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Chathuranga WAG, Hewawaduge C, Nethmini NAN, Kim TH, Kim JH, Ahn YH, Yoon IJ, Yoo SS, Park JH, Lee JS. Efficacy of a Novel Multiepitope Vaccine Candidate against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O and A. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122181. [PMID: 36560591 PMCID: PMC9786174 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease in cloven-hoofed animals. To prevent the spread of FMD virus (FMDV), traditional inactivated vaccines are used to immunize susceptible animals in disease-endemic countries. However, the inactivated FMD vaccine has several limitations, including safety concerns. To overcome these limitations, subunit proteins have been studied as alternative vaccine candidates. In this study, we designed two multiepitope recombinant proteins (OVM and AVM) containing antigenic sites (residue of VP1 132-162 and residue of VP1 192-212) of three topotypes of FMDV serotype O or three topotypes of FMDV serotype A. Each recombinant protein was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli with high solubility, and the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the proteins as FMD vaccine candidates were evaluated. The results showed that OVM and AVM emulsified with ISA201 adjuvant induced effective antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and successfully protected mice from O/Jincheon/SKR/2014, O/VET/2013, and A/Malaysia/97 viruses. In addition, intramuscular immunization of pigs with the OVM and AVM emulsified with ISA201 elicited effective levels of neutralizing antibodies to the viruses with homologous epitopes. Importantly, OVM-AVM emulsified with CAvant®SOE-X adjuvant conferred 100% protection against the O/Jincheon/SKR/2014 virus with homologous residues and 75% protection against A/SKR/GP/2018 with heterologous residues. The results presented in this study suggest that the combination of OVM and AVM protein with an effective adjuvant could yield an effective and safe vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease. In addition, our results provide a vaccine platform that can safely, cost-efficiently, and rapidly generate protective vaccine candidates against diverse FMDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. A. Gayan Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - N. A. Nadeeka Nethmini
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hun Kim
- Komipharm International Co., Ltd., Siheung 15094, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (J.-S.L.); Tel.: +82-31-467-1719 (J.-H.P.); +82-42-821-6753 (J.-S.L.)
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34314, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (J.-S.L.); Tel.: +82-31-467-1719 (J.-H.P.); +82-42-821-6753 (J.-S.L.)
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Kim H, Seo HW, Cho HS, Oh Y. A Vaccine Based on Asia1 Shamir of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection to Pigs against Asia1/MOG/05, Circulating in East Asia. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081726. [PMID: 36016348 PMCID: PMC9412984 DOI: 10.3390/v14081726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious diseases in cloven hoof animals. Vaccination can prevent or control FMD, and vaccine antigens should be matched against circulating viruses. According to phylogenetic analyses, field isolates in this region belonged to genotype V and showed low genetic similarity with the Asia1 Shamir vaccine, the OIE-recommended vaccine strain. In this study, we investigated whether pigs vaccinated with the Asia1 Shamir vaccine could be protected from challenges with the Asia1/MOG/05 virus, one of the genotype V field isolates. Eight pigs were divided into either vaccinated or nonvaccinated control groups. After two vaccinations with Asia1 Shamir, both groups of pigs were challenged with the Asia1/MOG/05 field isolate at 2 weeks after the second vaccination. In the control group, symptoms appeared at 2 days post-infection (dpi). The clinical sign score peaked at 4 dpi, and this coincided with virus shedding through nasal discharge. Neutralizing antibody titers peaked at 17 dpi. In the vaccinated group, clinical signs were delayed compared with the control group, and the highest score was shown at 10 dpi accompanied with virus nasal shedding, which peaked at 11 dpi. Neutralizing antibodies were induced 2 weeks after the second vaccination and peaked at 17 dpi. In conclusion, Asia1 Shamir vaccination in pigs provided partial protection from Asia1/MOG/05 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyeon Kim
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39510, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hwi Won Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.C.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +82-63-850-0960 (H.-S.C.); +82-33-250-8792 (Y.O.)
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.C.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +82-63-850-0960 (H.-S.C.); +82-33-250-8792 (Y.O.)
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Immunogenic profiling and designing of a novel vaccine from capsid proteins of FMDV serotype Asia-1 through reverse vaccinology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104925. [PMID: 34022436 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the devastating transboundary animal diseases causing heavy losses to the livestock industry. Different vaccines based on the inactivated FMD virus are used against this disease, but lack of immunological memory and the need for high biocontainment are the major drawbacks of these vaccines. A novel vaccine comprising recombinant antigenic regions is effective, as they lack viruses for production. Considering the fact, capsid proteins vp4, vp2, vp3, and vp1 with 3C protease of FMDV serotype Asia-1 were analyzed through reverse vaccinology approaches in this study. The sequence and structural analysis of the proteins is carried out through various bioinformatic tools and the sequence analysis has figured out the acidic nature and thermal stability of the proteins, likewise, the phylogenetic analysis helped us to trace the FMDV isolates, elucidating that selected proteins belong to the strain (Group VII), which is currently circulating in Pakistan. Next, the B-cell and MHC Class-I epitopes are identified from the antigenic proteins by immunoinformatic tools. The highly conserved, antigenic, and non-allergenic epitopes are used to design the vaccine. Accordingly, the codon adaptation and in silico cloning of the corresponding genes is performed. Thus, the bacterial expression vector could be used for efficient expression and large-scale production of the vaccine.
