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Saeterbakken AH, Stien N, Pedersen H, Langer K, Scott S, Michailov ML, Gronhaug G, Baláš J, Solstad TEJ, Andersen V. The Connection Between Resistance Training, Climbing Performance, and Injury Prevention. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:10. [PMID: 38240903 PMCID: PMC10798940 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climbing is an intricate sport composed of various disciplines, holds, styles, distances between holds, and levels of difficulty. In highly skilled climbers the potential for further strength-specific adaptations to increase performance may be marginal in elite climbers. With an eye on the upcoming 2024 Paris Olympics, more climbers are trying to maximize performance and improve training strategies. The relationships between muscular strength and climbing performance, as well as the role of strength in injury prevention, remain to be fully elucidated. This narrative review seeks to discuss the current literature regarding the effect of resistance training in improving maximal strength, muscle hypertrophy, muscular power, and local muscular endurance on climbing performance, and as a strategy to prevent injuries. MAIN BODY Since sport climbing requires exerting forces against gravity to maintain grip and move the body along the route, it is generally accepted that a climber`s absolute and relative muscular strength are important for climbing performance. Performance characteristics of forearm flexor muscles (hang-time on ledge, force output, rate of force development, and oxidative capacity) discriminate between climbing performance level, climbing styles, and between climbers and non-climbers. Strength of the hand and wrist flexors, shoulders and upper limbs has gained much attention in the scientific literature, and it has been suggested that both general and specific strength training should be part of a climber`s training program. Furthermore, the ability to generate sub-maximal force in different work-rest ratios has proved useful, in examining finger flexor endurance capacity while trying to mimic real-world climbing demands. Importantly, fingers and shoulders are the most frequent injury locations in climbing. Due to the high mechanical stress and load on the finger flexors, fingerboard and campus board training should be limited in lower-graded climbers. Coaches should address, acknowledge, and screen for amenorrhea and disordered eating in climbers. CONCLUSION Structured low-volume high-resistance training, twice per week hanging from small ledges or a fingerboard, is a feasible approach for climbers. The current injury prevention training aims to increase the level of performance through building tolerance to performance-relevant load exposure and promoting this approach in the climbing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atle Hole Saeterbakken
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Røyrgata 6, 6856, Sogndal, Norway.
| | - Nicolay Stien
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Røyrgata 6, 6856, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Helene Pedersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Røyrgata 6, 6856, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Kaja Langer
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Suzanne Scott
- School of Anatomy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Gudmund Gronhaug
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Røyrgata 6, 6856, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Jiří Baláš
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Erik Jorung Solstad
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Røyrgata 6, 6856, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Vidar Andersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Røyrgata 6, 6856, Sogndal, Norway
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Ranjbar K, Zarrinkalam E, Asl SS, Salehi I, Taheri M, Komaki A. The effect of different exercise training modes on dentate gyrus neurodegeneration and synaptic plasticity in morphine-dependent rats. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Borrani F, Solsona R, Candau R, Méline T, Sanchez AM. Modelling performance with exponential functions in elite short-track speed skaters. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2378-2385. [PMID: 34058952 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1933351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models are used to describe and predict the effects of training on performance. The initial models are structured by impulse-type transfer functions, however, cellular adaptations induced by exercise may exhibit exponential kinetics for their growth and subsequent dissipation. Accumulation of exercise bouts counteracts dissipation and progressively induces structural and functional changes leading to performance improvement. This study examined the suitability of a model with exponential terms (Exp-Model) in elite short-track speed (ST) skaters. Training loads and performance evolution from fifteen athletes (10 males, 5 females) were previously collected over a 3-month training period. Here, we computed the relationship between training loads and performance with Exp-Model and compared with previous results obtained with a variable dose-response model (Imp-Model). Exp-Model showed a higher correlation between actual and modelled performances (R2 = 0.83 ± 0.08 and 0.76 ± 0.07 for Exp-Model and Imp-Model, respectively). Concerning model parameters, a higher τA1 (time constant for growth) value was found (p = 0.0047; d = 1.4; 95% CI [0.4;1.9]) in males compared to females with Exp-model, suggesting that females have a faster adaptative response to training loads. Thus, according to this study, Exp-model may better describe training adaptations in elite ST athletes than Imp-Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Solsona
