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Manjur SM, Diaz LRM, Lee IO, Skuse DH, Thompson DA, Marmolejos-Ramos F, Constable PA, Posada-Quintero HF. Detecting Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using Multimodal Time-Frequency Analysis with Machine Learning Using the Electroretinogram from Two Flash Strengths. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06290-w. [PMID: 38393437 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06290-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are conditions that similarly alter cognitive functioning ability and challenge the social interaction, attention, and communication skills of affected individuals. Yet these are distinct neurological conditions that can exhibit diverse characteristics which require different management strategies. It is desirable to develop tools to assist with early distinction so that appropriate early interventions and support may be tailored to an individual's specific requirements. The current diagnostic procedures for ASD and ADHD require a multidisciplinary approach and can be lengthy. This study investigated the potential of electroretinogram (ERG), an eye test measuring retinal responses to light, for rapid screening of ASD and ADHD. METHODS Previous studies identified differences in ERG amplitude between ASD and ADHD, but this study explored time-frequency analysis (TFS) to capture dynamic changes in the signal. ERG data from 286 subjects (146 control, 94 ASD, 46 ADHD) was analyzed using two TFS techniques. RESULTS Key features were selected, and machine learning models were trained to classify individuals based on their ERG response. The best model achieved 70% overall accuracy in distinguishing control, ASD, and ADHD groups. CONCLUSION The ERG to the stronger flash strength provided better separation and the high frequency dynamics (80-300 Hz) were more informative features than lower frequency components. To further improve classification a greater number of different flash strengths may be required along with a discrimination comparison to participants who meet both ASD and ADHD classifications and carry both diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene O Lee
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences Unit, Population Policy and Practice Program, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David H Skuse
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences Unit, Population Policy and Practice Program, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorothy A Thompson
- Tony Kriss Visual Electrophysiology Unit, Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul A Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hugo F Posada-Quintero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 06269, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Brabec M, Constable PA, Thompson DA, Marmolejo-Ramos F. Group comparisons of the individual electroretinogram time trajectories for the ascending limb of the b-wave using a raw and registered time series. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:238. [PMID: 37773138 PMCID: PMC10542250 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The electroretinogram is a clinical test commonly used in the diagnosis of retinal disorders with the peak time and amplitude of the a- and b-waves used as the main indicators of retinal function. However, subtle changes that affect the shape of the electroretinogram waveform may occur in the early stages of disease or in conditions that have a neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative origin. In such cases, we introduce a statistical approach to mathematically model the shape of the electroretinogram waveform that may aid clinicians and researchers using the electroretinogram or other biological signal recordings to identify morphological features in the waveforms that may not be captured by the time or time-frequency domains of the waveforms. We present a statistical graphics-based analysis of the ascending limb of the b-wave (AL-b) of the electroretinogram in children with and without a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with a narrative explanation of the statistical approach to illustrate how different features of the waveform based on location and scale derived from raw and registered time series can reveal subtle differences between the groups. RESULTS Analysis of the raw time trajectories confirmed findings of previous studies with a reduced and delayed b-wave amplitude in ASD. However, when the individual time trajectories were registered then group differences were visible in the mean amplitude at registered time ~ 0.6 suggesting a novel method to differentiate groups using registration of the ERG waveform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Brabec
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paul A Constable
- Flinders University, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Dorothy A Thompson
- The Tony Kriss Visual Electrophysiology Unit, Clinical and Academic, Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos
