1
|
Wang JW, Pei ZD, Chen YH, Li SY, Wang TM, Kang TG, Li N, Song YM, Song HP, Zhang H. A strategy to distinguish similar traditional Chinese medicines by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, electronic senses, and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry: Marsdeniae tenacissimae Caulis and Paederiae scandens Caulis as examples. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 39037036 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Marsdeniae tenacissimae Caulis (MTC), a popular traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of tumor diseases. Paederiae scandens Caulis (PSC), which is similar in appearance to MTC, is a common counterfeit product. It is difficult for traditional methods to effectively distinguish between MTC and PSC. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a rapid and accurate method to identify MTC and PSC. OBJECTIVES The aim is to distinguish between MTC and PSC by analyzing the differences in nonvolatile organic compounds (NVOCs), taste, odor, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). METHODS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to analyze the NVOCs of MTC and PSC. Electronic tongue (E-tongue) and electronic nose (E-nose) were used to analyze their taste and odor respectively. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was applied to analyze VOCs. Finally, multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to further investigate the differences between MTC and PSC, including principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, discriminant factor analysis, and soft independent modeling of class analysis. RESULTS The results of this study indicate that the integrated strategy of LC-MS, E-tongue, E-nose, GC-IMS, and multivariate statistical analysis can be effectively applied to distinguish between MTC and PSC. Using LC-MS, 25 NVOCs were identified in MTC, while 18 NVOCs were identified in PSC. The major compounds in MTC are steroids, while the major compounds in PSC are iridoid glycosides. Similarly, the distinct taste difference between MTC and PSC was precisely revealed by the E-tongue. Specifically, the pronounced bitterness in PSC was proven to stem from iridoid glycosides, whereas the bitterness evident in MTC was intimately tied to steroids. The E-nose detected eight odor components in MTC and six in PSC, respectively. The subsequent statistical analysis uncovered notable differences in their odor profiles. GC-IMS provided a visual representation of the differences in VOCs between MTC and PSC. The results indicated a relatively high relative content of 82 VOCs in MTC, contrasted with 32 VOCs exhibiting a similarly high relative content in PSC. CONCLUSION In this study, for the first time, the combined use of LC-MS, E-tongue, E-nose, GC-IMS, and multivariate statistical analysis has proven to be an effective method for distinguishing between MTC and PSC from multiple perspectives. This approach provides a valuable reference for the identification of other visually similar traditional Chinese medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Pei
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Liaoning Zhongda Asset Management Co. LTD), Shenyang, China
| | - Yue-Hua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Min Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ting-Guo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ya-Mei Song
- Liaoning Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenyang, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui-Peng Song
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang W, Zhang C, Cao L, Liang F, Xie W, Tao L, Chen C, Yang M, Zhong L. Application of digital-intelligence technology in the processing of Chinese materia medica. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1208055. [PMID: 37693890 PMCID: PMC10484343 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1208055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of Chinese Materia Medica (PCMM) is the concentrated embodiment, which is the core of Chinese unique traditional pharmaceutical technology. The processing includes the preparation steps such as cleansing, cutting and stir-frying, to make certain impacts on the quality and efficacy of Chinese botanical drugs. The rapid development of new computer digital technologies, such as big data analysis, Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain and cloud computing artificial intelligence, has promoted the rapid development of traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing industry with digitalization and intellectualization. In this review, the application of digital intelligence technology in the PCMM was analyzed and discussed, which hopefully promoted the standardization of the process and secured the quality of botanical drugs decoction pieces. Through the intellectualization and the digitization of production, safety and effectiveness of clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction pieces were ensured. This review also provided a theoretical basis for further technical upgrading and high-quality development of TCM industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Nanchang Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lan Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Liang
- College of Physical Culture, Yuzhang Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weihua Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Nanchang Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lingyun Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang W, Zhang C, Cao L, Liang F, Xie W, Tao L, Chen C, Yang M, Zhong L. Application of digital-intelligence technology in the processing of Chinese materia medica. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1208055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Processing of Chinese Materia Medica (PCMM) is the concentrated embodiment, which is the core of Chinese unique traditional pharmaceutical technology. The processing includes the preparation steps such as cleansing, cutting and stir-frying, to make certain impacts on the quality and efficacy of Chinese botanical drugs. The rapid development of new computer digital technologies, such as big data analysis, Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain and cloud computing artificial intelligence, has promoted the rapid development of traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing industry with digitalization and intellectualization. In this review, the application of digital intelligence technology in the PCMM was analyzed and discussed, which hopefully promoted the standardization of the process and secured the quality of botanical drugs decoction pieces. Through the intellectualization and the digitization of production, safety and effectiveness of clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction pieces were ensured. This review also provided a theoretical basis for further technical upgrading and high-quality development of TCM industry.
