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Macedo-da-Silva J, Santiago VF, Rosa-Fernandes L, Marinho CRF, Palmisano G. Protein glycosylation in extracellular vesicles: Structural characterization and biological functions. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:226-246. [PMID: 33933815 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles involved in intercellular communication, delivery of biomolecules from donor to recipient cells, cellular disposal and homeostasis, potential biomarkers and drug carriers. The content of EVs includes DNA, lipids, metabolites, proteins, and microRNA, which have been studied in various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, pregnancy, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disorders. EVs are enriched in glycoconjugates and exhibit specific glycosignatures. Protein glycosylation is a co- and post-translational modification (PTM) that plays an important role in the expression and function of exosomal proteins. N- and O-linked protein glycosylation has been mapped in exosomal proteins. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of glycosylation in EVs proteins. Initially, we describe the main PTMs in EVs with a focus on glycosylation. Then, we explore glycan-binding proteins describing the main findings of studies that investigated the glycosylation of EVs in cancer, pregnancy, infectious diseases, diabetes, mental disorders, and animal fluids. We have highlighted studies that have developed innovative methods for studying the content of EVs. In addition, we present works related to lipid glycosylation. We explored the content of studies deposited in public databases, such as Exocarta and Vesiclepedia. Finally, we discuss analytical methods for structural characterization of glycoconjugates and present an overview of the critical points of the study of glycosylation EVs, as well as perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica F Santiago
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio R F Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Voelkner C, Wendt M, Lange R, Ulbrich M, Gruening M, Staehlke S, Nebe B, Barke I, Speller S. The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:242-256. [PMID: 33777612 PMCID: PMC7961864 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The functionality of living cells is inherently linked to subunits with dimensions ranging from several micrometers down to the nanometer scale. The cell surface plays a particularly important role. Electric signaling, including information processing, takes place at the membrane, as well as adhesion and contact. For osteoblasts, adhesion and spreading are crucial processes with regard to bone implants. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of the 3D nanomorphology of living, as well as fixed, osteoblastic cells using scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), which is a nanoprobing method that largely avoids mechanical perturbations. Dynamic ruffles are observed, manifesting themselves in characteristic membrane protrusions. They contribute to the overall surface corrugation, which we systematically study by introducing the relative 3D excess area as a function of the projected adhesion area. A clear anticorrelation between the two parameters is found upon analysis of ca. 40 different cells on glass and on amine-covered surfaces. At the rim of lamellipodia, characteristic edge heights between 100 and 300 nm are observed. Power spectral densities of membrane fluctuations show frequency-dependent decay exponents with absolute values greater than 2 on living osteoblasts. We discuss the capability of apical membrane features and fluctuation dynamics in aiding the assessment of adhesion and migration properties on a single-cell basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Voelkner
- Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mirco Wendt
- Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Regina Lange
- Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Max Ulbrich
- Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Gruening
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Susanne Staehlke
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Nebe
- Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Barke
- Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sylvia Speller
- Department Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Kyykallio H, Oikari S, Bueno Álvez M, Gallardo Dodd CJ, Capra J, Rilla K. The Density and Length of Filopodia Associate with the Activity of Hyaluronan Synthesis in Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071908. [PMID: 32679746 PMCID: PMC7409202 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are multifunctional finger-like plasma membrane protrusions with bundles of actin filaments that exist in virtually all cell types. It has been known for some time that hyaluronan synthesis activity induces filopodial growth. However, because of technical challenges in the studies of these slender and fragile structures, no quantitative analyses have been performed so far to indicate their association with hyaluronan synthesis. In this work we comprehensively address the direct quantification of filopodial traits, covering for the first time length and density measurements in a series of human cancer cell lines with variable levels of hyaluronan synthesis. The synthesis and plasma membrane binding of hyaluronan were manipulated with hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) and hyaluronan receptor CD44 overexpression, and treatments with mannose, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), and glucosamine. The results of this work show that the growth of filopodia was associated with the levels of hyaluronan synthesis but was not dependent on CD44 expression. The results confirm the hypothesis that abundance and length of filopodia in cancer cells is associated with the activity of hyaluronan synthesis.