- Centre for Change and Complexity in Learning, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Constable PA, Lim JKH, Thompson DA. Retinal electrophysiology in central nervous system disorders. A review of human and mouse studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1215097. [PMID: 37600004 PMCID: PMC10433210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1215097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina and brain share similar neurochemistry and neurodevelopmental origins, with the retina, often viewed as a "window to the brain." With retinal measures of structure and function becoming easier to obtain in clinical populations there is a growing interest in using retinal findings as potential biomarkers for disorders affecting the central nervous system. Functional retinal biomarkers, such as the electroretinogram, show promise in neurological disorders, despite having limitations imposed by the existence of overlapping genetic markers, clinical traits or the effects of medications that may reduce their specificity in some conditions. This narrative review summarizes the principal functional retinal findings in central nervous system disorders and related mouse models and provides a background to the main excitatory and inhibitory retinal neurotransmitters that have been implicated to explain the visual electrophysiological findings. These changes in retinal neurochemistry may contribute to our understanding of these conditions based on the findings of retinal electrophysiological tests such as the flash, pattern, multifocal electroretinograms, and electro-oculogram. It is likely that future applications of signal analysis and machine learning algorithms will offer new insights into the pathophysiology, classification, and progression of these clinical disorders including autism, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. New clinical applications of visual electrophysiology to this field may lead to earlier, more accurate diagnoses and better targeted therapeutic interventions benefiting individual patients and clinicians managing these individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah K. H. Lim
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dorothy A. Thompson
- The Tony Kriss Visual Electrophysiology Unit, Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhdanov A, Constable P, Manjur SM, Dolganov A, Posada-Quintero HF, Lizunov A. OculusGraphy: Signal Analysis of the Electroretinogram in a Rabbit Model of Endophthalmitis Using Discrete and Continuous Wavelet Transforms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:708. [PMID: 37370639 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electroretinogram is a clinical test used to assess the function of the photoreceptors and retinal circuits of various cells in the eye, with the recorded waveform being the result of the summated response of neural generators across the retina. METHODS The present investigation involved an analysis of the electroretinogram waveform in both the time and time-frequency domains through the utilization of the discrete wavelet transform and continuous wavelet transform techniques. The primary aim of this study was to monitor and evaluate the effects of treatment in a New Zealand rabbit model of endophthalmitis via electroretinogram waveform analysis and to compare these with normal human electroretinograms. RESULTS The wavelet scalograms were analyzed using various mother wavelets, including the Daubechies, Ricker, Wavelet Biorthogonal 3.1 (bior3.1), Morlet, Haar, and Gaussian wavelets. Distinctive variances were identified in the wavelet scalograms between rabbit and human electroretinograms. The wavelet scalograms in the rabbit model of endophthalmitis showed recovery with treatment in parallel with the time-domain features. CONCLUSIONS The study compared adult, child, and rabbit electroretinogram responses using DWT and CWT, finding that adult signals had higher power than child signals, and that rabbit signals showed differences in the a-wave and b-wave depending on the type of response tested, while the Haar wavelet was found to be superior in visualizing frequency components in electrophysiological signals for following the treatment of endophthalmitis and may give additional outcome measures for the management of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Zhdanov
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Engineering School of Information Technologies, Telecommunications and Control Systems, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Paul Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | - Anton Dolganov
- Engineering School of Information Technologies, Telecommunications and Control Systems, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Aleksander Lizunov
- Department of Functional Diagnostics, IRTC Eye Microsurgery Ekaterinburg Center, 620149 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Surgical Menopause Impairs Retinal Conductivity and Worsens Prognosis in an Acute Model of Rat Optic Neuropathy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193062. [PMID: 36231022 PMCID: PMC9564175 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of estradiol during the menopausal period is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including various optic neuropathies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of surgical menopause on the function and survival ratio of RGCs in the rat model of ONC (optic nerve crush). We used eight-week-old female Long Evans rats, divided into two main groups depending on the time between ovariectomy procedure (OVA) and euthanasia (two weeks vs. seven weeks), and subgroups—OVA, OVA + ONC, or ONC. Retinal function was assessed with electroretinography (ERG). RGC loss ratio was evaluated using immunolabelling and counting of RGCs. Seven weeks after OVA, the menopause morphologically affected interneurons but not RGC; however, when the ONC procedure was applied, RGCs appeared to be more susceptible to damage in case of deprivation of estrogens. In our analysis, PhNR (photopic negative responses) were severely diminished in the OVA + ONC group. A deprivation of estrogens in menopause results in accelerated retinal neurodegeneration that firstly involves retinal interneurons. The lack of estrogens increases the susceptibility of RGCs to insults.
