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Mizzoni D, Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Spada M, Fais S. Hydrogen-Rich Alkaline Water Supplementation Restores a Healthy State and Redox Balance in H 2O 2-Treated Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6736. [PMID: 38928440 PMCID: PMC11203767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Water is a major requirement for our bodies, and alkaline water has induced an antioxidant response in a model of natural aging. A series of recent reports have shown that aging is related to reduced water intake. Hydrogen-rich water has been suggested to exert a general antioxidant effect in relation to both improving lifestyle and preventing a series of diseases. Here, we wanted to investigate the effect of the daily intake of hydrogen-rich alkaline water (HAW) in counteracting the redox imbalance induced in a model of H2O2-treated mice. Mice were treated with H2O2 for two weeks and either left untreated or supplied with HAW. The results show that HAW induced a reduction in the ROS plasmatic levels that was consistent with the increase in the circulating glutathione. At the same time, the reduction in plasmatic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was associated with reduced DNA damage in the whole body. Further analysis of the spleen and bone marrow cells showed a reduced ROS content consistent with a significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide accumulation and an increase in spontaneous proliferation. This study provides evidence for a clear preventive and curative effect of HAW in a condition of systemic toxic condition and redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mizzoni
- Exo Lab Italia, Tecnopolo d’Abruzzo, Strada Statale 17, Località Boschetto di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.M.); (R.D.R.)
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Exo Lab Italia, Tecnopolo d’Abruzzo, Strada Statale 17, Località Boschetto di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (D.M.); (R.D.R.)
| | - Massimo Spada
- Department of Centro Nazionale Sperimentazione e Benessere Animale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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Kurup PR, Patel RR, Suraja R, Mishra M. Comparative evaluation of alkaline ionized water and normal water on oral microbial flora: An in-vitro study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2024; 28:62-69. [PMID: 38800418 PMCID: PMC11126272 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_368_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Various artificial chemical agents have been evaluated over many years with respect to their antimicrobial effect in oral cavity. The gold standard for removal of plaque is usage of chlorhexidine, but it can cause alteration in taste sensation and staining of teeth. Electrolytes and oxidizing water may be useful against microbes, but its clinical application has still not been evaluated. Hence this present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the alkaline ionized water on oral microbial flora. Materials and Methods Ten non-carious, un-restored and intact freshly extracted human teeth were collected and sectioned using a round bur. Each tooth was sectioned longitudinally in two parts and stored in closed sterile containers which was filled with alkaline ionized water (Group 1) and normal water (Group 2), respectively for 15 days. The microbial growth was analyzed prior to dipping in the solutions, 3 days, 7 days and 15 days. The pH of alkaline ionized water and normal water was evaluated using pH meter before placing teeth in different solutions. Results were analyzed using t-test and the level of significance was set at ≤ 0.05. Results No difference in bacterial colony was observed before test and after 3 days among Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. After 7 days and 15 days, statistically significant decrease in bacterial colony count was seen among Group 1 as compared to Group 2 (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion It was then concluded that alkaline ionized water can be effective in reduction of oral microbial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav R. Kurup
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, K.M. Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Rahul R. Patel
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - R. Suraja
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthoepedics, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Mayur Mishra
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, K.M. Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Retamiro KM, Nunes KC, Zani AP, Zani CP, Beltran LB, Silva SDO, Garcia FP, Ueda-Nakamura T, Bergamasco R, Nakamura CV. Ionized alkaline water reduces injury in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280695. [PMID: 37410769 PMCID: PMC10325109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionized water has been reported to contribute to the tissue repair process and wound healing. Water purifiers can generate ionized water by means of activated charcoal with silver and minerals, the main purpose of which are to reduce microbiological and physicochemical contaminants. Moreover, when water is subjected to a magnetic field an organization of water molecules occurs due to the presence of mineral salts. The resulting water is thus more alkaline, which has been shown to be non-toxic to mice and can actually prolong survival. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, caused by obligate uni- and intracellular protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania, that can manifest in the form of skin lesions. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the evolution of disease in L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice that received tap water (TW) or ionized alkaline water (IAW). As a control, additional groups of mice receiving TW or IAW were also treated with the antileishmanial miltefosine. All mouse groups received either TW or IAW as drinking water 30 days prior to infection and the groups continued to receive the respective drinking water for 4 weeks, after which the blood and plasma were collected. Biochemical assays of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, creatinine, urea, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol were performed, in addition to hematology tests. There was a significant decrease in the volume of the lesion for groups that received IAW, in which the ingestion of ionized alkaline water favored the non-evolution of the lesion in the footpads of the animals. The results of the blood count and leukogram tests were within the normal values for BALB/c mice demonstrating that ionized water has no toxic effects on blood factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Miyuki Retamiro
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Karine Campos Nunes
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Aline Pinto Zani
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Caroline Pinto Zani
