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27-Hydroxycholesterol induces expression of zonula occludens-1 in monocytic cells via multiple kinases pathways. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8213. [PMID: 35581378 PMCID: PMC9114403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zonula occludens (ZO)-1, a tight-junction protein (TJP), is expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) but not in monocytes, and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol) drives the differentiation of monocytes into DCs. Because the effects of 27OHChol on ZO-1 are not yet clearly defined, we investigated whether 27OHChol induces expression of the TJP. The treatment of human THP-1 monocytic cells with 27OHChol resulted in the elevated transcript levels of ZO-1 but not of ZO-2 or -3. 27OHChol increased the total amount of ZO-1 protein in the cells as well as its level on the cells surface. Cholesterol, however, did not influence expression of ZO-1. And, the expression of ZO-1 protein was mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi body transport system. Pharmacological kinase inhibition with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor), U0126 (a MEK/ERK inhibitor), or PP2 (a Src family kinase inhibitor) resulted in impaired ZO-1 expression at both transcript and protein levels. Drugs that are reported to suppress DC differentiation also inhibited 27OHChol-mediated expression and the localization of ZO-1, indicating the coincidence of ZO-1 upregulation and DC differentiation. These results suggest that ZO-1 is differentially expressed while monocytes differentiate into DCs in the presence of 27OHChol via pathways in which distinct signaling molecules are involved.
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de Freitas FA, Levy D, Zarrouk A, Lizard G, Bydlowski SP. Impact of Oxysterols on Cell Death, Proliferation, and Differentiation Induction: Current Status. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092301. [PMID: 34571949 PMCID: PMC8468221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol produced by enzymatic activity or non-enzymatic pathways (auto-oxidation). The oxidation processes lead to the synthesis of about 60 different oxysterols. Several oxysterols have physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological activities. The effects of oxysterols on cell death processes, especially apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and oxiapoptophagy, as well as their action on cell proliferation, are reviewed here. These effects, also observed in several cancer cell lines, could potentially be useful in cancer treatment. The effects of oxysterols on cell differentiation are also described. Among them, the properties of stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells while inhibiting adipogenic differentiation may be useful in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Alessandro de Freitas
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
| | - Débora Levy
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition—Functional Food & Vascular Health’, Monastir, Tunisia & Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse 5000, Tunisia;
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’ EA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—Inserm, 7270 Dijon, France;
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Choi J, Kim BY, Son Y, Lee D, Hong YS, Kim MS, Kim K. Reblastatins Inhibit Phenotypic Changes of Monocytes/Macrophages in a Milieu Rich in 27-Hydroxycholesterol. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e17. [PMID: 32395369 PMCID: PMC7192833 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated effects of reblastatins on phenotypic changes in monocytes/macrophages induced by 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol). Treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells with reblastatin derivatives, such as 17-demethoxy-reblastatin (17-DR), 18-dehydroxyl-17-demethoxyreblastatin (WK88-1), 18-hydroxyl-17-demethoxyreblastatin (WK88-2), and 18-hydroxyl-17-demethoxy-4,5-dehydroreblastatin (WK88-3), resulted in blockage of CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 expression at the transcription and protein levels, which, in turn, impaired migration of monocytes/macrophages and Jurkat T cells expressing CCR5, and almost complete inhibition of transcription of M1 marker cytokines, like CXCL10, CXCL11, and TNF-α. Reblastatins also downregulated surface CD14 as well as soluble CD14 along with inhibition of LPS response and matrix metalloprotease-9 expression. Surface levels of mature dendritic cell (mDC)-specific markers, including CD80, CD83, CD88, CD197, and MHC class I and II molecules, were remarkably down-regulated, and 27OHChol-induced decrease of endocytic activity was recovered following treatment with 17-DR, WK88-1, WK88-2, and WK88-3. However, 15-hydroxyl-17-demethoxyreblastatin (DHQ3) did not affect the molecular or functional changes in monocytic cells induced by 27OHChol. Furthermore, surface levels of CD105, CD137, and CD166 were also down-regulated by 17-DR, WK88-1, WK88-2, and WK88-3, but not by DHQ3. Collectively, results of the current study indicate that, except DHQ3, reblastatins regulate the conversion and differentiation of monocytic cells to an immunostimulatory phenotype and mDCs, respectively, which suggests possible applications of reblastatins for immunomodulation in a milieu rich in oxygenated cholesterol molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyoon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Min Su Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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Kim BY, Son Y, Kim MS, Kim K. Prednisolone suppresses the immunostimulatory effects of 27-hydroxycholesterol. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2335-2342. [PMID: 32194655 PMCID: PMC7041177 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In cholesterol-fed rabbits, site-specific targeting of prednisolone nanoparticles results in significantly reduced neo-intimal inflammation with a decreased infiltration of monocytes/macrophages. