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Afsar S, Syed RU, Khojali WMA, Masood N, Osman ME, Jyothi JS, Hadi MA, Khalifa AAS, Aboshouk NAM, Alsaikhan HA, Alafnan AS, Alrashidi BA. Non-coding RNAs in BRAF-mutant melanoma: targets, indicators, and therapeutic potential. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03366-3. [PMID: 39167168 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, is often driven by BRAF mutations, such as the V600E mutation, which promotes cancer growth through the MAPK pathway and contributes to treatment resistance. Understanding the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in these processes is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between ncRNAs and BRAF mutations in melanoma, focusing on their regulatory roles and impact on treatment resistance. We comprehensively reviewed current literature to synthesize evidence on ncRNA-mediated regulation of BRAF-mutant melanoma and their influence on therapeutic responses. Key ncRNAs, including microRNAs and long ncRNAs, were identified as significant regulators of melanoma development and therapy resistance. MicroRNAs such as miR-15/16 and miR-200 families modulate critical pathways like Wnt signaling and melanogenesis. Long ncRNAs like ANRIL and SAMMSON play roles in cell growth, invasion, and drug susceptibility. Specific ncRNAs, such as BANCR and RMEL3, intersect with the MAPK pathway, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets or biomarkers in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Additionally, ncRNAs involved in drug resistance, such as miR-579-3p and miR-1246, target processes like autophagy and immune checkpoint regulation. This review highlights the pivotal roles of ncRNAs in regulating BRAF-mutant melanoma and their contribution to drug resistance. These findings underscore the potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, paving the way for innovative treatments to improve outcomes for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Afsar
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, 517502, India.
| | - Rahamat Unissa Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, 81442, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Weam M A Khojali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 81442, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, 14415, Sudan
| | - Najat Masood
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, 81451, Ha'il,, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mhdia Elhadi Osman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Siva Jyothi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Abdul Hadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bhaskar Pharmacy College, Moinabad, R.R.District, Hyderabad, 500075, Telangana, India
| | - Amna Abakar Suleiman Khalifa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, 81442, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nayla Ahmed Mohammed Aboshouk
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, 81442, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Kersy O, Salmon-Divon M, Shpilberg O, Hershkovitz-Rokah O. Non-Coding RNAs in Normal B-Cell Development and in Mantle Cell Lymphoma: From Molecular Mechanism to Biomarker and Therapeutic Agent Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179490. [PMID: 34502399 PMCID: PMC8430640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocytes are essential for an efficient immune response against a variety of pathogens. A large fraction of hematologic malignancies are of B-cell origin, suggesting that the development and activation of B cells must be tightly regulated. In recent years, differentially expressed non-coding RNAs have been identified in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) tumor samples as opposed to their naive, normal B-cell compartment. These aberrantly expressed molecules, specifically microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have a role in cellular growth and survival pathways in various biological models. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge on the role of non-coding RNAs and their relevant targets in B-cell development, activation and malignant transformation, summarizing the current understanding of the role of aberrant expression of non-coding RNAs in MCL pathobiology with perspectives for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kersy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (O.K.); (M.S.-D.)
- Translational Research Lab, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel-Aviv 6971028, Israel;
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (O.K.); (M.S.-D.)
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Ofer Shpilberg
- Translational Research Lab, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel-Aviv 6971028, Israel;
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel-Aviv 6971028, Israel
| | - Oshrat Hershkovitz-Rokah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel; (O.K.); (M.S.-D.)
- Translational Research Lab, Assuta Medical Centers, Tel-Aviv 6971028, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-764-4094
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3
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Rigo R, Bazin J, Romero‐Barrios N, Moison M, Lucero L, Christ A, Benhamed M, Blein T, Huguet S, Charon C, Crespi M, Ariel F. The Arabidopsis lncRNA ASCO modulates the transcriptome through interaction with splicing factors. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48977. [PMID: 32285620 PMCID: PMC7202219 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a major source of transcriptome diversity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as regulators of AS through different molecular mechanisms. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the AS regulators NSRs interact with the ALTERNATIVE SPLICING COMPETITOR (ASCO) lncRNA. Here, we analyze the effect of the knock-down and overexpression of ASCO at the genome-wide level and find a large number of deregulated and differentially spliced genes related to flagellin responses and biotic stress. In agreement, ASCO-silenced plants are more sensitive to flagellin. However, only a minor subset of deregulated genes overlaps with the AS defects of the nsra/b double mutant, suggesting an alternative way of action for ASCO. Using biotin-labeled oligonucleotides for RNA-mediated ribonucleoprotein purification, we show that ASCO binds to the highly conserved spliceosome component PRP8a. ASCO overaccumulation impairs the recognition of specific flagellin-related transcripts by PRP8a. We further show that ASCO also binds to another spliceosome component, SmD1b, indicating that it interacts with multiple splicing factors. Hence, lncRNAs may integrate a dynamic network including spliceosome core proteins, to modulate transcriptome reprogramming in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rigo
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Jérémie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Natali Romero‐Barrios
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Michaël Moison
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, FBCBUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | - Leandro Lucero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, FBCBUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | - Aurélie Christ
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Thomas Blein
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Céline Charon
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2)CNRSINRAUniversities Paris‐Sud, Evry and Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CiteUniversity of Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Federico Ariel
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, FBCBUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