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Laiza Bergamasco Beltran
- Laboratory of Management, Preservation and Environmental Control, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Sueli de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Francielle Pelegrin Garcia
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Bergamasco
- Laboratory of Management, Preservation and Environmental Control, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in the Development of Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Old, Nonagenarians, and Centenarians in Cilento, Italy and the Association of Lifespan with the Level of Some Physicochemical Elements in Tap Drinking Water. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010218. [PMID: 36615875 PMCID: PMC9823399 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Longevity, as a complex life-history trait, shares an ontogenetic relationship with other quantitative traits, such as epigenetic and environmental factors. Therefore, it is important to identify environmental factors that may modify the epigenome to establish healthy aging. This study explored the association between tap drinking water and longevity in Cilento, Italy, to understand whether trace elements in local drinking water may have an influence on old, nonagenarian, and centenarian people and promote their health and longevity. Data on population and water sources were collected through the National Demographic Statistics, the Cilento Municipal Archives, and the Cilento Integrated Water Service. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and a geographically weight regression (GWR) model were used to study the spatial relationship between the explanatory and outcome variables of longevity. The results of the study showed that the prevalence of longevity is concentrated in the central, northern and southeastern areas of the territory and that some trace elements present in tap water may contribute to local longevity in Cilento. Specifically, all Cilento municipalities had alkaline tap water, and the municipalities with the highest longevity concentrations had higher alkalinity levels than the other municipalities, soft to medium-hard water hardness, an amount of total dissolved solids equivalent to the level of excellent water, lower amounts of sodium, adequate iron concentration, and adequate dietary intake of manganese per day.
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Dumitrescu M, Iliescu MG, Mazilu L, Micu SI, Suceveanu AP, Voinea F, Voinea C, Stoian AP, Suceveanu AI. Benefits of crenotherapy in digestive tract pathology (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:122. [PMID: 34970345 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Balneotherapy, a branch of physical and rehabilitation medicine using the natural factors of balneal resorts for therapeutical purposes to modulate the symptoms of numerous diseases, represents a non-pharmaceutical therapeutic alternative, easily accepted by patients and used both preventively and curatively. Crenotherapy, a branch of balneotherapy, is the method in which mineral waters are used as a therapeutic internal cure by ingestion. This procedure is performed in spa resorts (where these natural resources exist), and the ingestion of mineral water takes place at the source (spring), in the quantities recommended by the medical rehabilitation physician, according to specific regimens for the condition to be treated. Depending on their physical and chemical composition, the therapeutic mineral waters fall into several categories, having clear indications for certain pathologies. Hypotonic, isotonic, or slightly hypertonic mineral waters are recommended in diseases of the digestive tract and hepatobiliary conditions. Over time, studies have been conducted to determine the effect of these types of treatments, highlighting the complex influence of crenotherapy on the gastrointestinal tract, with favorable results, therefore the use of mineral water intake in various pathologies being recommended. The current review focuses on the existing literature data and refers to the main progress made in understanding the benefit, indications, and crenotherapy procedures in the management of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dumitrescu
- Doctoral School, 'Ovidius' University of Constanta, Faculty of Medicine, 900527 Constanta, Romania.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Balneal Sanatorium of Mangalia, 905500 Mangalia, Romania
| | - Madalina Gabriela Iliescu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Balneal and Rehabilitation Sanatorium of Techirghiol, 906100 Techirghiol, Romania
| | - Laura Mazilu
- Department of Oncology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Sergiu Ioan Micu
- Department of Gastroenterology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Adrian Paul Suceveanu
- Department of Gastroenterology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Felix Voinea
- Department of Urology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Claudia Voinea
- Department of Endocrinology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andra-Iulia Suceveanu
- Department of Gastroenterology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania
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Anti-Oxidative Effect of Weak Alkaline Reduced Water in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress (OS) is a common cause of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity; thus, an anti-oxidative solution is essential for the improvement of human health. Increasing evidence suggests that alkaline reduced water (ARW), especially between pH 9.5–10.0, has antioxidant capacity; however, relatively few studies have reported the effect of weak ARW at pH 8.5 on OS, especially in vitro. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-oxidative efficacy of weak ARW with negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and relatively high hydrogen (H2) concentration, as compared to tap water (TW) and ARW at pH 9.5. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce OS, were used as a control (Con) and then treated with TW and ARW at pH 8.5 (ARW_8.5) and pH 9.5 (ARW_9.5) at different concentrations (0.1%, 1%, and 10% v/v). Results showed that cell viability was significantly restored after treatment with both ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 compared to Con/H2O2 and Con/LPS, while TW treatment did not induce significant changes. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca2+, catalase, and glutathione peroxide (GPx) showed significant differences in a concentration-dependent manner in ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 groups compared to Con/H2O2 and Con/LPS groups. Likewise, the expression of p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK was also significantly reduced in the ARW-treated groups, but not in the TW group. In conclusion, ARW_8.5 exhibited anti-oxidative effects through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, indicating the health-promoting potential of weak ARW through daily intake.