- University of Perpignan via Domitia (UPVD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement De Montagne (LIPSEM), Font-Romeu, France
| | - Robin Candau
- University of Montpellier (UM), Faculty of Sports Sciences, INRA UMR866, Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme (DMEM), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anthony Mj Sanchez
- University of Perpignan via Domitia (UPVD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement De Montagne (LIPSEM), Font-Romeu, France
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A mathematical model-based approach to optimize loading schemes of isometric resistance training sessions. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-020-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIndividualized resistance training is necessary to optimize training results. A model-based optimization of loading schemes could provide valuable impulses for practitioners and complement the predominant manual program design by customizing the loading schemes to the trainee and the training goals. We compile a literature overview of model-based approaches used to simulate or optimize the response to single resistance training sessions or to long-term resistance training plans in terms of strength, power, muscle mass, or local muscular endurance by varying the loading scheme. To the best of our knowledge, contributions employing a predictive model to algorithmically optimize loading schemes for different training goals are nonexistent in the literature. Thus, we propose to set up optimal control problems as follows. For the underlying dynamics, we use a phenomenological model of the time course of maximum voluntary isometric contraction force. Then, we provide mathematical formulations of key performance indicators for loading schemes identified in sport science and use those as objective functionals or constraints. We then solve those optimal control problems using previously obtained parameter estimates for the elbow flexors. We discuss our choice of training goals, analyze the structure of the computed solutions, and give evidence of their real-life feasibility. The proposed optimization methodology is independent from the underlying model and can be transferred to more elaborate physiological models once suitable ones become available.
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Roumanille R, Vernus B, Brioche T, Descossy V, Van Ba CT, Campredon S, Philippe AG, Delobel P, Bertrand-Gaday C, Chopard A, Bonnieu A, Py G, Fança-Berthon P. Acute and chronic effects of Rhaponticum carthamoides and Rhodiola rosea extracts supplementation coupled to resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis and mechanical power in rats. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:58. [PMID: 33198764 PMCID: PMC7670727 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to its strength-building and adaptogenic properties, Rhaponticum carthamoides (Rha) has been commonly used by elite Soviet and Russian athletes. Rhodiola rosea (Rho) is known to reduce physical and mental fatigue and improve endurance performance. However, the association of these two nutritional supplements with resistance exercise performance has never been tested. Resistance exercise is still the best way to stimulate protein synthesis and induce chronic muscle adaptations. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise coupled with Rha and Rho supplementation on protein synthesis, muscle phenotype, and physical performance. METHODS For the acute study, fifty-six rats were assigned to either a trained control group or one of the groups treated with specific doses of Rha and/or Rho. Each rats performed a single bout of climbing resistance exercise. The supplements were administered immediately after exercise by oral gavage. Protein synthesis was measured via puromycin incorporation. For the chronic study, forty rats were assigned to either the control group or one of the groups treated with doses adjusted from the acute study results. The rats were trained five times per week for 4 weeks with the same bout of climbing resistance exercise with additionals loads. Rha + Rho supplement was administered immediately after each training by oral gavage. RESULTS The findings of the acute study indicated that Rha and Rha + Rho supplementation after resistance exercise stimulated protein synthesis more than resistance exercise alone (p < 0.05). After 4 weeks of training, the mean power performance was increased in the Rha + Rho and Rha-alone groups (p < 0.05) without any significant supplementation effect on muscle weight or fiber cross-sectional area. A tendency towards an increase in type I/ type II fiber ratio was observed in Rha/Rho-treated groups compared to that in the trained control group. CONCLUSION Rhodiola and Rhaponticum supplementation after resistance exercise could synergistically improve protein synthesis, muscle phenotype and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Roumanille
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France.
