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Serem EK, Mburu DM, Abdullahi OA, Bargul JL. A scoping review on tsetse fly blood meal sources and its assay methods since 1956 to 2022. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:52. [PMID: 38308365 PMCID: PMC10837921 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are the definitive biological vectors of African trypanosomes in humans and animals. Controlling this vector is the most promising method of preventing trypanosome transmission. This requires a comprehensive understanding of tsetse biology and host preference to inform targeted design and management strategies, such as the use of olfaction and visual cues in tsetse traps. No current review exists on host preference and blood meal analyses of tsetse flies. METHODS This review presents a meta-analysis of tsetse fly blood meal sources and the methodologies used to identify animal hosts from 1956 to August 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRIMA-ScR) was applied. This focused on tsetse-endemic countries, blood meal analysis methodologies and the blood meal hosts identified. The articles were retrieved and screened from databases using predetermined eligibility criteria. RESULTS Only 49/393 of the articles retrieved matched the inclusion criteria. Glossina's main hosts in the wild included the bushbuck, buffalo, elephant, warthog, bushpig and hippopotamus. Pigs, livestock and humans were key hosts at the domestic interface. The least studied species included Glossina fuscipleuris, G. fusca, G. medicorum, G. tabaniformis and G. austeni. In the absence of preferred hosts, Glossina fed opportunistically on a variety of hosts. Precipitin, haemagglutination, disc diffusion, complement fixation, ELISA and PCR-based assays were used to evaluate blood meals. Cytochrome b (Cyt b) was the main target gene in PCR to identify the vertebrate hosts. CONCLUSIONS Tsetse blood meal sources have likely expanded because of ecological changes that could have rendered preferred hosts unavailable. The major approaches for analysing tsetse fly blood meal hosts targeted Cyt b gene for species identification by Sanger sequencing. However, small-fragment DNAs, such as the mammalian 12S and 16S rRNA genes, along with second- and third-generation sequencing techniques, could increase sensitivity for host identification in multiple host feeders that Sanger sequencing may misidentify as "noise". This review of tsetse fly blood meal sources and approaches to host identification could inform strategies for tsetse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Kibichiy Serem
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - David Mwangi Mburu
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Osman Abdikarim Abdullahi
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Joel Ltilitan Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Vector-Borne Pathogens in Guard Dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030406. [PMID: 36986328 PMCID: PMC10053886 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine vector-borne diseases are of great relevance not only regarding animal welfare but also in relation to the One Health concept. Knowledge concerning the most relevant vector-borne pathogens in dogs is scarce and limited to stray dogs in most western African regions, and there is virtually no information about the situation in kept dogs presenting (regularly) to vets. Therefore, the blood samples of 150 owned guard dogs in the Ibadan area—in the southwest of Nigeria—were collected and analyzed for the DNA of Piroplasmida (Babesia, Hepatozoon, Theileria), Filarioidea (e.g., Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens), Anaplasmataceae (e.g., Anaplasma, Ehrlichia), Trypanosomatidae (e.g., Leishmania, Trypanosoma), Rickettsia, Bartonella, Borrelia and hemotropic Mycoplasma using molecular methods. Overall, samples from 18 dogs (12%) tested positive for at least one pathogen. Hepatozoon canis (6%) was the most prevalent blood parasite, followed by Babesia rossi (4%). There was a single positive sample each for Babesia vogeli (0.6%) and Anaplasma platys (0.6%). Moreover, one mixed infection with Trypanosoma brucei/evansi and Trypanosoma congolense kilifi was confirmed (0.67%). Generally, the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in this sample group of owned dogs in southwest Nigeria was lower than in prior studies from the country and in other parts of Africa in total. This leads to the assumption that, firstly, the exact geographical location has a major influence on the incidence of vector-borne diseases, and, secondly, it seems to make a difference if the dogs are owned and, therefore, regularly checked at a veterinary clinic. This study should raise awareness of the importance of routine health check-ups, tick and mosquito prophylaxis, and a well-managed infectious disease control program to prevent vector-borne diseases in canines.