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Constable PA, Marmolejo-Ramos F, Gauthier M, Lee IO, Skuse DH, Thompson DA. Discrete Wavelet Transform Analysis of the Electroretinogram in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:890461. [PMID: 35733935 PMCID: PMC9207322 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.890461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the electroretinogram waveform in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) approach. Methods A total of 55 ASD, 15 ADHD and 156 control individuals took part in this study. Full field light-adapted electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded using a Troland protocol, accounting for pupil size, with five flash strengths ranging from –0.12 to 1.20 log photopic cd.s.m–2. A DWT analysis was performed using the Haar wavelet on the waveforms to examine the energy within the time windows of the a- and b-waves and the oscillatory potentials (OPs) which yielded six DWT coefficients related to these parameters. The central frequency bands were from 20–160 Hz relating to the a-wave, b-wave and OPs represented by the coefficients: a20, a40, b20, b40, op80, and op160, respectively. In addition, the b-wave amplitude and percentage energy contribution of the OPs (%OPs) in the total ERG broadband energy was evaluated. Results There were significant group differences (p < 0.001) in the coefficients corresponding to energies in the b-wave (b20, b40) and OPs (op80 and op160) as well as the b-wave amplitude. Notable differences between the ADHD and control groups were found in the b20 and b40 coefficients. In contrast, the greatest differences between the ASD and control group were found in the op80 and op160 coefficients. The b-wave amplitude showed both ASD and ADHD significant group differences from the control participants, for flash strengths greater than 0.4 log photopic cd.s.m–2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion This methodological approach may provide insights about neuronal activity in studies investigating group differences where retinal signaling may be altered through neurodevelopment or neurodegenerative conditions. However, further work will be required to determine if retinal signal analysis can offer a classification model for neurodevelopmental conditions in which there is a co-occurrence such as ASD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Paul A. Constable,
| | - Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos
- Centre for Change and Complexity in Learning, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mercedes Gauthier
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Irene O. Lee
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Skuse
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy A. Thompson
- The Tony Kriss Visual Electrophysiology Unit, Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Suppression of electromagnetic interference in electroretinography from a patient with an implanted left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Doc Ophthalmol 2022; 144:137-145. [PMID: 35247110 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-022-09865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is an implantable cardiac pump that uses a magnetically-levitating rotor to pump blood into circulation for patients with congestive heart failure. The continuous high-frequency motion of the pump can cause significant interference in electroretinography (ERG) recordings. We evaluate filtering methods to improve ERG quality in the presence of LVAD interference. METHODS A patient with an implanted LVAD was referred to our clinic for ERG testing on suspicion of a retinal dystrophy. Full-field ERG (ffERG) and pattern ERG (pERG) were performed according to ISCEV standards. Recordings were acquired once in full-bandwidth mode and again in low-bandwidth mode. Digital low-pass and band-stop filtering were performed to mitigate ERG interference. Post-processing was also evaluated in a control subject with no implanted device. RESULTS High-frequency interference was present in all ERG recordings and corresponded to the speed settings of the pump. When applied in post-processing, both low-pass and band-stop filters suppressed the interference and presented readable ERGs without affecting peak times or amplitudes. By contrast, when recording in low-bandwidth mode, the filter drop-off was not steep enough to completely remove the interference and peak delays were introduced that could not be readily corrected. CONCLUSIONS LVAD interference in ERG waveforms can be successfully removed using simple digital filters. If post hoc data processing capabilities are unavailable, a large amount of interference can be removed by narrowing the acquisition bandwidth and averaging additional repeats of each stimulus response.