Collapse
|
4
|
Origin and farming pattern authentication of wild-caught, coast-pond and freshwater farming white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Chinese market using multi-stable isotope analysis of tail shell. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
5
|
Wang S, Lin Z, Zhang B, Du J, Li W, Wang Z. Data fusion of electronic noses and electronic tongues aids in botanical origin identification on imbalanced Codonopsis Radix samples. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19120. [PMID: 36352023 PMCID: PMC9646742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Codonopsis Radix (CR) is an edible food and traditional Chinese herb medicine in China. Various varieties of Codonopsis Radix have different tastes. To make the flavor of processed food stable, two kinds of electronic sensory devices, electronic nose and electronic tongue, were used to establish a discrimination model to identify the botanical origin of each sample. The optimal model built on the 88 batches of samples was selected from the models trained with all combination of two pretreatment methods and three classification methods. A comparison were performed on the models trained on the data collected by electronic nose and electronic tongue. The results showed that the model trained on the fused dataset outperformed the models trained separately on the electronic nose data and electronic tongue data. The two preprocessing approaches could improve the prediction performance of all classification methods. Classification and Regression Tree approach performed better than Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis in terms of accuracy. But Classification and Regression Tree tends to assign the samples of minority class to the majority class. Meanwhile, Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis keeps a good balance between the identification requirements of all the two groups of samples. Taking all the results above, the model built using the Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis method on the fused data after z-score was used to identify the botanical origin of Codonopsis Radix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wang
- Beijing Zhongyan Tongrentang Medicine R&D Co.Ltd, Beijing, 100079 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaozhou Lin
- Beijing Zhongyan Tongrentang Medicine R&D Co.Ltd, Beijing, 100079 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Beijing Zhongyan Tongrentang Medicine R&D Co.Ltd, Beijing, 100079 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Du
- Beijing Zhongyan Tongrentang Medicine R&D Co.Ltd, Beijing, 100079 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Beijing Zhongyan Tongrentang Medicine R&D Co.Ltd, Beijing, 100079 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Novel Method for Quality Evaluation of Gardeniae fructus Praeparatus during Heat Processing Based on Sensory Characteristics and Chemical Compositions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113369. [PMID: 35684307 PMCID: PMC9182132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic chemical components and sensory characteristics of Gardeniae fructus Praeparatus (GFP) directly reflect its quality and subsequently, affect its clinical curative effect. However, there is little research on the correlation between the appearance traits and chemical compositions of GFP during heat processing. In this study, the major components of five typical processed decoction pieces of GFP were determined. With the deepening of processing, the contents of geniposidic acid and 5-HMF gradually increased, while the contents of deacetyl-asperulosidic acid methyl ester, gardenoside, and two pigments declined. Moreover, the electronic eye, electronic tongue, and electronic nose were applied to quantify GFP’s sensory properties. It was found that the chroma values showed a downward trend during the processing of GFP. The results of odor showed that ammonia, alkenes, hydrogen, and aromatic compounds were the material base for aroma characteristics. Complex bitterness in GF was more obvious than that in other GFP processed products. Furthermore, one mathematical model was established to evaluate the correlation between the sensory characteristics and chemical composition of GFP during five different stages. A cluster analysis and neural network analysis contributed to recognizing the processing stage of GFP. This study provided an alternative method for the exterior and interior correlation-based quality evaluation of herbs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo N, Wu F, Wu M, Wang Y, Lang Q, Lin X, Feng Y. Progress in the design and quality control of placeboes for clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 20:204-212. [PMID: 35248517 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new preparations of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been developed, increasing the need for their clinical trials. Using placeboes rather than control drugs is increasingly popular in clinical trials of TCMs, as the therapeutic effects of the tested TCMs can be more properly judged. The basic attributes of TCM placeboes include similarity, safety, applicability and controllability. In particular, it is necessary to have similarities in appearance, color, smell and taste between the tested TCMs and placeboes. This is quite difficult for some TCMs due to their distinctive smell and taste. On the other hand, according to the TCM theory on homology of medicine and food, many foods also have certain bioactivities, potentially further complicating the selection of materials for TCM placeboes. In this review, firstly, studies on the special smell and taste of TCMs were introduced. Then, the preparation quality evaluation processes for TCM placeboes were summarized and discussed, based on the relevant literature published in recent years and the research results from our own lab. This review will facilitate the further research and development of TCM placeboes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guo
