1
|
Abdul S, Masue V, Mlemba MA, Massawe R, Mosha V, Leyaro BJ, Msuya SE. Performance Evaluation of Rapid Test for Schistosoma Mansoni among School Aged Children in Mwanga District Council, Kilimanjaro Tanzania. East Afr Health Res J 2024; 8:13-19. [PMID: 39234341 PMCID: PMC11371011 DOI: 10.24248/eahrj.v8i1.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic tropical disease caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. It is a disease of public health concern and mostly affects developing countries of the tropics. According to WHO burden of the disease is as high as 80-85%, principally in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the majority of the infection is often linked with morbidity, it also results in considerable death. The overall annual mortality rate might exceed 200,000 people in Africa due to different complications of urinary and intestinal Schistosomiasis. Children are at a greater risk of acquiring the infection as well as reinfection, and this might cause growth retardation, anemia and low school performance. Objective The study aimed at determining the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni, associated factors and evaluating the performance of Point of Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen comparison (POC-CCA) against a routine method (formal Ether) of detection methods among school aged children at Mwanga District Council, Kilimanjaro Tanzania. Methodology This was a cross sectional study conducted from April - June 2019 in Mwanga District Council. A minimum of 288 primary school children in Mwanga District were enrolled. Random sampling technique was used to select the participants. Interviews were conducted with study participants followed by single stool and urine sample collection. formal-ether concentration technique, urine dipstick and Point of Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) were used for stool and urine analysis. Data were entered and cleaned by using SPSS Version 20. Descriptive statistics were summarised using frequency and proportion for categorical variables and mean and standard dispersion for continuous variables. Logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with schistosomiasis. Any association with P value <.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 288 participants were enrolled. The mean age of participants was 9.8 (±2.4) years. The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among the 288 students was 7.3% by formal ether method and 80.4% by POC-CCA. Social demographic characteristics, and hygiene practice assessed were not associated with Schistosoma mansoni in this study. Water source was statistically significantly associated with the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni. Conclusion The prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni among school aged children is low by using formal-ether concentration technique (routine method). The annual projects of deworming might have helped decrease the endemicity of the infection. This is due to regular deworming project as recommended by WHO. Despite various efforts which are done to deworm, school aged children are still at risk of acquiring infection, due to poor hygienic practice especially from water sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seif Abdul
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Victoria Masue
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Magreth A. Mlemba
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Rafaeli Massawe
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Victor Mosha
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Beatrice J. Leyaro
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Sia E. Msuya
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Community Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Community Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sandema C, Daka V, Syapiila P, Tembo M, Sikalima J, Patel S, Mudenda S, Mfune RL, Mutanekelwa I, Zyambo C, Mwanakasale V. Prevalence and correlates of Schistosoma haematobium infections among school going-children aged 5 to 17 years in Kawama, Ndola, Zambia. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:170. [PMID: 37900207 PMCID: PMC10611913 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.45.170.41193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease and remains a disease of public health concern. Despite its relative importance, paucity of information on schistosomiasis in urban settings such as Ndola remains. Here, we present findings on the prevalence and factors associated with Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) infections among School-going children in the Kawama in Ndola district in Zambia, an urban area in the Copperbelt Province, Zambia. Methods we employed a cross-sectional study design among 354 school going-children between 5 and 17 years of age between November 2020 and February 2021. A Multivariate forward step-wise logistic regression model was used to determine the associations of risk factors. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are reported. Results of the 354 school-going children included in the analysis, 13.3% had S. haematobium infection. Children who swam in the stream/dam were more likely to have S. haematobium infection as compared to those who did not (aOR 6.531, 95% CI: 2.90-14.69). Conclusion S. haematobium infection is endemic among school-going children in an urban setup of the Kawama area of Ndola City, Zambia. There is a need for targeted interventions to mitigate infections among this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chileshe Sandema
