10.1177/0003489416660111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the depth of cochlear implant array within the cochlea affects performance outcomes 1 year following cochlear implantation. METHODS A retrospective case review of 120 patients who were implanted with the Advanced Bionics HiFocus 1J. Post-implantation plain-radiographs were retrospectively reviewed, and the depth of insertion was measured in degrees from the round window to the electrode tip. Correlation between the depth of insertion and 1-year post-activation Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) scores was analyzed. Intrascala position was not assessed. RESULTS Depth of electrode insertion ranged from 180° to 720°, and HINT scores ranged from 0% to 100%. A Mann-Whitney U test demonstrated significantly improved 1-year post-activation HINT scores in patients with an insertion depth of 360° or more in comparison with patients with insertion depth of less than 360° (81% vs 61%, P = .048). Patients with 13 to 15 contacts within cochlear turns performed as well as patients with full insertion of all 16 contacts, while patients with only 12 contacts performed poorly. CONCLUSIONS Insertion depth of the AB HiFocus 1J electrode of less than 360° is associated with reduced 1-year post-activation HINT scores when compared with deeper insertions. Partial insertion of 13 active contacts or more led to similar results as full insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Hilly
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leah Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada
| | - Euna Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada
| | - David Shipp
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada
| | - Sean Symons
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada
| | - Julian M Nedzelski
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada
| | - Joseph M Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada
| | - Vincent Y W Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto. ON, Canada
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Electrophysiological detection of scalar changing perimodiolar cochlear electrode arrays: a long term follow-up study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:4251-4256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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