| | - Barbara Vernus
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Descossy
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Tran Van Ba
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah Campredon
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Antony G Philippe
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France.,Université de Nîmes, Laboratoire CHROME, Nîmes, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Bertrand-Gaday
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Bonnieu
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Py
- DMEM, Université Montpellier, INRAE, INRA UMR 866 - 2 place Pierre Viala, Bat. 22, 34060, Montpellier, France
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Soares MCR, Silva MCP, Almeida-Junior FDADS, Nascimento JR, Nascimento FRF, Guerra RNM. Effect of Babassu Mesocarp As a Food Supplement During Resistance Training. J Med Food 2020; 24:411-421. [PMID: 32835588 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The population widely uses babassu mesocarp (Attalea speciosa) as food and medicine. This study evaluated the use of babassu mesocarp as a food supplement during resistance training (RT). Male Swiss mice, 60 days old (weight 35-40 g), were divided into four groups (n = 8): control, untreated and untrained; babassu (babassu aqueous extract [BAE]), treated orally with aqueous extract of babassu mesocarp (25 mg/kg), five times a week, for 8 weeks; training (RT), submitted to RT consisting of stair climbing with progressive loads; and resistance training treated with babassu aqueous extract (RTBAE): RT and treatment with BAE. After 8 weeks, we analyzed the biochemistry of serum, the immunological, and histological parameters. The RT group showed maximum strength after the second week. A reduction in body weight, retroperitoneal and interstitial fat deposits, and activated helper T lymphocytes (TCD4+ CD69+) occurred in RT and RTBAE groups. The RTBAE group showed increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and macrophage and helper T lymphocyte count, whereas a reduction occurred in triglyceride levels and the total number of lymphocytes. Supplementation with BAE always reduced cholesterol and the population of activated macrophages but increased activated B lymphocytes and interleukin-6 levels. The combination of supplementation and RT resulted in a decreased production of tumor necrosis factor-α. We propose the use of babassu mesocarp as a food supplement during exercise because of its immunomodulatory effect on lymphocyte and macrophage populations and cytokine production. The additional impact on the control of cholesterol and triglyceride levels suggests its use, particularly for the treatment of dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Carvalho Rezende Soares
- University Center of Maranhão - CEUMA, São Luís, Brazil.,CCBS-Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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Damiani APL, Caldas LC, Melo AB, Contreiro CDE, Estevam WM, Nogueira BV, Ferreira LG, Leopoldo AS, Leopoldo APL. RESISTANCE TRANING PROTOCOLS PROMOTE STRENGTH INCREASE WITHOUT MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202603209955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Resistance training (RT) has been related to increased protein synthesis, and in the myocardium it triggers morphological adaptations that result in improved cardiac contractility. In skeletal muscle, RT promotes an improvement in functional capacity and in sarcopenia caused by aging. However, the efficacy of this training method in the cardiac and skeletal systems has not yet been clarified. Objective To investigate the effect of different vertical ladder RT protocols on cardiac and skeletal structure and morphology. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats (n = 28) were randomized into four groups: sedentary (C); RT protocol with 4 to 9 climbs, 3 sessions/week, 120 second interval and intensity of 50% to 100% of the maximum load (ML) with progressive addition of 30 g (RT1); RT protocol with 4 to 5 climbs, 3 sessions/week, 60 second interval and intensity of 50% to 100% of the ML, where a 30 g overload was added in the 5th climb (RT2); RT protocol with 4 to 5 climbs, 5 sessions/week, 60 second interval and intensity of 50% to 100% of the ML; the animals that completed the 4th climb underwent the 5th climb with 100% ML plus 30 g (RT3). RT protocols were performed for 9 weeks with a duration of 30 to 45 minutes/day. The nutritional profile and cardiac/skeletal muscle morphology were evaluated along with the cross sectional area and collagen fraction. Results RT did not promote adaptations in cardiac and musculoskeletal structure and morphology, nor was it able to reduce body weight and body fat deposits. However, RT brought about an increase in absolute and relative strength. Conclusion Vertical ladder RT protocols, regardless of weekly frequency, lead to increased muscle strength without cardiac and skeletal structural adaptations. Level of evidence I, Therapeutic studies - Investigating treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - André Soares Leopoldo