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Victor Daka
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Paul Syapiila
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Mathias Tembo
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Department, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Jay Sikalima
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Department, P.O Box 71769, Ndola, Zambia
- Churches Health Association of Zambia, Molecular Laboratory Department, P.O.BOX 34511, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Shivangi Patel
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Steward Mudenda
- University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ruth Lindizyani Mfune
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Imukusi Mutanekelwa
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya School of Medicine, Public Health Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Cosmas Zyambo
- University of Zambia, School of Public Health, Department of Community and Family Medicine, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Victor Mwanakasale
- Copperbelt University, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Basic Sciences Department, P.O Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fusco D, Martínez-Pérez GZ, Remkes A, De Pascali AM, Ortalli M, Varani S, Scagliarini A. A sex and gender perspective for neglected zoonotic diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1031683. [PMID: 36338031 PMCID: PMC9632621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fusco
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Daniela Fusco
| | | | - Aaron Remkes
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Mistral De Pascali
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Ortalli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aula OP, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gordon CA. Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:109. [PMID: 34206495 PMCID: PMC8293433 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyime Poise Aula
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia;
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahende MK, Huber E, Kourany-Lefoll E, Ali A, Hayward B, Bezuidenhout D, Bagchus W, Kabanywanyi AM. Comparative palatability of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of Praziquantel (L-PZQ and Rac-PZQ) versus current PZQ tablet in African children: A randomized, single-blind, crossover study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0007370. [PMID: 34106922 PMCID: PMC8216518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Praziquantel (PZQ) is currently the only recommended drug for infection and disease caused by the schistosome species that infects humans; however, the current tablet formulation is not suitable for pre-school age children mainly due to its bitterness and the large tablet size. We assessed the palatability of two new orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulations of PZQ. METHODOLOGY This randomized, single-blind, crossover, swill-and-spit palatability study (NCT02315352) was carried out at a single school in Tanzania in children aged 6-11 years old, with or without schistosomiasis infection as this was not part of the assessment. Children were stratified according to age group (6-8 years or 9-11 years) and gender, then randomized to receive each formulation in a pre-specified sequence. Over 2 days, the children assessed the palatability of Levo-Praziquantel (L-PZQ) ODT 150 mg and Racemate Praziquantel (Rac-PZQ) ODT 150 mg disintegrated in the mouth without water on the first day, and L-PZQ and Rac-PZQ dispersed in water and the currently available PZQ 600 mg formulation (PZQ-Cesol) crushed and dispersed in water on the second day. The palatability of each formulation was rated using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) incorporating a 5-point hedonic scale, immediately after spitting out the test product (VASt = 0 primary outcome) and after 2-5 minutes (VASt = 2-5). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In total, 48 children took part in the assessment. Overall, there was no reported difference in the VASt = 0 between the two ODT formulations (p = 0.106) without water. Higher VASt = 0 and VASt = 2-5 scores were reported for L-PZQ ODT compared with Rac-PZQ ODT in older children (p = 0.046 and p = 0.026, respectively). The VASt = 0 and VASt = 2-5 were higher for both ODT formulations compared with the standard formulation (p<0.001 for both time points). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The new paediatric-friendly formulations dispersed in water were both found to be more palatable than the existing standard formulation of PZQ. There may be gender and age effects on the assessment of palatability. Further research is needed for assessing efficacy and tolerability of the newly ODTs Praziquantel drug in younger children. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02315352) and in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201412000959159).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Huber
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elly Kourany-Lefoll
- Ares Trading S.A., Eysins, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ali Ali
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Brooke Hayward