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Liberski S, Kaluzny BJ, Kocięcki J. Methanol-induced optic neuropathy: a still-present problem. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:431-451. [PMID: 34988610 PMCID: PMC8731680 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methanol-induced optic neuropathy (Me-ION) is a serious condition that may result in long-term or irreversible visual impairment or even blindness secondary to damage and loss of function of the optic nerve and retina. Me-ION shows a tendency to occur as mass poisonings around the world with a clear predilection for poor societies in developing countries. The main mechanism underlying the molecular basis of Me-ION is the inhibition of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation process through the binding of the toxic metabolite of methanol—formic acid—with the key enzyme of this process—cytochrome c oxidase. However, other mechanisms, including damage to the eye tissues by oxidative stress causing the intensification of the oxidative peroxidation process with the formation of cytotoxic compounds, as well as an increase in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and influence on the expression of key proteins responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis, also play an important role in the pathogenesis of Me-ION. Histopathological changes in the eye tissues are mainly manifested as the degeneration of axons and glial cells of the optic nerve, often with accompanying damage of the retina that may involve all its layers. Despite the development of therapeutic approaches, persistent visual sequelae are seen in 30–40% of survivors. Thus, Me-ION continues to be an important problem for healthcare systems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Liberski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Augustyna Szamarzewskiego 84, 61-848, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Bartlomiej J Kaluzny
- Division of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Kornela Ujejskiego 75, 85-168, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kocięcki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Augustyna Szamarzewskiego 84, 61-848, Poznań, Poland
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Gao M, Telles Salgueiro Barboni M, Fix Ventura D, Nagy BV. Effects of fixed cutoff filtering on dark- and light-adapted ERG components and the application of variable cutoff filter. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 144:191-202. [PMID: 34559355 PMCID: PMC9192464 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-021-09853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Human oscillatory potentials (OPs) are derived from dark-adapted (DA) electroretinograms (ERGs) with fixed frequency cutoff filters while light-adapted (LA) OPs are generally not isolated from ERGs. Our purpose was to analyze the effect of cutoff frequencies on DA and LA ERG components using a series of fixed and variable filters. Methods DA and LA ERGs were recorded from 10 healthy eyes of 10 subjects (mean age = 20.5 ± 6.7 years) following ISCEV standards. Each signal was filtered in the Fourier domain to acquire slow (a- and b-waves; below cutoff frequency) and fast (OPs; above cutoff frequency) components. Fixed cutoff frequencies ranged from 60 to 105 Hz and a variable cutoff frequency was calculated. Results were analyzed with statistical tests and specific models. Results DA ERG components were slightly influenced by the filter cutoff frequency. In contrast, fixed and variable filters significantly changed LA components: the lower the cutoff frequency the smaller the b-wave and OP3 and the higher the OP2/OP4 amplitudes. Analyzing the filter frequency limits a transition range between 68.9 Hz and 83.9 Hz was observed where amplitudes vary. Conclusions The present report shows that DA OPs may be isolated from ERGs using filtering procedures with high-pass cutoff frequency at about 75 Hz as recommended by ISCEV. On the other hand, the spectral distribution of low-frequency and high-frequency LA ERG components may overlap. Accordingly, filtering the signal using different cutoff frequencies is not necessarily separating b-wave and OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Mechanical Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mirella Telles Salgueiro Barboni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dora Fix Ventura
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balázs Vince Nagy
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Mechanical Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
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Sabbaghi H, Behbahani S, Daftarian N, Ahmadieh H. New criteria for evaluation of electroretinogram in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Doc Ophthalmol 2021; 143:271-281. [PMID: 34191198 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-021-09843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroretinogram (ERG) plays an essential role in the diagnosis of retinal disease. Choosing appropriate methods could extract valuable information from ERG. In this study, a new criterion based on time-frequency domain analysis was proposed to investigate the retina in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The total number of 16 eyes from eight RP patients and 20 eyes from age-matched healthy subjects were assessed. The signals included photopic and scotopic ERGs. Continuous wavelet transform was applied to ERGs. Dominant frequencies were extracted, and the contours related to these dominant frequencies were selected. As a new criterion, the areas related to dominant frequency contours were considered a feature to differentiate the RP and normal groups. To better evaluate the proposed criterion results, the time-domain analysis characteristics of ERG were also considered. RESULTS The results showed an increase in implicit time and reduced amplitude in RP patients (P < 0.05). A significant decrease of dominant frequencies and increasing their occurrence time were seen in ERG of RP patients. Also, in RP patients, the third dominant frequency was disappeared from the three main frequencies observed in photopic ERGs of normal subjects. The area criterion showed a significant decrease in RP groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION RP can cause changes in the time and time-frequency components of the ERG. The area index could represent a new view of the characteristics of the ERG in the time-frequency domain. This criterion can help the ophthalmologist to have a better evaluation of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Sabbaghi