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this, the current study investigated whether prednisolone affects the immune attributes of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol), the major oxidized cholesterol molecule in circulation and tissue, in human (THP-1) monocyte/macrophage cells. THP-1 cells were exposed to 27OHChol in the presence of prednisolone followed by evaluation of inflammatory molecules at mRNA and protein levels by quantitative PCR, western blotting, ELISA and flow cytometry. The results revealed that prednisolone suppressed the 27OHChol-mediated expression of various macrophage (M)1 markers, including chemokine ligand 2, C-X-C chemokine motif 10, tumor necrosis factor-α and CD80. Treatment also impaired the 27OHCHol-enhanced migration of monocytic cells, downregulated the 27OHChol-induced cell surface expression of CD14 and inhibited the release of soluble CD14 comparable with a weakened lipopolysaccharide response. Furthermore, prednisolone suppressed the 27OHChol-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 at the transcriptional and protein level, as well as the phosphorylation of the p65 subunit. Prednisolone increased the transcription of CD163 and CD206 genes, and augmented the 27OHChol-induced transcription of CD163 without upregulating the 27OHChol-induced surface protein level of the gene. The results indicated that prednisolone inhibited the polarization of monocytes/macrophages towards the M1 phenotype, which that the immunostimulatory effects of 27OHCHol were being regulated and the immune responses in conditions that were rich in oxygenated cholesterol molecules were being modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Republic of Korea
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Cyclosporin A inhibits differentiation and activation of monocytic cells induced by 27-hydroxycholesterol. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:358-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ritarwan K, Nasution IK, Erwin I, Nerdy N. Correlation of Leukocyte Subtypes, Neutrohyl Lymphocyte Ratio, and Functional Outcome in Brain Metastasis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:2333-2336. [PMID: 30607186 PMCID: PMC6311478 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As the most cause of death in patients with solid extracranial malignancy, brain metastasis (BM) nowadays being studied extensively especially on how to find a reliable laboratory marker that can correlate with its clinical outcome. Leukocyte subtypes, primarily neutrophils and lymphocytes and its ratio known as Neutrophils-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) have been known before its relationship with progressivity of BM from other solid tumours. AIM: The objectives of this research to study the correlation of leukocyte subtypes, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio & functional outcome in brain metastasis. METHODS: The study subjects were recruited consecutively from the study population. Venous blood was taken 5 ml of venous blood samples done in the first day of admission on emergency department and neurology clinic of Neurology Department of Adam Malik General Hospital before any drug injections. Samples were kept in vacutainer tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sent to Department of Clinical Pathology laboratory of Adam Malik General Hospital, immediately centrifuged at 3100 rpm for 10 minutes in -20°C temperature and analysed using Sysmex XT-2000i. Functional outcome of the patient assessed using Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) in a cross-sectional manner with laboratory analysis. RESULTS: We conduct a mean differences and correlational leukocytes and its subsets analysis of 72 BM patients resulting on significant positive correlation on lymphocyte percentage (r = 0.383, p = 0.001) and lymphocyte absolute (r = 0.265, p = 0.024), also significant negative correlation on neutrophils (r = -0.240, p = 0.042) and NLR (r = -0.432, p < 0.001) with Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS). CONCLUSION: Increased lymphocyte absolute and lymphocyte percentage correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with better KPS, while elevated neutrophils percentage and increased NLR show significant correlation with worse outcome of BM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiking Ritarwan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Padang Bulan, Medan Baru, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Irina Keumala Nasution
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Padang Bulan, Medan Baru, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Iswandi Erwin
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Padang Bulan, Medan Baru, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Nerdy Nerdy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Academy of Pharmacy Yayasan Tenaga Pembangunan Arjuna, Pintubosi, Laguboti, Toba Samosir, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
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Son Y, Kim BY, Park YC, Kim K. Diclofenac Inhibits 27-hydroxycholesterol-induced Differentiation of Monocytic Cells into Mature Dendritic Cells. Immune Netw 2017; 17:179-185. [PMID: 28680379 PMCID: PMC5484648 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether diclofenac could influence the development of antigen-presenting cells in an oxygenated cholesterol-rich environment by determining its effects on the 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol)-induced differentiation of monocytic cells into mature dendritic cells (mDCs). Treatment of human THP-1 monocytic cells with diclofenac antagonized the effects of 27OHChol by attenuating dendrite formation and cell attachment and promoting endocytic function. Diclofenac inhibited the transcription and surface expression of the mDC markers of CD80, CD83, and CD88, and reduced the 27OHChol-induced elevation of surface levels of MHC class I and II molecules to the basal levels in a dose-dependent manner. It also reduced the expression of CD197, a molecule involved in DC homing and migration. These results indicate that diclofenac inhibits the differentiation of monocytic cells into mDCs, thereby potentially modulating adaptive immune responses in a milieu rich in cholesterol oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghae Son
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Institute of Marine BioTechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Bo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Young Chul Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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