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Cao MX, Tang YL, Zhang WL, Tang YJ, Liang XH. Non-coding RNAs as Regulators of Lymphangiogenesis in Lymphatic Development, Inflammation, and Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:916. [PMID: 31616631 PMCID: PMC6763613 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which do not encode proteins, have pivotal roles in manipulating gene expression in development, physiology, and pathology. Emerging data have shown that ncRNAs can regulate lymphangiogenesis, which refers to lymphatics deriving from preexisting vessels, becomes established during embryogenesis, and has a close relationship with pathological conditions such as lymphatic developmental diseases, inflammation, and cancer. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic development, inflammation and cancer metastasis, and discusses ncRNAs' regulatory effects on them. Therapeutic targets with regard to lymphangiogenesis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Kim SH, Kim SH, Yang WI, Kim SJ, Yoon SO. Association of the long non-coding RNA MALAT1 with the polycomb repressive complex pathway in T and NK cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31305-31317. [PMID: 28412742 PMCID: PMC5458209 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, various long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to have significant therapeutic or prognostic value. However, the expression of lncRNAs has not been investigated in T and NK cell lymphoma. Thus, we evaluated the biological and prognostic role of lncRNAs related to the polycomb repressive complex (PRC) and PRC markers in tissue samples and cell lines of T and NK cell lymphoma. Among the tested lncRNAs, MALAT1 was most highly expressed in clinical samples and cell lines. High expression of MALAT1 as well as BMI1 was related to poor prognosis in patients with mature T cell lymphoma. In the tissue samples, BMI1 expression showed a positive correlation with EZH2, SUZ12, H3K27me3, and MALAT1. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BMI1 expression was independently associated with H3K27me3. Direct binding of MALAT1 to the PRC2 components (EZH2 and SUZ12) was observed in a T cell lymphoma cell line; however, no direct binding of MALAT1 with H3K27me3 and BMI1 (a PRC1 component) was observed. In T and NK cell lymphomas, MALAT1 was related to poor prognosis. MALAT1 directly binds to EZH2 and SUZ12, and BMI1 activation may be induced possibly through H3K27me3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Anatomic Pathology Reference Lab, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ick Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Och Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Zhao S, Fang S, Liu Y, Li X, Liao S, Chen J, Liu J, Zhao L, Li H, Zhou W, Shen W, Dong X, Xiang R, Wang L, Zhao Y. The long non-coding RNA NONHSAG026900 predicts prognosis as a favorable biomarker in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34374-34386. [PMID: 28423735 PMCID: PMC5470975 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs are known to be involved in cancer progression, but their biological functions and prognostic values are still largely unexplored in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In this study, long non-coding RNAs expression was characterized in 1,403 samples including normal and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by repurposing 7 microarray datasets. Compared with any stage of normal B cells, NONHSAG026900 expression was significantly decreased in tumor samples. And in germinal center B-cell subtype, the significantly higher expression of NONHSAG026900 indicated it was a favorable prognosis biomarker. Then the prognostic power of NONHSAG026900 was validated with another independent dataset and NONHSAG026900 improved the predictive power of International Prognostic Index as an independent factor. Moreover, functional prediction and validation demonstrated that NONHSAG026900 could inhibit cell cycle activity to restrain tumor proliferation. These findings identified NONHSAG026900 as a novel prognostic biomarker and offered a new therapeutic target for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtao Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangsang Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China
| | - Xixi Li
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengyou Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwen Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhe Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,The Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China
| | - Luhua Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhou J, Xiang W, Li S, Hu Q, Peng T, Chen L, Ming Y. Association between long non-coding RNAs expression and pathogenesis and progression of gliomas. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541171 PMCID: PMC5835862 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate of gliomas is the highest among primary brain tumors. Although the understanding of the molecular pathology of glioma has improved during the previous two decades, effective therapies are not yet available to treat these tumors. Previous studies have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a close association with glioma, suggesting that lncRNAs may be potential targets for the development of novel treatments for glioma. The present review summarized the latest studies on the dysregulation of lncRNAs in glioma, and discussed their potential use in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapies of glioma. The emergence of lncRNAs has revealed an additional facet to glioma oncogenesis. An improved understanding of their functions is important to advance lncRNA-based diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic interventions of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Shenjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ming
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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8
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Development of novel long noncoding RNA MALAT1 near-infrared optical probes for in vivo tumour imaging. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85804-85815. [PMID: 29156758 PMCID: PMC5689648 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of next-generation sequencing technology, there is rapidly increasing interest in long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The objectives of this study were to develop a novel lncRNA MALAT1 near-infrared optical probe, to evaluate the characteristics of this optical imaging probe in vitro and to determine whether it can be used for imaging MALAT1 expression in malignant tumours in vivo. Conjugation of Cy5.5 to MALAT1 ASO was accomplished using standard NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) ester procedures, and the labelled MALAT1 ASO was purified with a Glen-Pak DNA Purification Cartridge and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The in vitro cellular uptake results showed that the percentage of cell binding increased with an increasing final concentration and increased with increasing incubation time for the MHCC-LM3 tumour cell flow cytometry analyses. in vivo optical imaging exhibited 5' (Cy5.5)-MALAT1 ASO uptake in the tumour with a maximum at 30 min p.i. that slowly washed out over time. High contrast to normal tissue was gradually observed from 4 h to 48 h p.i. Tumour-to-normal ratios of fluorescence intensities were plotted as a function of time. The in vivo competition assay showed little uptake of the probe into the tumours at any time point, indicating effective competition, selectivity of probe binding and retention by tumours in vivo. Our proposed Cy5.5 labelling of MALAT1 ASO can serve as a potent optical probe for in vivo imaging of tumour expressing MALAT1. Importantly, the successful development of optical probes provides a basis for specific molecular diagnoses in the field of lncRNAs.
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