- EMD Serono, Inc. Rockland, Massachusetts, United States, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Deon Bezuidenhout
- Merck (Pty) Ltd, Modderfontein, South Africa an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wilhelmina Bagchus
- Merck Institute of Pharmacometrics, Lausanne, Switzerland, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prevalence, Intensity, and Associated Factors of Schistosoma mansoni among School Children in Northwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8820222. [PMID: 33274074 PMCID: PMC7676956 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8820222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases in Ethiopia, and its burden may show variations from time to time across different regions. Thus, this study was aimed at determining the prevalence, intensity, and associated risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) among schoolchildren in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Stool specimens were collected and examined using two-slide Kato-Katz method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. p values less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Result A total of 786 schoolchildren were participated in this study. The prevalence of S. mansoni was 33.5%. The mean egg count of the parasite among the infected study participants was 523.665 eggs per gram (epg) of stool. Thirty-seven, 42, and 21 percent of the study participant's infection were due to light, moderate, and heavy infection intensities, respectively. Age of 8-11 years old (AOR = 1,687, 95%CI = 1.163, 2.892), 5th-8th grade level (AOR = 2.280, 95%CI = 1.348, 3.856), residing in Chuahit District (AOR = 95.559, 95%CI = 12.945, 705.419), and using untreated water for domestic supply (AOR = 1.724, 95%CI = 1.457, 2.148) were found to be risk factors for S. mansoni infection. Conclusion High prevalence of S. mansoni and relatively higher proportion of moderate intensity of infection in this study imply that schistosomiasis is still one of the major public health problems in Northwest Ethiopia. It is also highlighted that study sites, provision of water supply, age, and grade level of the schoolchildren were identified as a risk factors for the disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gebreyesus TD, Tadele T, Mekete K, Barry A, Gashaw H, Degefe W, Tadesse BT, Gerba H, Gurumurthy P, Makonnen E, Aklillu E. Prevalence, Intensity, and Correlates of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections after Five Rounds of Preventive Chemotherapy among School Children in Southern Ethiopia. Pathogens 2020; 9:E920. [PMID: 33172114 PMCID: PMC7694749 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive chemotherapy (PC) is a WHO-recommended strategy to control and eliminate schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). We assessed the prevalence, intensity, and correlates of schistosomiasis and STH infection after five rounds of PC in southern Ethiopia. A total of 3162 school children from four schools in Wondo Gennet and Hawella Tula districts were screened for Schistosoma mansoni and STHs infection. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 25.8% (range between schools 11.6% to 54.1%), with light (19.1%), moderate (5.3%), and heavy (1.4%) infection intensities. A total of 61.6% S. mansoni-infected children were STH co-infected. The overall prevalence of STHs infection was 54.7% (range between schools 30.6-71.0%), with moderate-to-heavy intensity infections being 16.3%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 45% (95% CI, 43.5-47) followed by Trichuris trichiura 25.3% (95% CI, 23.8-26.9) and hookworm 6.1% (95% CI, 5.3-7). A total of 33.7% of STHs-infected children had A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections. S. mansoni infection was significantly associated with school and STHs co-infection (p < 0.001). STH infection was correlated with school and younger age (p < 0.001). Despite repeated PC, S. mansoni and STH infection remain significant health problems, and the WHO target to control schistosomiasis and eliminate STH by 2020 may not be achieved. Intensified control and prevention measures, including drug efficacy surveillance, is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Dires Gebreyesus
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge,14186 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.D.G.); (A.B.); (B.T.T.)
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5681, Ethiopia; (H.G.); (W.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Tafesse Tadele
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa P.O. Box 1560, Ethiopia;
| | - Kalkidan Mekete
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1242, Ethiopia;
| | - Abbie Barry
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge,14186 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.D.G.); (A.B.); (B.T.T.)
| | - Habtamu Gashaw
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5681, Ethiopia; (H.G.); (W.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Workagegnehu Degefe
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5681, Ethiopia; (H.G.); (W.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge,14186 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.D.G.); (A.B.); (B.T.T.)
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa P.O. Box 1560, Ethiopia;
| | - Heran Gerba
- Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5681, Ethiopia; (H.G.); (W.D.); (H.G.)
