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Huang Y, Lou X, Jiang C, Ji X, Tao X, Sun J, Bao Z. Gut microbiota is correlated with gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1044030. [PMID: 36465607 PMCID: PMC9714661 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1044030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Gastrointestinal discomfort is the most common adverse event in metformin treatment for type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of action of metformin is associated with gut microbiota. However, the gut microbial community structure related to metformin-induced gastrointestinal adverse events remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate it. Methods 50 patients with newly diagnosed diabetes were treated with metformin 1500mg/d for 12 weeks. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether gastrointestinal adverse events occurred (group B) or did not occur (group A) after treatment. The fecal bacterial communities and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were sequenced and compared. 70 diabetes mice were randomly divided into 8 groups and treated with metformin (Met), clindamycin (Clin) and/or SCFA, which were the Met+/Clin+, Met+/Clin-, Met-/Clin+, Met-/Clin-, Met+/SCFA+, Met+/SCFA-, Met-/SCFA+ and Met-/SCFA- group. After 4 weeks of metformin treatment, blood glucose, food intake, fecal SCFAs, gut microbiota and gut hormones were measured. Results Metformin increased the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium, Intestinimonas and Clostridium III. Functional prediction analysis showed that the propanoate metabolism pathway was significantly up-regulated. The concentrations of acetic acid and propanoic acid in feces were significantly increased. The abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto, Streptococcus and Akkermansia induced by metformin in group B was higher than that in group A. The propanoate metabolism pathway and propanoic acid in feces were significantly up-regulated in group B. In the animal experiments, the food intake decreased and glucose control increased in metformin groups compared with those in the control groups. The total GLP-1 level in the Met+/Clin- group was significantly higher than that in the Met-/Clin- group, while there was no statistical difference between the Met-/Clin- and Met+/Clin+ group. The total GLP-1 level in the Met-/SCFA+ group was significantly higher than that in the Met-/SCFA-group, while the levels of total GLP-1 and active GLP-1 in the Met+/SCFA- group and the Met+/SCFA+ group were significantly higher than those in the Met-/SCFA-group. Conclusions Our data suggest that metformin promotes the secretion of intestinal hormones such as GLP-1 by increasing the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, which not only plays an anti-diabetic role, but also may causes gastrointestinal adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudan Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Ji
- Department of Gerontology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Bao
- Department of Gerontology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xu Y, Zheng S, Jiang S, Chen J, Zhu X, Zhang Y. The effect of Chinese herbal formulas combined with metformin on modulating the gut microbiota in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:927959. [PMID: 36187136 PMCID: PMC9521410 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.927959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To assess and analyse the effectiveness and safety of combined Chinese herbal formula (CHF) and metformin treatment in the modulation of the gut microbiota in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), all publications addressing the effect of this combination treatment on the quantitative alterations in the gut microbiota and glucose parameters were collected. Rob tool in the Cochrane handbook was performed to evaluate the methodological quality of all included studies. Relevant information and statistics were abstracted and synthesized in Review Manager 5.4 to evaluate the efficacy of combination treatment. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were used to analyse the sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias analyses were performed by Stata software to assess the robustness and quality of the outcomes. As a result, a total of 12 eligible RCTs with 1307 T2DM participants from 7 electronic databases were included. Combined CHF with metformin treatment showed better efficacies than metformin monotherapy in regulating the structure of the gut microbiota, characterized by increased Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Bacteroidetes and decreased Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Saccharomyces along with better decreases in glycated haemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Subgroup analyses further analysed the effect of metformin doses and CHF classifications on controlling hyperglycaemia and altering the gut microbiota. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggested that combined CHF with metformin treatment is promising for the modulation of the gut microbiota along with ameliorating hyperglycemia in T2DM patients. Importantly, more well-designed RCTs are needed to validate the outcomes and verify the treatment value for clinical purposes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021291524, identifier CRD42021291524.