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroor Behbahani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Narsis Daftarian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fairless R, Williams SK, Katiyar R, Maxeiner S, Schmitz F, Diem R. ERG Responses in Mice with Deletion of the Synaptic Ribbon Component RIBEYE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:37. [PMID: 32437548 PMCID: PMC7405791 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the influence of RIBEYE deletion and the resulting absence of synaptic ribbons on retinal light signaling by electroretinography. Methods Full-field flash electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded in RIBEYE knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice under photopic and scotopic conditions, with oscillatory potentials (OPs) extracted by digital filtering. Flicker ERGs and ERGs following intravitreal injection of pharmacological agents were also obtained under scotopic conditions. Results The a-wave amplitudes were unchanged between RIBEYE KO and WT mice; however, the b-wave amplitudes were reduced in KOs under scotopic, but not photopic, conditions. Increasing stimulation frequency led to a greater reduction in RIBEYE KO b-wave amplitudes compared with WTs. Furthermore, we observed prominent, supernormal OPs in RIBEYE KO mice in comparison with WT mice. Following intravitreal injections with l-2 amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid and cis-2,3 piperidine dicarboxylic acid to block ON and OFF responses at photoreceptor synapses, OPs were completely abolished in both mice types, indicating a synaptic origin of the prominent OPs in the KOs. Conversely, tetrodotoxin treatment to block voltage-gated Na+ channels/spiking neurons did not differentially affect OPs in WT and KO mice. Conclusions The decreased scotopic b-wave and decreased responses to increased stimulation frequencies are consistent with signaling malfunctions at photoreceptor and inner retinal ribbon synapses. Because phototransduction in the photoreceptor outer segments is unaffected in the KOs, their supernormal OPs presumably result from a dysfunction in retinal synapses. The relatively mild ERG phenotype in KO mice, particularly in the photopic range, is probably caused by compensatory mechanisms in retinal signaling pathways.
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Pasmanter N, Petersen-Jones SM. A review of electroretinography waveforms and models and their application in the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:418-435. [PMID: 32196872 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electroretinography (ERG) is a commonly used technique to study retinal function in both clinical and research ophthalmology. ERG responses can be divided into component waveforms, analysis of which can provide insight into the health and function of different types and populations of retinal cells. In dogs, ERG has been used in the characterization of normal retinal function, as well as the diagnosis of retinal diseases and measuring effects of treatment. While many components of the recorded waveform are similar across species, dogs have several notable features that should be differentiated from the responses in humans and other animals. Additionally, modifications of standard protocols, such as changing flash frequency and stimulus color, and mathematical models of ERG waveforms have been used in studies of human retinal function but have been infrequently applied to visual electrophysiology in dogs. This review provides an overview of the origins and applications of ERG in addition to potential avenues for further characterization of responses in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Pasmanter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Bush RA, Tanikawa A, Zeng Y, Sieving PA. Cone ERG Changes During Light Adaptation in Two All-Cone Mutant Mice: Implications for Rod-Cone Pathway Interactions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3680-3688. [PMID: 31469895 PMCID: PMC6716952 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The b-wave of the cone ERG increases in amplitude and speed during the first few minutes of adaptation to a rod-suppressing background light. Earlier studies implicate rod pathway input to the cone pathway in these changes. Methods The timing and amplitude of the cone b-wave and isolated oscillatory potentials (OP) during the first 10 minutes of light adaptation in wild-type (WT) mice and two mutant lines without functional rods was examined: rhodopsin knockout (Rho-/-), lacking rod outer segments, and NRL knockout (Nrl-/-), in which rods are replaced by S-cones. Expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos, which is increased in the inner retina by light-induced activity, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in dark- and light-adapted retinas. Results WT b-wave and OP amplitudes increased, and implicit times decreased during light adaptation. Subtracting OP did not alter b-wave changes. Rho-/- b-wave and OP amplitudes did not increase during adaptation. B-wave timing and amplitude and the timing of the major OP at 1 minute of adaptation were equivalent to WT at 10 minutes. The light-adapted ERG b-wave in Nrl-/- mice, which originates in both the rod and cone pathways, changed in absolute amplitude and timing similar to WT. C-fos expression was present in the inner retinas of dark-adapted Rho-/- but not WT or Nrl-/- mice. Conclusions Activity in the distal rod pathway produces changes in the cone ERG during light adaptation. Rods in Rho-/- mice constitutively activate this rod-cone pathway interaction. The rod pathway S-cones in Nrl-/- mice may maintain the WT interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Bush
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Atsuhiro Tanikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yong Zeng
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Paul A Sieving
