Significant Modules and Biological Processes between Active Components of Salvia miltiorrhiza Depside Salt and Aspirin

Elucidating potential molecular signatures through host-microbe interactions for reactive arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease using combinatorial approach

Reactive Arthritis (ReA), a rare seronegative inflammatory arthritis, lacks exquisite classification under rheumatic autoimmunity. ReA is solely established using differential clinical diagnosis of the patient cohorts, where pathogenic triggers linked to enteric and urogenital microorganisms e.g. Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Chlamydia have been reported. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), an idiopathic enteric disorder co-evolved and attuned to present gut microbiome dysbiosis, can be correlated to the genesis of enteropathic arthropathies like ReA. Gut microbes symbolically modulate immune system homeostasis and are elementary for varied disease patterns in autoimmune disorders. The gut-microbiota axis structured on the core host-microbe interactions execute an imperative role in discerning the etiopathogenesis of ReA and IBD. This study predicts the molecular signatures for ReA with co-evolved IBD through the enveloped host-microbe interactions and microbe-microbe 'interspecies communication', using synonymous gene expression data for selective microbes. We have utilized a combinatorial approach that have concomitant in-silico work-pipeline and experimental validation to corroborate the findings. In-silico analysis involving text mining, metabolic network reconstruction, simulation, filtering, host-microbe interaction, docking and molecular mimicry studies results in robust drug target/s and biomarker/s for co-evolved IBD and ReA. Cross validation of the target/s or biomarker/s was done by targeted gene expression analysis following a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Studies were performed to substantiate the host-microbe disease network consisting of protein-marker-symptom/disease-pathway-drug associations resulting in possible identification of vital drug targets, biomarkers, pathways and inhibitors for IBD and ReA.Our study identified Na(+)/H(+) anti-porter (NHAA) and Kynureninase (KYNU) to be robust early and essential host-microbe interacting targets for IBD co-evolved ReA. Other vital host-microbe interacting genes, proteins, pathways and drugs include Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Catalase (CAT), Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE), carbon metabolism (folate biosynthesis) and methotrexate. These can serve as potential prognostic/theranostic biomarkers and signatures that can be extrapolated to stratify ReA and related autoimmunity patient cohorts for further pilot studies.

A Review of Danshen Combined with Clopidogrel in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease

OBJECTIVE

Danshen, the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is a traditional herbal medicine in China, which has been used to treat irregular menstruation, cold hernia, and abdominal pain for thousands of years. Danshen is frequently used in combination with drugs to treat cardiovascular diseases. Clopidogrel is a commonly used drug for treating coronary heart disease, but clopidogrel resistance restricts its development. Therefore, the clinical efficacy of Danshen combined with clopidogrel treats coronary heart disease and the relationship between Danshen and clopidogrel metabolism enzymes is suggested for future investigations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The information was collected by searching online databases, and the RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Twenty-two articles, including 2587 patients, were enrolled after the evaluation. Meta-analysis showed that Danshen combined with clopidogrel was more effective than clopidogrel alone in treating coronary heart disease by improving clinical curative effect, reducing the frequency of angina pectoris, improving electrocardiogram results, shortening the duration of angina pectoris, and easing adverse reactions. Danshen inhibited carboxylesterase 1 and most enzyme of cytochrome P450, especially cytochrome P450 1A2, which may affect the metabolism of clopidogrel.

CONCLUSION

Danshen combined with clopidogrel may compensate for individual differences of clopidogrel resistance among individuals in the treatment of coronary heart disease. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of Danshen on cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase 1 could be partly responsible for the synergistic and attenuating effects of Danshen combined with clopidogrel.