| | - Parthasarathi Gurumurthy
- Pharmacovigilance and Clinical Trials, Botswana Medicines Regulatory Authority, Gaborone P.O. Box 505155, Botswana;
| | - Eyasu Makonnen
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia;
- Departments of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge,14186 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.D.G.); (A.B.); (B.T.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tefera A, Belay T, Bajiro M. Epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection and associated risk factors among school children attending primary schools nearby rivers in Jimma town, an urban setting, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228007. [PMID: 32107485 PMCID: PMC7046261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is one of the most neglected tropical parasitic disease which is common in Ethiopia. It is disease of rural areas for decades but now days there are reports of schistosomiasis from urban settings. Therefore, this study aimed to determine epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection and associated determinant factors among school children attending primary schools nearby rivers in Jimma town, an urban setting, southwest Ethiopia. Methodology A cross sectional study was conducted among 328 school children aged between 7–17 years in selected primary schools nearby rivers in Jimma town from March to April 2017. For the diagnosis of S. mansoni, a single stool sample was obtained from each child and processed using double Kato Katz thick smear for quantification of S. mansoni ova examined using light microscope. A questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic data and associated determinant factors for S. mansoni infection. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Variables with P-value < 0.05 were significantly associated with S. mansoni infection. Results The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was found to be 28.7%. Majority of infection intensities were categorized as light with maximum egg per gram of stool (epg) was 1728. The geometric mean of infection intensity was 102.3epg. Schools distance from river (p = 0.001), swimming habit in rivers (p = 0.001) and crossing river on bare foot (p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for S. mansoni infection. Conclusions The study revealed S. mansoni infection is prevalent in Jimma town. The school children were at moderate risk of morbidity caused by S. mansoni (prevalence ≥ 10% and < 50% according to WHO threshold), hence a biannual mass drug administration with praziquantel is required once every two years in the study area and promote health information on prevention, control, transmission and risk factors for S. mansoni infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tariku Belay
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mitiku Bajiro
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University Institute of Health, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mnkugwe RH, Minzi OS, Kinung'hi SM, Kamuhabwa AA, Aklillu E. Prevalence and correlates of intestinal schistosomiasis infection among school-aged children in North-Western Tanzania. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228770. [PMID: 32023307 PMCID: PMC7001966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that continues to cause morbidity and mortality in Sub Saharan Africa. Due to its endemicity, co-infection with malaria is common. The diseases cause anaemia and impaired nutritional status among children. We investigated the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis and its association with malaria, anaemia and nutritional status among school children. METHODS This was a cross sectional survey among 830 children in Nyamikoma village along Lake Victoria in Tanzania. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data, history of drug use, and clinical data. Two faecal samples were collected on two consecutive days and analyzed using thick smears Kato Katz method. Diagnosis of malaria was done by malaria rapid diagnostic test, and haemoglobin concentration was determined using HemoCue. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric measurements. RESULTS The overall prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was 90.6% (95% CI = 88.6% - 92.6%). Intensity of infection was light 24.1% (200/830), moderate 38.4% (319/830) and heavy 28.1% (233/830). Pre-adolescents (≤12 years) were more infected with intestinal schistosomiasis (93.2%) than adolescents (>12 years) (84.7%) (p < 0.001). Prevalence of malaria was 1.7% (14/824), and that of intestinal schistosomiasis-malaria co-infection was 1.6% (13/824). The overall prevalence of anaemia was 24.6% (95%CI = 18.7% - 30.5%). Severe anaemia was found in 2.3% (19/824) of study participants. The prevalence of stunting and wasting were 29.0% and 11.3%, respectively. On both univariate and multivariate regression analysis, only lower age was significantly associated intestinal schistosomiasis infection, but not anemia, malaria, stunting or wasting. However among those infected, a negative binomial regression analysis indicated independent significant association of male sex, loose stool consistency, and stunting with high eggs count/gram of stool. CONCLUSIONS Despite several rounds of annual mass praziquantel administration, intestinal schistosomiasis is highly prevalent among school children particularly in younger children living in the study area. Biannual targeted mass praziquantel treatments or alternative regimens may be considered in future in the study area to redress the situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajabu Hussein Mnkugwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Omary S. Minzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Safari M. Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Appolinary A. Kamuhabwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Synthesis and Bioactivity of Phthalimide Analogs as Potential Drugs to Treat Schistosomiasis, a Neglected Disease of Poverty. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13020025. [PMID: 32028743 PMCID: PMC7169845 DOI: 10.3390/ph13020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical disease, schistosomiasis, is caused by trematode blood flukes of the Schistosoma genus and infects approximately 200 million people worldwide. With just one partially effective drug available for disease treatment, new drugs are urgently needed. Herein, a series of 47 phthalimide (Pht) analogues possessing high-value bioactive scaffolds (i.e., benzimidazole and 1,2,3,-triazoles) was synthesized by click-chemistry. Compounds were evaluated for anti-schistosomal activity in culture against somules (post-infective larvae) and adults of Schistosoma mansoni, their predicted ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties, and toxicity vs. HepG2 cells. The majority showed favorable parameters for surface area, lipophilicity, bioavailability and Lipinski score. Thirteen compounds were active at 10 µM against both somules and adults (6d, 6f, 6i–6l, 6n–6p, 6s, 6r’, 6t’ and 6w). Against somules, the majority caused degeneracy and/or death after 72 h; whereas against adult parasites, five compounds (6l, 6d, 6f, 6r’ and 6s) elicited degeneracy, tegumental (surface) damage and/or death. Strongest potency against both developmental stages was recorded for compounds possessing n-butyl or isobutyl as a linker, and a pentafluorophenyl group on triazole. Apart from five compounds for which anti-parasite activity tracked with toxicity to HepG2 cells, there was apparently no toxicity to HepG2 cells (EC50 values ≥50 µM). The data overall suggest that phthaloyl-triazole compounds are favorable synthons for additional studies as anti-schistosomals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Workineh L, Yimer M, Gelaye W, Muleta D. The magnitude of Schistosoma mansoni and its associated risk factors among Sebatamit primary school children, rural Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:447. [PMID: 31331397 PMCID: PMC6647128 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of Schistosoma mansoni and its associated risk factors in the study area. RESULTS Of 422 school children, 223 (52.8%) and 199 (47.2%) were males and females, respectively. The Overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 24.9% (105/422). Seventy-five out of 422 (71.4%) of the infected individuals showed light infections. The overall mean intensity of Schistosoma mansoni in the study was 106.16 eggs per gram of stool. Age (p = 0.013), swimming habit (p = 0.001), participating in irrigational activities (p = 0.03) and washing clothes in the river (p = 0.039) were factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemma Workineh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Woyneshet Gelaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Muleta
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, MizanTepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mazigo HD, Nuwaha F, Dunne DW, Kaatano GM, Angelo T, Kepha S, Kinung'hi SM. Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Its Related Morbidity among Adults Living in Selected Villages of Mara Region, North-Western Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Exploratory Study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:533-540. [PMID: 29103268 PMCID: PMC5678472 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is highly endemic in Tanzania and affects all age groups at different degrees. However, its control approach does not include adult individuals who are equally at risk and infected. To justify the inclusion of adult individuals in MDA programs in Tanzania, the present study focused on determining the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities among adult individuals. This was a cross sectional study conducted among 412 adult individuals aged 18–89 years living in selected villages of Rorya and Butiama districts located along the shoreline of the Lake Victoria. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and socio-economic information of participants. Ultrasonographic examinations were conducted for all study participants using the Niamey protocol. A single stool sample was obtained from all study participants and examined for S. mansoni using the Kato-Katz technique. The study revealed a high prevalence of S. mansoni (56.3%), and the majority of infected individuals had a light intensity of infection. Ultrasonographic findings revealed that 22.4% of adult individuals had periportal fibrosis (PPF) (grade C–F), with 18.4% having grade C and D and 4% having grade E and F. Males had the highest prevalence of PPF (31.7% vs 10.8%, P<0.001). Organomegaly was common with 28.5% and 29.6% having splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, respectively. S. mansoni infection and its related morbidities included PPF, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were common among adult individuals. To reduce the level of transmission of S. mansoni infection, planned mass drug administration campaigns should include adult individuals living in these villages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Fred Nuwaha
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology & Parasitology, The University of, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Godfrey M Kaatano