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Lang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beicai Community Health Service Center of Pudong New District, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Valcárcel M, Ibáñez G, Martí R, Beltrán J, Cebolla-Cornejo J, Roselló S. Optimization of electronic nose drift correction applied to tomato volatile profiling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3893-3907. [PMID: 33893513 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
E-noses can be routinely used to evaluate the volatile profile of tomato samples once the sensor drift and standardization issues are adequately solved. Short-term drift can be corrected using a strategy based on a multiplicative drift correction procedure coupled with a PLS adaptation of the component correction. It must be performed specifically for each sequence, using all sequence signals data. With this procedure, a drastic reduction of sensor signal %RSD can be obtained, ranging between 91.5 and 99.7% for long sequences and between 75.7 and 98.8% for short sequences. On the other hand, long-term drift can be fixed up using a synthetic reference standard mix (with a representation of main aroma volatiles of the species) to be included in each sequence that would enable sequence standardization. With this integral strategy, a high number of samples can be analyzed in different sequences, with a 94.4% success in the aggrupation of the same materials in PLS-DA two-dimensional graphical representations. Using this graphical interface, e-noses can be used to developed expandable maps of volatile profile similitudes, which will be useful to select the materials that most resemble breeding objectives or to analyze which preharvest and postharvest procedures have a lower impact on the volatile profile, avoiding the costs and sample limitations of gas chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Valcárcel
- Joint Research Unit UJI-UPV - Improvement of Agri-Food Quality, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
| | - Ginés Ibáñez
- Joint Research Unit UJI-UPV - Improvement of Agri-Food Quality, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Environment Department, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Raúl Martí
- Joint Research Unit UJI-UPV - Improvement of Agri-Food Quality, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
| | - Joaquim Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jaime Cebolla-Cornejo
- Joint Research Unit UJI-UPV - Improvement of Agri-Food Quality, COMAV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. de Vera s/n, 46022, València, Spain
| | - Salvador Roselló
- Joint Research Unit UJI-UPV - Improvement of Agri-Food Quality, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Environment Department, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu M, Guo C, Guo N, Zhang T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Lin X, Wu F, Feng Y. Similarity Evaluation on the Compound TCM Formulation "Huoling Shengji Granule" and Its Placebo by Intelligent Sensory Evaluation Technologies and the Human Sensory Evaluation Method Based on Critical Quality Attributes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6637326. [PMID: 33936240 PMCID: PMC8062196 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6637326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the similarity of Huoling Shengji granule (HLG) and its placebo at both granules and solution status, the innovative methods that consist of intelligent sensory evaluation technologies and human sensory evaluation methods were developed based on critical quality attributes (CQAs) of granule. The CQAs for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) placebo granule were mainly divided into three categories: formulation attributes, visual attributes, and attributes of taste and smell. In this investigation, the novel intelligent sensory evaluation technologies including the physical property testing apparatus, computer vision system, color card, and electronic tongue (E-tongue) were employed for characterization of CQAs of HLG and its placebo. Meanwhile, human sensory evaluation by test panels was used to description the HLG and its placebo in terms of appearance, color, taste, and smell. On that basis, the similarity of placebo to CQAs of HLG was assessed by calculating the angle cosine values. The intelligent and human sensory evaluation results showed that the similarity values of HLG and its placebo about the CQAs at granule and solution status were all close to 1, which means that the two preparations have high similarities. In this study, the established similarity evaluation methods based on the CQAs were convenient and reliable, which can be utilized to evaluate the similarity of TCM granule and their placebo at granule and solution status, and demonstrated to be well applied in placebo-controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjie Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Guo
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu K, Han S, Gao W, Tang Y, Han X, Liu Z, Bao L, Zhi M, Wang H, Wang Y, Du H. Changes of Mineralogical Properties and Biological Activities of Gypsum and Its Calcined Products with Different Phase Structures. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6676797. [PMID: 33777161 PMCID: PMC7969087 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6676797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Raw gypsum (RG) and calcined gypsum (CG) are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). RG is usually taken orally to resolve heat and diminish inflammation, while CG is only used externally to treat ulcerations and empyrosis. Calcination at different temperatures, three phase CG structures, namely, bassanite, anhydrite III, and anhydrite II, may be generated. We herein investigated the relationship between the phase structure and the efficacy of CG and the optimum phase structure for CG. RG has a compact structure, small pore size, weak anti-inflammatory effect, but no antibacterial effect, and has almost no effect on the repair of scalds. CG150 (bassanite) has a loose texture, large pore size and specific surface area, and certain antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, but it has a poor repair effect on scalds. CG750 (anhydrite II) has a compact structure, small pore size and specific surface area, and low antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, but it has a certain repair effect on scalds. Only CG350 (anhydrite III) has good performance in texture, pore size, specific surface area, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and scald repair. Our research has proved that the mineral properties and biological activities of CG are different due to different phase structures. CG350, namely, anhydrite III, is considered by our research to be the optimal phase structure as CG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shu Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ya'nan Tang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xitao Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ziqin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Liyuan Bao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Meiru Zhi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China
| | - Hong Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mo Z, Luo D, Wen T, Cheng Y, Li X. FPGA Implementation for Odor Identification with Depthwise Separable Convolutional Neural Network. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030832. [PMID: 33513692 PMCID: PMC7865880 DOI: 10.3390/s21030832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integrated electronic nose (e-nose) design, which integrates sensor arrays and recognition algorithms, has been widely used in different fields. However, the current integrated e-nose system usually suffers from the problem of low accuracy with simple algorithm structure and slow speed with complex algorithm structure. In this article, we propose a method for implementing a deep neural network for odor identification in a small-scale Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). First, a lightweight odor identification with depthwise separable convolutional neural network (OI-DSCNN) is proposed to reduce parameters and accelerate hardware implementation performance. Next, the OI-DSCNN is implemented in a Zynq-7020 SoC chip based on the quantization method, namely, the saturation-flooring KL divergence scheme (SF-KL). The OI-DSCNN was conducted on the Chinese herbal medicine dataset, and simulation experiments and hardware implementation validate its effectiveness. These findings shed light on quick and accurate odor identification in the FPGA.
Collapse
|
12
|
A novel bitter masking approach: Powder coating technology-take Sanhuang tablets as an example. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Gao M, Bao B, Cao Y, Shan M, Cheng F, Jiang M, Chen P, Zhang L. Chemical Property Changes and Thermal Analysis during the Carbonizing Process of the Pollen Grains of Typha. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010128. [PMID: 30602681 PMCID: PMC6337546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonized pollen grains of Typha (CPT) were widely used in clinical for antithrombosis, wound and bleeding in China. In order to ensure the role of drugs, it is very important to control the quality of drugs. However, there is a lack of monitoring methods in the process of charcoal preparation. To characterize the process of CPT, we used thermal analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), color measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and HPLC. In this study, 7 min was the optimal processing time and the heating process condition should be controlled under 272.35 ± 7.23 °C. This comprehensive strategy to depict the whole carbonizing process would provide new ideas for researches on quality control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and processing theory of charcoal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Gao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Beihua Bao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yudan Cao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mingqiu Shan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Fangfang Cheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Miao Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Peidong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Han X, Jiang H, Han L, Xiong X, He Y, Fu C, Xu R, Zhang D, Lin J, Yang M. A novel quantified bitterness evaluation model for traditional Chinese herbs based on an animal ethology principle. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:209-217. [PMID: 29719781 PMCID: PMC5925219 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese herbs (TCH) are currently gaining attention in disease prevention and health care plans. However, their general bitter taste hinders their use. Despite the development of a variety of taste evaluation methods, it is still a major challenge to establish a quantitative detection technique that is objective, authentic and sensitive. Based on the two-bottle preference test (TBP), we proposed a novel quantitative strategy using a standardized animal test and a unified quantitative benchmark. To reduce the difference of results, the methodology of TBP was optimized. The relationship between the concentration of quinine and animal preference index (PI) was obtained. Then the PI of TCH was measured through TBP, and bitterness results were converted into a unified numerical system using the relationship of concentration and PI. To verify the authenticity and sensitivity of quantified results, human sensory testing and electronic tongue testing were applied. The quantified results showed a good discrimination ability. For example, the bitterness of Coptidis Rhizoma was equal to 0.0579 mg/mL quinine, and Nelumbinis Folium was equal to 0.0001 mg/mL. The validation results proved that the new assessment method for TCH was objective and reliable. In conclusion, this study provides an option for the quantification of bitterness and the evaluation of taste masking effects.