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The Search for the Elixir of Life: On the Therapeutic Potential of Alkaline Reduced Water in Metabolic Syndromes. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our body composition is enormously influenced by our lifestyle choices, which affect our health and longevity. Nutrition and physical activities both impact overall metabolic condition, thus, a positive energy balance causes oxidative stress and inflammation, hastening the development of metabolic syndrome. With this knowledge, boosting endogenous and exogenous antioxidants has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for combating metabolic disorders. One of the promising therapeutic inventions is the use of alkaline reduced water (ARW). Aside from its hydrating and non-caloric properties, ARW has demonstrated strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can help stabilize physiologic turmoil caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. This review article is a synthesis of studies where we elaborate on the intra- and extracellular effects of drinking ARW, and relate these to the pathophysiology of common metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some cancers. Highlighting the health-promoting benefits of ARW, we also emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle by incorporating exercise and practicing a balanced diet as forms of habit.
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Fasihi S, Fazelian S, Farahbod F, Moradi F, Dehghan M. Effect of Alkaline Drinking Water on Bone Density of Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. J Menopausal Med 2021; 27:94-101. [PMID: 34463073 PMCID: PMC8408322 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postmenopausal women are predisposed to osteoporosis, and those on acidic diets are at a higher risk, because it has been demonstrated that such diets have adverse effects on bone health. In this study, the effect of alkaline drinking water on bone mineral density was evaluated in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. METHODS One hundred postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (T-score ≤ -2.5) were equally divided into an intervention group and a control group (n = 50 each). The intervention group received calcium D (daily), alkaline drinking water (1.5 L daily with pH 8.6 ± 0.3), and Osteofos tablet (70 mg weekly), whereas the control group received only calcium D and Osteofos tablet for 3 months. T-scores of the femur and spine bones were obtained using bone densitometry before and 3 months after the intervention. RESULTS After the intervention, the mean T-scores of the femur and spine bones significantly increased in both the control and intervention groups (P < 0.05). However, the mean changes in the spine T-score were significantly higher in the intervention group (0.39 ± 0.07) than in the control group (0.08 ± 0.01) (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the mean changes in the femur T-score between the two groups. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that drinking alkaline water improves spine T-scores in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Hence, alkaline water can be used to treat osteoporosis due to increased bone density in postmenopausal women. Long-term interventions are necessary to confirm the effects of alkaline water on femur density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Fasihi
- Department of Orthopedic, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Siavash Fazelian
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Farinaz Farahbod
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fateme Moradi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza Dehghan
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Logozzi M, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Andreotti M, Macchia D, Spada M, Fais S. In vivo antiaging effects of alkaline water supplementation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:657-664. [PMID: 32106720 PMCID: PMC7054916 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1733547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres length and telomerase activity are currently considered aging molecular stigmata. Water is a major requirement for our body and water should be alkaline. Recent reports have shown that aging is related to a reduced water intake. We wanted to investigate the effect of the daily intake of alkaline water on the molecular hallmark of aging and the anti-oxidant response. We watered a mouse model of aging with or without alkaline supplementation. After 10 months, we obtained the blood, the bone marrow and the ovaries from both groups. In the blood, we measured the levels of ROS, SOD-1, GSH, and the telomerase activity and analysed the bone marrow and the ovaries for the telomeres length. We found reduced ROS levels and increased SOD-1, GSH, telomerase activity and telomeres length in alkaline supplemented mice. We show here that watering by using alkaline water supplementation highly improves aging at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Macchia
- Center of Animal research and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Spada
- Center of Animal research and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Outcomes Assessment of Sustainable and Innovatively Simple Lifestyle Modification at the Workplace - Drinking Electrolyzed-Reduced Water (OASIS-ERW): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070564. [PMID: 32605142 PMCID: PMC7402115 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been associated with many diseases as well as aging. Electrolyzed-reduced water (ERW) has been suggested to reduce oxidative stress and improve antioxidant potential. This study investigated the effects of drinking ERW on biomarkers of oxidative stress and health-related indices in healthy adults. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 65 participants, who were allocated into two groups. Of these, 61 received intervention (32 with ERW and 29 MW [mineral water]). All participants were instructed to drink 1.5 L/day of ERW or MW for eight weeks. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and health-related indices were assessed at baseline as well as after 4 weeks and 8 weeks of intervention. Of the primary outcome variables assessed, diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential showed a significant interaction between the groups and time, with d-ROMs levels significantly decreased at 8 weeks in ERW compared to those in MW. Among the secondary outcome variables, total, visceral, and subcutaneous fat mass significantly changed over time, with a significant association observed between the groups and time. Thus, daily ERW consumption may be a potential consideration for a sustainable and innovatively simple lifestyle modification at the workplace to reduce oxidative stress, increase antioxidant potential, and decrease fat mass.
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