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Tekla Angelo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Stella Kepha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Safari M Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Munisi DZ, Buza J, Mpolya EA, Angelo T, Kinung'hi SM. The Efficacy of Single-Dose versus Double-Dose Praziquantel Treatments on Schistosoma mansoni Infections: Its Implication on Undernutrition and Anaemia among Primary Schoolchildren in Two On-Shore Communities, Northwestern Tanzania. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7035025. [PMID: 29094048 PMCID: PMC5637830 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7035025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Administering more than one treatment may increase Praziquantel cure and egg reduction rates, thereby hastening achievement of schistosomiasis transmission control. A total of 431 S. mansoni-infected schoolchildren were randomized to receive either a single or repeated 40 mg/kg Praziquantel dose. Heights, weights, and haemoglobin levels were determined using a stadiometer, weighing scale, and HemoCue, respectively. At 8 weeks, cure rate was higher on repeated dose (93.10%) compared to single dose (68.68%) (p < 0.001). The egg reduction rate was higher on repeated dose (97.54%) compared to single dose (87.27%) (p = 0.0062). Geometric mean egg intensity was lower among those on repeated dose (1.30 epg) compared to single dose (3.18 epg) (p = 0.036) but not at 5 (p > 0.05) and 8 (p > 0.05) months with no difference in reinfection rate. No difference in the prevalence of stunting was observed between the two treatment regimens (p > 0.05) at 8 months, but there was an increase in the prevalence of wasting among those on repeated dose (p < 0.001). There was an increase in the mean haemoglobin levels at 8 months with no difference between the two arms (p > 0.05). To achieve reduction of transmission intensity and disease control in highly endemic areas, repeated treatments alone may not be sufficient. This trial was registered with PACTR201601001416338.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Z. Munisi
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 259, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Joram Buza
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel A. Mpolya
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Teckla Angelo
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Safari M. Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Isamilo Road, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Munisi DZ, Buza J, Mpolya EA, Angelo T, Kinung’hi SM. Knowledge, attitude, and practices on intestinal schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in the Lake Victoria basin, Rorya District, north-western Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:731. [PMID: 28934944 PMCID: PMC5609045 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally school-age children, adolescents and young adults bear the highest burden of schistosomiasis. When developing a specific intervention to improve community's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs), existing KAPs must be taken into account. Therefore, this study was designed to determine schoolchildren's KAPs on schistosomiasis in the study area. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Busanga and Kibuyi villages involving 513 schoolchildren. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data and to assess KAP on schistosomiasis among primary schoolchildren in the study area. RESULTS Of the 488 interviewed children, 391 (80.12%) reported to have heard of schistosomiasis, with the majority 289 (73.91%) citing school as the source of this knowledge. Swimming in the lake, worms, witchcraft, and mosquitoes were mentioned to be the cause for intestinal schistosomiasis. Fishing in the lake, drinking unboiled lake water, walking bare footed, and shaking hands were reported to be practices that may lead to contracting schistosomiasis. Only 156 (39.90%) of the study respondents reported to know the signs of intestinal schistosomiasis. Avoiding swimming in the lake, drinking unboiled water and eating unwashed fruits were mentioned as preventive measures. Nearly 85% (412) reported understanding that there was a disease known as schistosomiasis; additionally, 419 (85.86%) considered schistosomiasis as a dangerous disease and 418 (85.66%) believed that schistosomiasis was treatable. Fishermen and schoolchildren were reported to be groups most at risk of schistosomiasis infection. Visiting the lake (for swimming and other gatherings) was a common practice among study participants 471 (96.52%).Nearly 93% (451) of participants mentioned using lake water for domestic chores, and, although 407 (84.61%) reported to own a toilet at home, only 229 (55.31%) reported to always use a toilet for sanitation purposes. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Despite a high rate of awareness among schoolchildren regarding schistosomiasis, there was a persistent gap amongst the children regarding the causes, modes of transmission, symptoms, and preventive measures for the disease. Therefore, an appropriate health education intervention is needed in order to inculcate better knowledge, attitudes, and practices amongst schoolchildren regarding its transmission, control, and prevention as part of a successful schistosomiasis campaign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Z. Munisi
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box, 447 Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Dodoma, P. O. Box 259, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Joram Buza
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box, 447 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel A. Mpolya
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box, 447 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Teckla Angelo
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box, 447 Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Safari M. Kinung’hi
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Isamilo Road, P. O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|