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Microbial assessment of medicinal herbs (Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma), effects of electron beam irradiation and detection characteristics. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:705-715. [PMID: 32419969 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal herbs comprise of heavy microbial contaminations. This study aimed to assess microbial hazards including foodborne pathogens in 20 commercial medicinal herbs, Cnidii Rhizoma (C1-C10) and Alismatis Rhizoma (T1-T10) as well as to evaluate irradiation effects of E-beam on microbial load and detection chracteristics. Four samples (C5, C10, T1, T8) from both herbs with higher microbial load were selected for evaluating the irradiation effect of E-beam (up to 10 kGy) on microbial load and radiation-induced changes in detection markers by standard methods (Codex, Korean Food Code), such as direct epifluorescent filter technique/aerobic plate count (DEFT/APC), photostimulated luminescence (PSL), thermoluminescence (TL), and electron spin resonance (ESR). DEFT/APC revealed non-evidence of pre-sterilization of all samples. PSL differentiated irradiated samples (1, 5, and 10 kGy) of both herbs from non-irradiated (control: 0 kGy). Both TL and ESR methods validated PSL screening results by detecting radiation-induced markers from E-beam irradiated medicinal herbs.
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Yan T, Yan N, Wang P, Xia Y, Hao H, Wang G, Gonzalez FJ. Herbal drug discovery for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:3-18. [PMID: 31993304 PMCID: PMC6977016 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Few medications are available for meeting the increasing disease burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive stage, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Traditional herbal medicines (THM) have been used for centuries to treat indigenous people with various symptoms but without clarified modern-defined disease types and mechanisms. In modern times, NAFLD was defined as a common chronic disease leading to more studies to understand NAFLD/NASH pathology and progression. THM have garnered increased attention for providing therapeutic candidates for treating NAFLD. In this review, a new model called “multiple organs-multiple hits” is proposed to explain mechanisms of NASH progression. Against this proposed model, the effects and mechanisms of the frequently-studied THM-yielded single anti-NAFLD drug candidates and multiple herb medicines are reviewed, among which silymarin and berberine are already under U.S. FDA-sanctioned phase 4 clinical studies. Furthermore, experimental designs for anti-NAFLD drug discovery from THM in treating NAFLD are discussed. The opportunities and challenges of reverse pharmacology and reverse pharmacokinetic concepts-guided strategies for THM modernization and its global recognition to treat NAFLD are highlighted. Increasing mechanistic evidence is being generated to support the beneficial role of THM in treating NAFLD and anti-NAFLD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Nana Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yangliu Xia
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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Cao Y, Sun W, Xu G. Fuzhu jiangtang granules combined with metformin reduces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats via PI3K/Akt signaling. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:660-668. [PMID: 31545909 PMCID: PMC6764404 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1659831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Context: Fuzhu Jiangtang Granules (FJG) are a traditional Chinese used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, the antidiabetic mechanism of FJG is not clear. Objective: This study evaluates and determines the antidiabetic mechanism of FJG using a Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model. Materials and methods: ZDF (fa/fa) rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): diabetes mellitus (DM), metformin (Met, 0.134 g/kg b.w./day), FJG (0.64 g/kg b.w./day), and combination (Com, 0.134 g/kg b.w./day of Met and 0.64 g/kg b.w./day of FJG). Six ZDF (fa/+) rats served as a normal control. After 6 weeks, biochemical parameters gene and protein expression were detected. Results: The FBG, bodyweight, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), free fatty acid (FFA), insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were lower in the FJG than in the DM group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). In an oral glucose tolerance test, the AUC in the FJG group was significantly lower (p < 0.01). The levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in the FJG than in the DM group (p < 0.01); the malondialdehyde content and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the FJG group (p < 0.01). FJG increased the mRNA expression of IR and GLUT4 significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The protein levels of IR, p-IRS1 tyr989, m-PI3Kp85, p-Akt and GLUT4 were increased in the FJG (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), but the protein levels of p-IRS1 ser1101/612/307 were significantly decreased in the JG group (p < 