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lima Leopoldo
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Melo AB, Damiani APL, Coelho PM, de Assis ALEM, Nogueira BV, Guimarães Ferreira L, Leite RD, Ribeiro Júnior RF, Lima-Leopoldo AP, Leopoldo AS. Resistance training promotes reduction in Visceral Adiposity without improvements in Cardiomyocyte Contractility and Calcium handling in Obese Rats. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1819-1832. [PMID: 32714085 PMCID: PMC7378665 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.42612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) improves the cardiomyocyte calcium (Ca2+) cycling during excitation-contraction coupling. However, the role of RT in cardiomyocyte contractile function associated with Ca2+ handling in obesity is unclear. Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: control, sedentary obese, control plus RT, and obesity plus RT. The 10-wk RT protocol was used (4-5 vertical ladder climbs, 60-second interval, 3× a week, 50-100% of maximum load). Metabolic, hormonal, cardiovascular and biochemical parameters were determined. Reduced leptin levels, epididymal, retroperitoneal and visceral fat pads, lower body fat, and adiposity index were observed in RT. Obesity promoted elevation of collagen, but RT did not promote modifications of LV collagen in ObRT. RT induced elevation in maximum rates of contraction and relaxation, and reduction of time to 50% relaxation. ObRT group did not present improvement in the cardiomyocyte contractile function in comparison to Ob group. Reduced cardiac PLB serine16 phosphorylation (pPLB Ser16) and pPLB Ser16/PLB ratio with no alterations in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2a) and phospholamban (PLB) expression were observed in Ob groups. Resistance training improved body composition reduced fat pads and plasma leptin levels but did not promote positive alterations in cardiomyocyte contractile function, Ca2+ handling and phospholamban phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Barroso Melo
- Centre for Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Prata Leite Damiani
- Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Murucci Coelho
- Centre for Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Valentim Nogueira
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Guimarães Ferreira
- Centre for Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Richard Diego Leite
- Centre for Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Faustino Ribeiro Júnior
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lima-Leopoldo
- Centre for Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - André Soares Leopoldo
- Centre for Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Hassan Qomi M, Arshadi S, Banayifar A, Kazemzadeh Y. Effects of Eight Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Myostatin Gene Expression and Insulin Resistance in Male Wistar Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.6.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Philippe AG, Lionne C, Sanchez AMJ, Pagano AF, Candau R. Increase in muscle power is associated with myofibrillar ATPase adaptations during resistance training. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1274-1285. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony G. Philippe
- Université de Montpellier INRA UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme F‐34060 Montpellier France
| | - Corinne Lionne
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale CNRS UMR 5048 – UM – INSERM U 1054 Montpellier France
| | - Anthony M. J. Sanchez
- Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé AltitudeEA4604, University of Perpignan Via DomitiaFaculty of Sports Sciences Font‐Romeu France
| | - Allan F. Pagano
- Université de Montpellier INRA UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme F‐34060 Montpellier France
| | - Robin Candau
- Université de Montpellier INRA UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme F‐34060 Montpellier France
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Matabuena M, Rodríguez-López R. An Improved Version of the Classical Banister Model to Predict Changes in Physical Condition. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:1867-1884. [PMID: 30843137 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we formulate and provide the solutions to two new models to predict changes in physical condition by using the information of the training load of an individual. The first model is based on a functional differential equation, and the second one on an integral differential equation. Both models are an extension to the classical Banister model and allow to overcome its main drawback: the variations in physical condition are influenced by the training loads of the previous days and not only of the same day. Finally, it is illustrated how the first model works with a real example of the training process of a cyclist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Matabuena