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.,National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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McAnany JJ, Park JC. Cone Photoreceptor Dysfunction in Early-Stage Diabetic Retinopathy: Association Between the Activation Phase of Cone Phototransduction and the Flicker Electroretinogram. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:64-72. [PMID: 30640972 PMCID: PMC6333111 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To define the nature and extent of cone photoreceptor abnormalities in diabetic individuals who have mild or no retinopathy by assessing the activation phase of cone phototransduction and the flicker ERG in these individuals. Methods Light-adapted single-flash and flicker ERGs were recorded from 20 diabetic individuals who have no clinically apparent retinopathy (NDR), 20 diabetic individuals who have mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 20 nondiabetic, age-equivalent controls. A-waves elicited by flashes of different retinal illuminance were fit with a delayed Gaussian model to derive Rmp3 (maximum amplitude of the massed photoreceptor response) and S (phototransduction sensitivity). Fundamental amplitude and phase of ERGs elicited by full-field sinusoidal flicker were obtained across a frequency range of 6 to 100 Hz. Results ANVOA indicated that both diabetic groups had significant S losses compared with the controls, whereas mean Rmp3 did not differ significantly among the groups. ANOVA also indicated significantly reduced flicker ERG amplitude for frequencies ≥56 Hz for both diabetic groups compared with the controls. Flicker ERG timing (phase) did not differ significantly among the groups. Log Rmp3 + log S was significantly correlated with the patients' high-frequency (62.5 Hz) flicker ERG amplitude loss (r = 0.69, P < 0.001). Conclusions The delayed Gaussian a-wave model is useful for characterizing abnormalities in the activation phase of cone phototransduction and can help explain flicker ERG abnormalities in early-stage diabetic retinopathy. Reduced cone sensitivity and attenuated high-frequency flicker ERGs provide evidence for impaired cone function in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason McAnany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jason C Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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15
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The effects of bandpass filtering on the oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 2019; 138:247-254. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-019-09683-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Gauvin M, Dorfman AL, Lachapelle P. Recording and Analysis of the Human Clinical Electroretinogram. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1715:313-325. [PMID: 29188524 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7522-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The electroretinogram (ERG) represents the biopotential that is produced by the retina in response to a light stimulus. To date, it remains the best diagnostic tool to objectively evaluate the functional integrity of the normal or diseased retina. In the following pages we briefly review the necessary requirements in order to record and analyze the conventional clinical ERG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gauvin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Neurology-Neurosurgery, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre/Montreal Children's Hospital, 1001 Boul. Décarie, Glen Site, Block E, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Allison L Dorfman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Neurology-Neurosurgery, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre/Montreal Children's Hospital, 1001 Boul. Décarie, Glen Site, Block E, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Pierre Lachapelle
- Department of Ophthalmology & Neurology-Neurosurgery, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre/Montreal Children's Hospital, 1001 Boul. Décarie, Glen Site, Block E, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1.
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Brandao LM, Monhart M, Schötzau A, Ledolter AA, Palmowski-Wolfe AM. Wavelet decomposition analysis in the two-flash multifocal ERG in early glaucoma: a comparison to ganglion cell analysis and visual field. Doc Ophthalmol 2017; 135:29-42. [PMID: 28593391 PMCID: PMC5532413 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-017-9593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To further improve analysis of the two-flash multifocal electroretinogram (2F-mfERG) in glaucoma in regard to structure-function analysis, using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) analysis. METHODS Sixty subjects [35 controls and 25 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)] underwent 2F-mfERG. Responses were analyzed with the DWT. The DWT level that could best separate POAG from controls was compared to the root-mean-square (RMS) calculations previously used in the analysis of the 2F-mfERG. In a subgroup analysis, structure-function correlation was assessed between DWT, optical coherence tomography and automated perimetry (mf103 customized pattern) for the central 15°. RESULTS Frequency level 4 of the wavelet variance analysis (144 Hz, WVA-144) was most sensitive (p < 0.003). It correlated positively with RMS but had a better AUC. Positive relations were found between visual field, WVA-144 and GCIPL thickness. The highest predictive factor for glaucoma diagnostic was seen in the GCIPL, but this improved further by adding the mean sensitivity and WVA-144. CONCLUSIONS mfERG using WVA analysis improves glaucoma diagnosis, especially when combined with GCIPL and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia M Brandao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, BS, Switzerland.
- Universitätsspital Basel Augenklinik, Mittlere Strasse 91, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Andreas Schötzau
- Department of Ophthalmology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, BS, Switzerland
| | - Anna A Ledolter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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