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Ko MK, Jo HE, Choi JH, You SH, Shin SH, Hwang SY, Jo H, Kim HM, Lee MJ, Kim SM, Kim B, Park JH. Efficient protection against Asia1 type foot-and-mouth disease using a chimeric vaccine strain suitable for East Asia. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108975. [PMID: 33418393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The type Asia1 genetic group(G)-V lineage foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was identified in the East-Asian region in 2009. To date, only Shamir has been used as a standard vaccine strain worldwide for type Asia1. To prevent type Asia1 FMD in eastern Asia, two vaccine strains (ASM-R: G-V and ASM-SM: G-V/Shamir fusion) were developed and tested against type Asia1 virus strains. After immunization with the two experimental vaccines, the ASM-SM strain showed a higher level of protection against Shamir virus in mice. Additional immunogenicity tests were carried out in cattle and pigs, revealing sufficient antibody production capable of protecting the animals against the viral challenge. In cattle, the immune response started just 2 weeks after vaccination. Immunogenicity was lower in pigs, but antibody production was greatly increased to a high level after a second vaccination round. In particular, herein, 60 % and 100 % of the vaccinated pigs challenged with the Asia1 Shamir virus were determined to be clinically protected after one and two vaccination rounds with ASM-R, respectively. Pigs vaccinated twice produced sufficient antibody titers with low virus shedding for short time. Moreover, ASM-SM single-vaccinated pigs showed 100 % protection when challenged with the Asia1 Shamir virus. In summary, the vaccine strain ASM-SM designed for the defense of the Asian region efficiently granted protection to pigs against the typical Asia1 virus, Shamir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Jo
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyung Choi
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa You
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yun Hwang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyundong Jo
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Subramaniam S, Biswal JK, Mohapatra JK, Khulape SA, Madhanmohan M, Singh RK. Emergence of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 group IX in India. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2619-2625. [PMID: 32770485 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia1 is prevalent in India and is responsible for a minor proportion of FMD outbreaks. Globally, serotype Asia1 is grouped into nine different groups (GI-IX) based on genetic analysis. In India, only Asia1/G-III and Asia1/G-VIII have been documented so far. Phylogenetic analysis of recent serotype Asia1 isolates from India revealed the emergence of Asia1/G-IX. The Asia1/G-IX lineage shares recent common ancestry with Asia1/G-VIII dating to 2016. The root state posterior probabilities of Asia1/G-VIII are inclusive and there may have been either an incursion of the virus from Bangladesh, where it was first identified, or in situ evolution of the virus within India, which is an intriguing possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitendra K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital, 263138, India.
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital, 263138, India
| | - Sagar A Khulape
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital, 263138, India
| | - M Madhanmohan
- Veterinary University Training and Diagnostic Centre, TANUVAS, Madurai, 625005, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital, 263138, India
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Ranaweera LT, Wijesundara WWMUK, Jayarathne HSM, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Gray A, Adikari AMJB, Weebadde CK, Sooriyapathirana SDSS. Transboundary movements of foot-and-mouth disease from India to Sri Lanka: A common pattern is shared by serotypes O and C. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227126. [PMID: 31891636 PMCID: PMC6938362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects the livestock industry in a transboundary manner. It is essential to understand the FMD phylodynamics to assist in the disease-eradication. FMD critically affects the Sri Lankan cattle industry causing substantial economic losses. Even though many studies have covered the serotyping and genotyping of FMD virus (FMDV) in Sri Lanka, there is a significant knowledge gap exists in understanding the FMDV phylodynamics in the country. In the present study, the VP1 genomic region of FMD viral isolates belonging to serotype C from Sri Lanka and other South Asian countries were sequenced. All the published VPI sequences of serotype C and most of the published VP1 sequences for lineage ME-SA/Ind-2001d of serotype O from Sri Lanka, India, and other South Asian countries were retrieved. The datasets of serotype C and serotype O were separately analyzed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and phylogenetic networking methods to infer the transboundary movements and evolutionary aspects of the FMDV incursions in Sri Lanka. A model-based approach was used to detect any possible recombination events of FMDV incursions. Our results revealed that the invasions of the topotype ASIA of serotype C and the lineage ME-SA/Ind-2001d have a similar pattern of transboundary movement and evolution. The haplotype networks and phylogenies developed in the present study confirmed that FMDV incursions in Sri Lanka mainly originate from the Indian subcontinent, remain quiet after migration, and then cause outbreaks in a subsequent year. Since there are no recombination events detected among the different viral strains across serotypes and topotypes, we can assume that the incursions tend to show the independent evolution compared to the ancestral viral populations. Thus, we highlight the need for thorough surveillance of cattle/ruminants and associated product-movement into Sri Lanka from other regions to prevent the transboundary movement of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. T. Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - W. W. M. U. K. Wijesundara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - H. S. M. Jayarathne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A. Gray
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A. M. J. B. Adikari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - C. K. Weebadde