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías da Información (CiTIUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rosana Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Estatística, Análise Matemática e Optimización, Facultade de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Schadock I, Freitas BG, Moreira IL, Rincon JA, Correa MN, Zanella R, Silva ES, Araujo RC, Buchweitz MRD, Helbig E, Del Vecchio FB, Schneider A, Barros CC. Supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate impacts glucose homeostasis and increases liver size in trained mice. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2018; 90:113-123. [PMID: 30545278 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB) is a bioactive metabolite derived from the amino acid leucine, usually applied for muscle mass increase during physical training, as well as for muscle mass maintenance in debilitating chronic diseases. The hypothesis of the present study is that HMB is a safe supplement for muscle mass gain by strength training. Based on this, the objective was to measure changes in body composition, glucose homeostasis and hepatic metabolism of HMB supplemented mice during strength training. Two of four groups of male mice (n = 6/group) underwent an 8-week training period session (climbing stairs) with or without HMB supplementation (190 mg/kgBW per day). We observed lower body mass gain (4.9 ± 0.43% versus 1.2 ± 0.43, p < 0.001) and increased liver mass (40.9 ± 0.9 mg/gBW versus 44.8 ± 1.3, p < 0.001) in the supplemented trained group compared with the non-supplemented groups. The supplemented trained group had an increase in relative adipose tissue mass (12.4 ± 0.63 mg/gBW versus 16.1 ± 0.88, P < 0.01) compared to the non-supplemented untrained group, and an increase in fasting blood glucose (111 ± 4.58 mg/dL versus 122 ± 3.70, P < 0.05) and insulin resistance (3.79 ± 0.19 % glucose decay/min versus 2.45 ± 0.28, P < 0.05) comparing with non-supplemented trained group. Adaptive heart hypertrophy was observed only in the non-supplemented trained group (4.82 ± 0.05 mg/gBW versus 5.12 ± 0.13, P < 0.05). There was a higher hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 expression (P = 0.002) in supplemented untrained comparing with non-supplemented untrained group. Gene expression of gluconeogenesis regulatory factors was increased by training and reduced by HMB supplementation. These results confirm that HMB supplementation associated with intensive training protocol drives changes in glucose homeostasis and liver metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schadock
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Barbara G Freitas
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Irae L Moreira
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Joao A Rincon
- Veterinary School - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Zanella
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Evelise Sampaio Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Rubia D Buchweitz
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Elizabete Helbig
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B Del Vecchio
- Superior School of Physical Education - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Castilho Barros
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics, Department of Nutrition - Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Pelotas, Brazil
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Figueiredo VC, de Salles BF, Trajano GS. Volume for Muscle Hypertrophy and Health Outcomes: The Most Effective Variable in Resistance Training. Sports Med 2018; 48:499-505. [PMID: 29022275 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training is the most effective method to increase muscle mass. It has also been shown to promote many health benefits. Although it is deemed safe and of clinical relevance for treating and preventing a vast number of diseases, a time-efficient and minimal dose of exercise has been the focus of a great number of research studies. Similarly, an inverted U-shaped relationship between training dose/volume and physiological response has been hypothesized to exist. However, the majority of available evidence supports a clear dose-response relationship between resistance training volume and physiological responses, such as muscle hypertrophy and health outcomes. Additionally, there is a paucity of data to support the inverted U-shaped response. Although it may indeed exist, it appears to be much more plastic than previously thought. The overarching principle argued herein is that volume is the most easily modifiable variable that has the most evidenced-based response with important repercussions, be these muscle hypertrophy or health-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandré Casagrande Figueiredo
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,University of Kentucky, College of Health Sciences, Charles T. Wethington, Jr. Building, Room 401, Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA.