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Yang TD, Park K, Park JS, Lee JH, Choi E, Lee J, Choi W, Choi Y, Lee KJ. Two distinct actin waves correlated with turns-and-runs of crawling microglia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220810. [PMID: 31437196 PMCID: PMC6705860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Freely crawling cells are often viewed as randomly moving Brownian particles but they generally exhibit some directional persistence. This property is often related to their zigzag motile behaviors that can be described as a noisy but temporally structured sequence of “runs” and “turns.” However, its underlying biophysical mechanism is largely unexplored. Here, we carefully investigate the collective actin wave dynamics associated with the zigzag-crawling movements of microglia (as primary brain immune cells) employing a number of different quantitative imaging modalities including synthetic aperture microscopy and optical diffraction tomography, as well as conventional fluorescence imaging and scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, we find that microglia exhibit two distinct types of actin waves working at two quite different time scales and locations, and they seem to serve different purposes. One type of actin waves is fast “peripheral ruffles” arising spontaneously with an oscillating period of about 6 seconds at some portion of the leading edge of crawling microglia, where the vigorously biased peripheral ruffles seem to set the direction of a new turn (in 2-D free space). When the cell turning events are inhibited with a physical confinement (in 1-D track), the peripheral ruffles still exist at the leading edge with no bias but showing phase coherence in the cell crawling direction. The other type is “dorsal actin waves” which also exhibits an oscillatory behavior but with a much longer period of around 2 minutes compared to the fast “peripheral ruffles”. Dorsal actin waves (whether the cell turning events are inhibited or not) initiate in the lamellipodium just behind the leading edge, travelling down toward the core region of the cell and disappear. Such dorsal wave propagations seem to be correlated with migration of the cell. Thus, we may view the dorsal actin waves are connected with the “run” stage of cell body, whereas the fast ruffles at the leading front are involved in the “turn” stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeseok Daniel Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kwanjun Park
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Lee
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Wonshik Choi
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngwoon Choi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (YC); (KL)
| | - Kyoung J. Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (YC); (KL)
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Abbasian N, Herbert KE, Pawluczyk I, Burton JO, Bevington A. Vesicles bearing gifts: the functional importance of micro-RNA transfer in extracellular vesicles in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1430-F1443. [PMID: 30110570 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00318.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microparticles (MPs) and exosomes (EXOs), are derived from a wide range of mammalian cells including blood platelets, endothelial cells, and kidney cells and can be detected in body fluids including blood and urine. While EVs are well established as diagnostic markers under pathophysiological and stress conditions, there is also mounting evidence of their functional significance as vehicles for communication between cells mediated by the presence of nucleic acids, especially microRNAs (miRs), encapsulated in the EVs. miRs regulate gene expression, are transported both in MPs and EXOs, and exert profound effects in the kidney. Here we review current understanding of the links between EVs and miRs, discuss the importance of miRs in kidney disease, and shed light on the role of EVs in transferring miRs through the circulation among the renal, vascular, and inflammatory cell populations that are functionally important in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Abbasian
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Karl E Herbert
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and Leicester National Institute of Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Izabella Pawluczyk
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - James O Burton
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom.,John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Alan Bevington
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
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Arasu UT, Kärnä R, Härkönen K, Oikari S, Koistinen A, Kröger H, Qu C, Lammi MJ, Rilla K. Human mesenchymal stem cells secrete hyaluronan-coated extracellular vesicles. Matrix Biol 2017; 64:54-68. [PMID: 28483644 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by stem cells are potential factors mediating tissue regeneration. They travel from bone marrow stem cells into damaged tissues, suggesting that they can repair tissue injuries without directly replacing parenchymal cells. We have discovered that hyaluronan (HA) synthesis is associated with the shedding of HA-coated EVs. The aim of this study was to test whether bone marrow-derived hMSCs secrete HA-coated EVs. The EVs secreted by MSCs were isolated by differential centrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Their morphology and budding mechanisms were inspected by confocal microscopy and correlative light and electron microscopy. Hyaluronan synthesis of hMSCs was induced by lipopolysaccharide and inhibited by RNA interference and 4-methylumbelliferone. It was found that the MSCs have extremely long apical and lateral HA-coated filopodia, typical for cells with an active HA secretion. Additionally, they secreted HA-coated EVs carrying mRNAs for CD44 and all HAS isoforms. The results show that stem cells have a strong intrinsic potential for HA synthesis and EV secretion, and the amount of HA carried on EVs reflects the HA content of the original cells. These results show that the secretion of HA-coated EVs by hMSCs is a general process, that may contribute to many of the mechanisms of HA-mediated tissue regeneration. Additionally, an HA coat on EVs may regulate their interactions with target cells and participate in extracellular matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Thanigai Arasu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Kärnä
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Härkönen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Oikari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Koistinen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Sweden; School of Public Health, Health Science Center of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Onouchi T, Shiogama K, Mizutani Y, Takaki T, Tsutsumi Y. Visualization of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Fibrin Meshwork in Human Fibrinopurulent Inflammatory Lesions: III. Correlative Light and Electron Microscopic Study. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2016; 49:141-147. [PMID: 27917008 PMCID: PMC5130345 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.16028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released from dead neutrophils at the site of inflammation represent webs of neutrophilic DNA stretches dotted with granule-derived antimicrobial proteins, including lactoferrin, and play important roles in innate immunity against microbial infection. We have shown the coexistence of NETs and fibrin meshwork in varied fibrinopurulent inflammatory lesions at both light and electron microscopic levels. In the present study, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) employing confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was performed to bridge light and electron microscopic images of NETs and fibrin fibrils in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, autopsied lung sections of legionnaire’s pneumonia. Lactoferrin immunoreactivity and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) reactivity were used as markers of NETs, and fibrin was probed by fibrinogen gamma chain. Of note is that NETs light microscopically represented as lactoferrin and DAPI-colocalized dots, 2.5 μm in diameter. CLEM gave super-resolution images of NETs and fibrin fibrils: “Dotted” NETs were ultrastructurally composed of fine filaments and masses of 58 nm-sized globular materials. A fibrin fibril consisted of clusters of smooth-surfaced filaments. NETs filaments (26 nm in diameter) were significantly thinner than fibrin filaments (295 nm in diameter). Of note is that CLEM was applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of autopsy material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Onouchi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | | | - Takashi Takaki
- Techinical Support Center, JEOL Ltd
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
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Cell protrusions induced by hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) resemble mesothelial microvilli and share cytoskeletal features of filopodia. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:179-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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