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - S. D. S. S. Sooriyapathirana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Singh I, Deb R, Kumar S, Singh R, Andonissamy J, Smita S, Sengar GS, Kumar R, Ojha KK, Sahoo NR, Murali S, Chandran R, Nair RV, Lal SB, Mishra DC, Rai A. Deciphering foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus-host tropism. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:4779-4789. [PMID: 30654708 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1567386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of interactions between foot and mouth disease (FMD) viral protein 1 (VP1) with susceptible and resistant host integrins were deciphered. The putative effect of site-directed mutation on alteration of interaction is illustrated using predicted and validated 3D structures of VP1, mutated VP1 and integrins of Bos taurus, Gallus and Canis. Strong interactions were observed between FMDV-VP1 protein motifs at conserved tripeptide, Arg-Gly-Asp 143RGD145 and at domain 676SIPLQ680 in alpha-integrin of B. taurus. Notably, in-silico site-directed mutation in FMDV-VP1 protein led to complete loss of interaction between FMD-VP1 protein and B. taurus integrin, which confirmed the active role of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) domain. Interestingly, in-vitro analysis demonstrates the persistence of the putative tropism site 'SIPLQ' in different cattle breeds undertaken. Thus, the attempt to decipher the tropism of FMDV at host receptor level interaction might be useful for future FMD control strategies through development of mimetic marker vaccines and/or host receptor manipulations. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Singh
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle , Meerut , India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Rani Singh
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle , Meerut , India
| | | | - Shuchi Smita
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | | | - Rajiv Kumar
- ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute , Avikanagar , India
| | | | | | - S Murali
- ICAR-India National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources , Lucknow , India
| | - Rejani Chandran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology , Cochin , India
| | | | - S B Lal
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Dwijesh Chandra Mishra
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Agricultural Bio-Informatics ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute , New Delhi , India
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The Kinase STK3 Interacts with the Viral Structural Protein VP1 and Inhibits Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2481348. [PMID: 29226127 PMCID: PMC5684521 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2481348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD, which affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. The structural protein VP1 plays an important role in FMDV pathogenesis. However, the interacting partners of VP1 in host cells and the effects of these interactions in FMDV replication remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we identified a porcine cell protein, serine/threonine kinase 3 (STK3), which interacts with FMDV VP1 using the yeast two-hybrid system. The VP1-STK3 interaction was further confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments in human embryonic kidney 293T and porcine kidney 15 (PK-15) cells. The carboxyl-terminal region (amino acids 180–214) of VP1 was essential for its interaction with STK3. The effects of overexpression and underexpressing of STK3 in PK-15 cells were assessed, and the results indicated that STK3 significantly inhibited FMDV replication. Our data expand the role of STK3 during viral infection, provide new information regarding the host cell kinases that are involved in viral replication, and identify potential targets for future antiviral strategies.
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Robinson L, Knight-Jones TJD, Charleston B, Rodriguez LL, Gay CG, Sumption KJ, Vosloo W. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 7 - Pathogenesis and Molecular Biology. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 63 Suppl 1:63-71. [PMID: 27320168 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We assessed research knowledge gaps in the fields of FMDV (foot-and-mouth disease virus) pathogenesis and molecular biology by performing a literature review (2011-15) and collecting research updates (2014) from 33 institutes from across the world. Findings were used to identify priority areas for future research. There have been important advances in FMDV pathogenesis; FMDV remains in lymph nodes of many recovered animals that otherwise do not appear persistently infected, even in species previously not associated with the carrier state. Whether virus retention helps maintain host immunity and/or virus survival is not known. Studies of FMDV pathogenesis in wildlife have provided insights into disease epidemiology, in endemic and epidemic settings. Many aspects of FMDV infection and virus entry remain unknown; however, at the cellular level, we know that expression level and availability of integrins (that permit viral entry), rate of clearance of infected cells and strength of anti-viral type I IFN (interferon) response are key determinants of tissue tropism. Extending findings to improved understanding of transmission requires a standardized approach and adoption of natural routes of infection during experimental study. There has been recognition of the importance of autophagosomes for FMDV entry into the cytoplasm following cell surface receptor binding, and that distinct internal cellular membranes are exploited for viral replication and immune evasion. New roles for viral proteins in blocking type I IFN production and downstream signalling have been identified facilitating research in anti-viral therapeutics. We know more about how infection affects cell protein expression, and research into molecular determinants of capsid stability has aided the development of stable vaccines. We have an expanding knowledge of viral and host molecular determinates of virulence and infectiousness, and of how phylogenetics may be used to estimate vaccine match and strain distribution. With ongoing advances, these areas could translate into significantly improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - C G Gay
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA, National Program 103-Animal Health, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - K J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of FMD (EuFMD), FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - W Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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