| | - Belmiro Freitas de Salles
- Physical Education Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Philippe AG, Borrani F, Sanchez AM, Py G, Candau R. Modelling performance and skeletal muscle adaptations with exponential growth functions during resistance training. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:254-261. [PMID: 29972090 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1494909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
System theory is classically applied to describe and to predict the effects of training load on performance. The classic models are structured by impulse-type transfer functions, nevertheless, most biological adaptations display exponential growth kinetics. The aim of this study was to propose an extension of the model structure taking into account the exponential nature of skeletal muscle adaptations by using a genetic algorithm. Thus, the conventional impulse-type model was applied in 15 resistance trained rodents and compared with exponential growth-type models. Even if we obtained a significant correlation between actual and modelled performances for all the models, our data indicated that an exponential model is associated with more suitable parameters values, especially the time constants that correspond to the positive response to training. Moreover, positive adaptations predicted with an exponential component showed a strong correlation with the main structural adaptations examined in skeletal muscles, i.e. hypertrophy (R2 = 0.87, 0.96 and 0.99, for type 1, 2A and 2X cross-sectional area fibers, respectively) and changes in fiber-type composition (R2 = 0.81 and 0.79, for type 1 and 2A fibers, respectively). Thus, an exponential model succeeds to describe both performance variations with relevant time constants and physiological adaptations that take place during resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony G Philippe
- a INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme , University of Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- b Institute of Sport Sciences of University of Lausanne (ISSUL), faculty of biology and medicine , University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Anthony Mj Sanchez
- c Department of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA4604 , University of Perpignan Via Domitia , Font-Romeu , France
| | - Guillaume Py
- a INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme , University of Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Robin Candau
- a INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme , University of Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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Krause Neto W, de Assis Silva W, Polican Ciena A, Bocalini D, Aparecido Baptista Nucci R, Alberto Anaruma C, Florencio Gama E. Total training load may explain similar strength gains and muscle hypertrophy seen in aged rats submitted to resistance training and anabolic steroids. Aging Male 2018; 21:65-76. [PMID: 28817355 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1365832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify training parameters and analyze the morphological response of aged muscles submitted to resistance training and anabolic steroids. Aged Wistar rats were divided into groups: C - initial control; CF - final control; CAS - control with anabolic steroid, RT - resistance training, and RTA - resistance training with anabolic steroid. Maximum carried load, absolute and relative loads increased significantly in RT and RTA. RTA demonstrated greater relative load than RT. Average total volume, total climbing volume, relative total volume, relative total climbing volume, and mean climbing volume were similar between groups RT and RTA. For soleus, CAS, RT, and RTA enlarged cross-sectional area of type I fibers and nuclear ratio. As for type II fibers, RTA was higher than C and CF. For plantaris, RT and RTA showed significant increases in myofibers type I compared to C and CF. For type II fibers, RTA showed a significant increase compared to C and CF. Regarding the nuclear ratio, RT and RTA showed a higher ratio than C, CF, and CAS. Our results demonstrated that both RT and RTA were not different among the analyzed morphological parameters. This fact can be explained by the absence of differences found in the training variables analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Krause Neto
- a Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Wellington de Assis Silva
- a Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adriano Polican Ciena
- b Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity , São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Danilo Bocalini
- c Translational Physiology Laboratory, Physical Education and Aging Science Program , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Aparecido Baptista Nucci
- a Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Anaruma
- b Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity , São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Eliane Florencio Gama
- a Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Morphoquantitative Studies and Immunohistochemistry , São Judas Tadeu University , São Paulo , Brazil