Collapse
|
15
|
Comparative Researches of Semen Arecae and Charred Semen Arecae on Gastrointestinal Motility, Motilin, Substance P, and CCK in Chronically Stressed Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2017:1273561. [PMID: 29375638 PMCID: PMC5742499 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1273561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aims To compare the effects of Semen Arecae (SA) and Charred Semen Arecae (CSA) on gastrointestinal motility, motilin, substance P (SP), and cholecystokinin (CCK) in chronically stressed rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into control group and stress group. Rats in stress group were randomly exposed to a variety of unpredictable stimulations for 21 days. Then, the rats were treated orally with distilled water, SA, CSA, and mosapride for 7 days. Gastric residue rate and intestinal propulsion rate were evaluated. Serum levels of motilin and SP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CCK mRNA was quantified by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results Both SA and CSA improved the intestinal propulsion and reduced the gastric residue in chronically stressed rats. Furthermore, the serum levels of motilin and SP were significantly higher and the CCK mRNA expressions in intestine and hypothalamus were downregulated in SA and CSA groups. Furthermore, it was found that CSA is more effective. Conclusion Both SA and CSA enhanced gastrointestinal motility and increased serum levels of motilin and SP in chronically stressed rats via downregulating CCK mRNA expressions in intestine and hypothalamus. Importantly, CSA possessed more effective promoting effects.
Collapse
|
16
|
Han X, Zhang DK, Zhang F, Lin JZ, Jiang H, Lan Y, Xiong X, Han L, Yang M, Fu CM. A Novel Strategy for Bitter Taste Masking of Gankeshuangqing Dispersible Tablets Based on Particle Coating Technology. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:400-406. [PMID: 28839363 PMCID: PMC5551356 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_240_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, acute upper respiratory tract infections (AURTIs) are increasingly becoming a significant health burden. Gankeshuangqing dispersible tablets (GKSQDT) which have a good effect on treating AURTIs. GKSQDT is composed of baicalin and andrographolide. However, its severe bitterness limits application of patients. Due to the addition of plentiful accessories, common masking methods are unsuitable for GKSQDT. It is thus necessary to develop a new masking method. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Previous study showed that baicalin was less bitter than andrographolide. Thus, particle coating technology was adapted to prepare composite particles that baicalin coated on the surface of andrographolide to decrease bitterness. Initially, particle size of baicalin and coating time of composite was investigated to prepare composite. Then, scanning electron microscopy, wettability, and infrared (IR) spectrogram were used to characterize the microstructure of composite. Furthermore, electronic tongue test, animal preference experiment, and human sensory test were applied to evaluate the masking effect. RESULTS To produce composite, baicalin should be ground in vibromill for 6 min. Then, andrographolide fine powder was added to grind together for 6 min. Contact angle of composite was smaller than mixture, and more similar to baicalin. Other physical characterization including microstructure, wettability, and IR also suggested that andrographolide was successfully coated by baicalin superfine. Furthermore, taste-masking test indicated taste-masked tablets was less bitter than original tablets. CONCLUSION The study indicated that particle coating technology can be used for taste masking of GKSQDT without adding other substance. Moreover, it provides a new strategy of taste masking for national medicine. SUMMARY A new strategy to mask bitterness without adding any other substance based on coating technology was providedThe masking effect was confirmed by electronic tongue test, animal preference experiment and human sensory test. Abbreviations used: AURTIs: Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections; GSQDT: Gankeshuangqing Dispersible Tablets; IR: Infrared Spectrogram; LHPC: Low-substituted Hydroxypropyl Cellulose; CAs: Contact Angles; FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Changzhi, Changzhi 046011, PR China
| | - Jun-Zhi Lin
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Yang Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Xi Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Li Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Chao-Mei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Han X, Jiang H, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Xiong X, Jiao J, Xu R, Yang M, Han L, Lin J. A Novel Quantitative Prediction Approach for Astringency Level of Herbs Based on an Electronic Tongue. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:492-497. [PMID: 28839378 PMCID: PMC5551371 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_455_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current astringency evaluation for herbs has become dissatisfied with the requirement of pharmaceutical process. It needed a new method to accurately assess astringency. METHODS First, quinine, sucrose, citric acid, sodium chloride, monosodium glutamate, and tannic acid (TA) were analyzed by electronic tongue (e-tongue) to determine the approximate region of astringency in partial least square (PLS) map. Second, different concentrations of TA were detected to define the standard curve of astringency. Meanwhile, coordinate-concentration relationship could be obtained by fitting the PLS abscissa of standard curve and corresponding concentration. Third, Chebulae Fructus (CF), Yuganzi throat tablets (YGZTT), and Sanlejiang oral liquid (SLJOL) were tested to define the region in PLS map. Finally, the astringent intensities of samples were calculated combining with the standard coordinate-concentration relationship and expressed by concentrations of TA. Then, Euclidean distance (Ed) analysis and human sensory test were processed to verify the results. RESULTS The fitting equation between concentration and abscissa of TA was Y = 0.00498 × e(-X/0.51035) + 0.10905 (r = 0.999). The astringency of 1, 0.1 mg/mL CF was predicted at 0.28, 0.12 mg/mL TA; 2, 0.2 mg/mL YGZTTs was predicted at 0.18, 0.11 mg/mL TA; 0.002, 0.0002 mg/mL SLJOL was predicted at 0.15, 0.10 mg/mL TA. The validation results showed that the predicted astringency of e-tongue was basically consistent to human sensory and was more accuracy than Ed analysis. CONCLUSION The study indicated the established method was objective and feasible. It provided a new quantitative method for astringency of herbs. SUMMARY The astringency of Chebulae Fructus, Yuganzi throat tablets, and Sanlejiang oral liquid was predicted by electronic tongueEuclidean distance analysis and human sensory test verified the resultsA new strategy which was objective, simple, and sensitive to compare astringent intensity of herbs and preparations was provided. Abbreviations used: CF: Chebulae Fructus; E-tongue: Electronic tongue; Ed: Euclidean distance; PLS: Partial least square; PCA: Principal component analysis; SLJOL: Sanlejiang oral liquid; TA: Tannic acid; VAS: Visual analog scale; YGZTT: Yuganzi throat tablets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Xi Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Runchun Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Li Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P.R. China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Y, Peng W, Hu M, Yan D, Xu M, He X, Wu C. The Substance Basis Research of Stir-Baking to Dark Brown Could Enhance the Promoting Effects of Areca Nut on Gastrointestinal Motility. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| | - Meibian Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lin Z, Zhang Q, Liu R, Gao X, Zhang L, Kang B, Shi J, Wu Z, Gui X, Li X. Evaluation of the Bitterness of Traditional Chinese Medicines using an E-Tongue Coupled with a Robust Partial Least Squares Regression Method. SENSORS 2016; 16:151. [PMID: 26821026 PMCID: PMC4801529 DOI: 10.3390/s16020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
To accurately, safely, and efficiently evaluate the bitterness of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), a robust predictor was developed using robust partial least squares (RPLS) regression method based on data obtained from an electronic tongue (e-tongue) system. The data quality was verified by the Grubb’s test. Moreover, potential outliers were detected based on both the standardized residual and score distance calculated for each sample. The performance of RPLS on the dataset before and after outlier detection was compared to other state-of-the-art methods including multivariate linear regression, least squares support vector machine, and the plain partial least squares regression. Both R2 and root-mean-squares error (RMSE) of cross-validation (CV) were recorded for each model. With four latent variables, a robust RMSECV value of 0.3916 with bitterness values ranging from 0.63 to 4.78 were obtained for the RPLS model that was constructed based on the dataset including outliers. Meanwhile, the RMSECV, which was calculated using the models constructed by other methods, was larger than that of the RPLS model. After six outliers were excluded, the performance of all benchmark methods markedly improved, but the difference between the RPLS model constructed before and after outlier exclusion was negligible. In conclusion, the bitterness of TCM decoctions can be accurately evaluated with the RPLS model constructed using e-tongue data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhou Lin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Municipal Health Bureau, Beijing 100035, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Qiao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
- The Level Three Laboratory of Chinese Traditional Medical Preparation of State Administration of TCM, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Diseases Prevention and Treatment of TCM of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Xiaojie Gao
- School of pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
- The Level Three Laboratory of Chinese Traditional Medical Preparation of State Administration of TCM, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Diseases Prevention and Treatment of TCM of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Bingya Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
- The Level Three Laboratory of Chinese Traditional Medical Preparation of State Administration of TCM, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Diseases Prevention and Treatment of TCM of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Junhan Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
- The Level Three Laboratory of Chinese Traditional Medical Preparation of State Administration of TCM, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Diseases Prevention and Treatment of TCM of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Zidan Wu
- School of pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Xinjing Gui
- School of pharmacy, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
| | - Xuelin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| |
Collapse
|