0.01). Discussion and conclusions: The antidiabetic mechanism of FJG may be related to regulation of the insulin-signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. These aspects require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuxing Hospital, the Eighth Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lyu Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, Lin L, Yang X, Cheung SCK, Shaw PC, Chan PKS, Kong APS, Zuo Z. Pharmacokinetic interactions between metformin and berberine in rats: Role of oral administration sequences and microbiota. Life Sci 2019; 235:116818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mo FF, An T, Zhang ZJ, Liu YF, Liu HX, Pan YY, Miao JN, Zhao DD, Yang XY, Zhang DW, Jiang GJ, Gao SH. Jiang Tang Xiao Ke Granule Play an Anti-diabetic Role in Diabetic Mice Pancreatic Tissue by Regulating the mRNAs and MicroRNAs Associated with PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:795. [PMID: 29163176 PMCID: PMC5671979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effect of JTXK granule on the expression pattern of miRNA in pancreatic tissue of KKAy diabetic mice, and to explore the molecular mechanism and pathways of JTXK granule in anti-diabetic effect. Methods: We used high fat diet (HFD) to induce the KKAy diabetic mice and screened the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) between JTXK-treated group (n = 6) and the diabetic group (n = 6) using MicroRNA (miRNA) Microarray. C57BL/6J mice were given a normal diet as the control group (n = 6). Subsequently, miRNA target gene prediction, GO and Pathway analysis were used to explore the function of DEMs. Finally, the mechanism of anti-diabetic effects of JTXK granule was tested by in vitro INS-1 pancreatic β-cell experiment. Results: The blood glucose and body weight of JTXK-treated group was significantly lower compared with the model group. Moreover, a total of 45 miRNAs with significant differences were detected in the model group and the JTXK-treated group (P ≤ 0.05, Fold Change > 2). Further, miRNA-mRNA analysis showed that the differential expression of mmu-miR-192-5p, mmu-miR-291a-3p, mmu-miR-320-3p, mmu-miR-139-5p and mmu-miR-378a-3p are closely related to pancreatic histological changes. In addition, pathway analysis showed that the DEMs were closely related to PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway. Furthermore, the levels of serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and phosphorylated forkhead transcription factor O1 (p-Foxo1) in INS-1-FOXO1 overexpressing model cells were lower than those in normal group, while JTXK granules could increase the expression of Akt, p-Akt and p-Foxo1. Conclusions: The results showed that JTXK granule could play an anti-diabetic role by regulating the mRNA and miRNAs associated with PI3K-Akt pathway in diabetic mice pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Mo
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian An
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Jian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Texas, TX, United States
| | - Yu-Fei Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Xia Liu
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yun Pan
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Nan Miao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Yan Yang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Wei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Jian Jiang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Hua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Houttuynia cordata Facilitates Metformin on Ameliorating Insulin Resistance Associated with Gut Microbiota Alteration in OLETF Rats. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100239. [PMID: 28937612 PMCID: PMC5664089 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin and Houttuynia cordata are representative anti-diabetic therapeutics in western and oriental medicine, respectively. The current study examined the synergistic anti-diabetic effect of Houttuynia cordata extraction (HCE) and metformin combination in Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Fecal microbiota were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR. Combining HCE + metformin resulted in significantly ameliorated glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT))—the same as metformin alone. Particularly, results of the insulin tolerance test (ITT) showed that combining HCE + metformin dramatically improved insulin sensitivity as compared to metformin treatment alone. Both fecal and serum endotoxin, as well as cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)) were significantly ameliorated by HCE + metformin compared to metformin alone. Meanwhile, the activation of AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) by metformin was distinctly enhanced by HCE. Both of HCE and metformin evidently changed the gut microbiota composition, causing the alteration of bacterial metabolite, like short-chain fatty acids. H. cordata, together with metformin, exerts intensive sensibilization to insulin; the corresponding mechanisms are associated with alleviation of endotoxemia via regulation of gut microbiota, particularly Roseburia, Akkermansia, and Gram-negative bacterium.
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