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Okello I, Mafie E, Eastwood G, Nzalawahe J, Mboera LEG. African Animal Trypanosomiasis: A Systematic Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors and Drug Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1099-1143. [PMID: 35579072 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) a parasitic disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa causing tremendous loses. Sub-Saharan continental estimation of mean prevalence in both large and small domestic animals, risk factors, tsetse and non-tsetse prevalence and drug resistance is lacking. A review and meta-analysis was done to better comprehend changes in AAT prevalence and drug resistance. Publish/Perish software was used to search and extract peer-reviewed articles in Google scholar, PubMed and CrossRef. In addition, ResearchGate and African Journals Online (AJOL) were used. Screening and selection of articles from 2000-2021 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles 304 were retrieved; on domestic animals 192, tsetse and non-tsetse vectors 44, risk factors 49 and trypanocidal drug resistance 30. Prevalence varied by, host animals in different countries, diagnostic methods and species of Trypanosoma. Cattle had the highest prevalence with Ethiopia and Nigeria leading, T. congolense (11.80-13.40%) and T. vivax (10.50-18.80%) being detected most. This was followed by camels and pigs. Common diagnostic method used was buffy coat microscopy. However; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CATT and ELISA had higher detection rates. G. pallidipes caused most infections in Eastern regions while G. palpalis followed by G. mortisans in Western Africa. Eastern Africa reported more non-tsetse biting flies with Stomoxys leading. Common risk factors were, body conditions, breed type, age, sex and seasons. Ethiopia and Nigeria had the highest trypanocidal resistance 30.00-35.00% and highest AAT prevalence. Isometamidium and diminazene showed more resistance with T. congolense being most resistant species 11.00-83.00%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Okello
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eliakunda Mafie
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Odeniran PO, Macleod ET, Ademola IO, Welburn SC. Molecular identification of bloodmeal sources and trypanosomes in Glossina spp., Tabanus spp. and Stomoxys spp. trapped on cattle farm settlements in southwest Nigeria. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:269-281. [PMID: 30730048 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of host, vector and parasite in bovine trypanosomiasis transmission cycles in southwest Nigeria are not yet well understood. Trypanosoma (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) species infection prevalences and bloodmeal sources were determined in transmitting vectors of the genera Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae), Tabanus (Diptera: Tabanidae) and Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae) collected using Nzi traps in cattle settlements in southwest Nigeria. Sequenced cytochrome B mitochondrial DNA segments obtained from vector digestive tracts identified bloodmeal sources from eight host species, namely human, cattle, hippopotamus, giraffe, gazelle, spotted hyena, long-tailed rat and one unidentified species. Overall, 71.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 63.0-78.1], 33.3% (95% CI 21.9-47.0) and 22.2% (95% CI 16.2-29.9), respectively, of Glossina, Tabanus and Stomoxys flies were positive for trypanosomes. The observed trypanosome species were Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma simiae and Trypanosoma godfreyi. Trypanosome DNA was more prevalent in tsetse (34.8% Tr. vivax, 51.1% Tr. b. brucei, 5.2% Tr. congolense, 4.4% Tr. simiae and 24.4% mixed infections) than in other flies and the main determinants in all flies were seasonal factors and host availability. To the best of the present group's knowledge, this is the first report of Trypanosoma species in Tabanus and Stomoxys flies in Nigeria. It indicates that vector control programmes should always consider biting flies along with tsetse flies in the control of human and animal trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - E T Macleod
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - I O Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - S C Welburn
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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Shaida SS, Weber JS, Gbem TT, Ngomtcho SCH, Musa UB, Achukwi MD, Mamman M, Ndams IS, Nok JA, Kelm S. Diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Glossina populations in Nigeria and the Cameroonian border region. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:180. [PMID: 30470197 PMCID: PMC6251082 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies are vectors of trypanosomes, parasites that cause devastating disease in humans and livestock. In the course of vector control programmes it is necessary to know about the Glossina species present in the study area, the population dynamics and the genetic exchange between tsetse fly populations. Results To achieve an overview of the tsetse fly diversity in Nigeria and at the Nigeria-Cameroon border, tsetse flies were trapped and collected between February and March 2014 and December 2016. Species diversity was determined morphologically and by analysis of Cytochrome C Oxidase SU1 (COI) gene sequences. Internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) sequences were compared to analyse variations within populations. The most dominant species were G. m. submorsitans, G. tachinoides and G. p. palpalis. In Yankari Game Reserve and Kainji Lake National Park, G. submorsitans and G. tachinoides were most frequent, whereas in Old Oyo National Park and Ijah Gwari G. p. palpalis was the dominant species. Interestingly, four unidentified species were recorded during the survey, for which no information on COI or ITS-1 sequences exists. G. p. palpalis populations showed a segregation in two clusters along the Cameroon-Nigerian border. Conclusions The improved understanding of the tsetse populations in Nigeria will support decisions on the scale in which vector control is likely to be more effective. In order to understand in more detail how isolated these populations are, it is recommended that further studies on gene flow be carried out using other markers, including microsatellites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Sophie Weber
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thaddeus Terlumun Gbem
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Biology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Usman Baba Musa
- Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Mohammed Mamman
- Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Iliya Shehu Ndams
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Department of Zoology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan Andrew Nok
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Soerge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, 28334, Bremen, Germany.
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Odeniran PO, Ademola IO. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria from 1960 to 2017. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:280. [PMID: 29720251 PMCID: PMC5930763 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African animal trypanosomiasis is an economically significant disease that affects the livestock industry in Nigeria. It is caused by several parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. National estimates of the disease prevalence in livestock and tsetse flies are lacking, therefore a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to understand the trend of the disease prevalence over the years. METHODS Publications were screened in Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, EMBASE and PubMed databases. Using four-stage (identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion) process in the PRIMSA checklist, only studies that met the inclusion criteria for AAT and tsetse infections were analysed. Point estimates prevalence and subgroup analyses based on diagnostic techniques in livestock were evaluated at 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 74 eligible studies published between 1960 and 2017 were selected for meta-analysis. This covers the six geopolitical zones, involving a total of 53,924 animals. The overall prevalence of AAT was 16.1% (95% CI: 12.3-20.3%). Based on diagnostic techniques, the prevalence of AAT in cattle was highest in PCR followed by serology and microscopy while the highest prevalence in pigs was observed with serology. Out of 12,552 tsetse flies examined from 14 eligible studies, an overall prevalence of 17.3% (95% CI: 4.5-36.0%) and subgroup prevalence of 49.7% (95% CI: 30.7-68.8%), 11.5% (95% CI: 6.1-18.5) and 4.5% (95% CI: 1.8-8.8%) in G. morsitans, G. tachinoides and G. palpalis, respectively, were observed using the random effects-model. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of trypanosomes in both vectors and animal hosts was high in Nigeria. Therefore, further research on risk factors, seasonal and transhumance effects, vectoral capacity and competence are warranted for an effective control of AAT in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Olalekan Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Odeniran PO, Ademola IO, Macleod ET, Welburn SC. Bovine and small ruminant African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria - A review. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:5-13. [PMID: 31014888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive attempts over many decades to control African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) across the tsetse fly belt of Nigeria, AAT persists as major animal health problem causing severe morbidity and mortality in livestock. The large agricultural losses in turn have severe adverse impacts on sustainable agricultural development. Despite this, in the past 50 years there have been no significant national control programs against AAT. This review explores the history of AAT control in Nigeria, examining the successes and failures in measures adopted in Nigeria to control AAT and the changing disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Olalekan Odeniran
- University of Ibadan, Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria; The University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola
- University of Ibadan, Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ewan Thomas Macleod
- The University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- The University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK; University of Edinburgh Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China
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