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Sanchez A, Borrani F, Girard O, Perrey S, Galbès O, Candau R. Occurrence of a V˙O2slow component during intermittent exercises performed at V˙O2peak. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zarrinkalam E, Ranjbar K, Salehi I, Kheiripour N, Komaki A. Resistance training and hawthorn extract ameliorate cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:503-510. [PMID: 29091901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that diabetic rats display cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training and natural antioxidants on learning and memory in type 1 diabetic rats. For this purpose, fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: (i) Control (Con, n=10), (ii) Diabetic (D, n=10), (iii) Diabetic+Resistance training (DRT, n=10), (iv) Diabetic+natural antioxidants (DHE, n=10), and (v) Diabetic+Resistance training+ natural antioxidants (DRH, n=10). Climbing the ladder for a period of 5days/week for 10 consecutive weeks was considered as the resistance training model in our study. Natural antioxidants (100mg/kg per day) were administered to natural antioxidant groups for a period of 10 weeks. Moreover, spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory function were evaluated by Morris Water Maze (MWM) and shuttle box tests. The results showed that, mean of total escape latency decreased 25% (P<0.0001) in the DRH group compared with the D group in MWM. The percentage of time spent in the target quadrant identically decreased (34%) in the D and DHE groups compared with the Con group (p=0.001). In this regard, time spent in the dark Compartment (TDC) respectively rose 86% and 95% in the D and DHE groups compared with the Con group (p<0.05), and decreased 88% in the DRT and DRH groups compared with the D group in the shuttle box test (p<0.05). Furthermore, we noticed that total antioxidant capacity increase and lipid peroxidation decrease in response to the treatments in the diabetic rats as well. Therefore, the current study indicated that exercise training and natural antioxidants synergistically ameliorated learning and memory deficits in type 1 diabetic rats via reducing oxidative stress. Hence, it may propose a potential role of resistance training and natural antioxidants as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Zarrinkalam
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Kamal Ranjbar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nejat Kheiripour
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Zarrinkalam E, Heidarianpour A. Effect of 8-Week Aerobic, Strength and Concurrent Training on Circulating Apelin in Morphine-Dependent Rats. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.11.5.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Antonio-Santos J, Ferreira DJS, Gomes Costa GL, Matos RJB, Toscano AE, Manhães-de-Castro R, Leandro CG. Resistance Training Alters the Proportion of Skeletal Muscle Fibers but Not Brain Neurotrophic Factors in Young Adult Rats. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3531-3538. [PMID: 27870699 PMCID: PMC5145253 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antonio-Santos, J, Ferreira, DJS, Gomes Costa, GL, Matos, RJB, Toscano, AE, Manhães-de-Castro, R, and Leandro, CG. Resistance training alters the proportion of skeletal muscle fibers but not brain neurotrophic factors in young adult rats. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3531–3538, 2016—Resistance training (RT) is related to improved muscular strength and power output. Different programs of RT for rats have been developed, but peripheral and central response has not been evaluated directly in the same animal. To test the hypothesis that RT induces central and peripheral adaptations, this study evaluated the effects of a RT on the performance of a weekly maximum overload test, fiber-type typology, and brain neurotrophic factors in young adult rats. Thirty-one male Wistar rats (65 ± 5 days) were divided in 2 groups: nontrained (NT, n = 13) and trained (T, n = 18). Trained group was submitted to a program of RT ladder climbing, gradually added mass, 5 days per week during 8 weeks at 80% of individual maximum overload. This test was weekly performed to adjust the individual load throughout the weeks for both groups. After 48 hours from the last session of exercise, soleus and extensor digital longus (EDL) muscles were removed for myofibrillar ATPase staining analysis. Spinal cord, motor cortex, and cerebellum were removed for RT-PCR analysis of BDNF and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene expression. In EDL muscle, T animals showed an increase in the proportion of type IIb fibers and a reduction of type IIa fibers. Insulin-like growth factor-1 gene expression was reduced in the cerebellum of T animals (NT: 1.025 ± 0.12; T: 0.57 ± 0.11). Our data showed that 8 weeks of RT were enough to increase maximum overload capacity and the proportion of glycolytic muscle fibers, but there were no associations with the expression of growth neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio-Santos
- 1Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Academic Center of Vitoria de Santo Antao, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;2Department of Nursing, Academic Center of Vitoria de Santo Antao, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; and3Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Zarrinkalam E, Heidarianpour A, Salehi I, Ranjbar K, Komaki A. Effects of endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise on learning and memory after morphine withdrawal in rats. Life Sci 2016; 157:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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