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Gupta RK, Alzayed MA, Aba Alkhayl AA, Bedaiwi TS. Effect of Light Sources on Transmittance of Commercially Available Contact Lenses. Cureus 2024; 16:e62093. [PMID: 38989385 PMCID: PMC11236423 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that light rays may interact with contact lenses, potentially affecting their transmittance. AIM This study aimed to investigate the effects of visible and ultraviolet (UV)-A light sources on the transmittance of some commercially available daily, weekly, and monthly contact lenses. METHODS Nine commercially available soft contact lenses were irradiated with a solar simulator, light-emitting diode (LED) source, laser source, and UV-A source. The average transmittance of the tested lenses before and after irradiation in the UV, visible, and infrared light wavelength ranges was determined using an Agilent UV-visible spectrophotometer, model 8453. RESULTS The results showed a partial or complete block of UV transmission at the UV-B region (300 nm) and the UV-A region (355 nm) by the Bio true daily contact lens, as well as the Acuvue Oasys, Avaira, and Biomedics 55 weekly lenses. At the visible region (555 nm), irradiation of the contact lenses by different light sources resulted in reduced light transmittance. At the infrared region (900 nm), the weekly and monthly contact lenses partially blocked infrared transmission, while the daily lenses showed either increased or decreased infrared transmission. CONCLUSIONS Solar and artificial lighting, as well as high-powered lasers, constitute a major concern on the contact lenses' light transmission and optical properties. It is essential to develop soft contact lenses that have photoprotective properties while maintaining visible light transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K Gupta
- Optometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mohammed A Alzayed
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Thafer S Bedaiwi
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, SAU
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2
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Stoilov A, Muncan J, Tsuchimoto K, Teruyaki N, Shigeoka S, Tsenkova R. Pilot Aquaphotomic Study of the Effects of Audible Sound on Water Molecular Structure. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196332. [PMID: 36234868 PMCID: PMC9573228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound affects the medium it propagates through and studies on biological systems have shown various properties arising from this phenomenon. As a compressible media and a “collective mirror”, water is influenced by all internal and external influences, changing its molecular structure accordingly. The water molecular structure and its changes can be observed as a whole by measuring its electromagnetic (EMG) spectrum. Using near-infrared spectroscopy and aquaphotomics, this pilot study aimed to better describe and understand the sound-water interaction. Results on purified and mineral waters reported similar effects from the applied 432 Hz and 440 Hz frequency sound, where significant reduction in spectral variations and increased stability in water were shown after the sound perturbation. In general, the sound rearranged the initial water molecular conformations, changing the samples’ properties by increasing strongly bound, ice-like water and decreasing small water clusters and solvation shells. Even though there was only 8 Hz difference in applied sound frequencies, the change of absorbance at water absorbance bands was specific for each frequency and also water-type-dependent. This also means that sound could be effectively used as a perturbation tool together with spectroscopy to identify the type of bio, or aqueous, samples being tested, as well as to identify and even change water functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Muncan
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | - Shogo Shigeoka
- Yunosato Aquaphotomics Lab, Hashimoto 648-0086, Wakayama, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.T.); Tel.: +81-73-626-7300 (S.S.); +81-78-803-5911 (R.T.)
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Yunosato Aquaphotomics Lab, Hashimoto 648-0086, Wakayama, Japan
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.T.); Tel.: +81-73-626-7300 (S.S.); +81-78-803-5911 (R.T.)
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Mohapatra S, Mirza MA, Hilles AR, Zakir F, Gomes AC, Ansari MJ, Iqbal Z, Mahmood S. Biomedical Application, Patent Repository, Clinical Trial and Regulatory Updates on Hydrogel: An Extensive Review. Gels 2021; 7:207. [PMID: 34842705 PMCID: PMC8628667 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are known for their leading role in biomaterial systems involving pharmaceuticals that fascinate material scientists to work on the wide variety of biomedical applications. The physical and mechanical properties of hydrogels, along with their biodegradability and biocompatibility characteristics, have made them an attractive and flexible tool with various applications such as imaging, diagnosis and treatment. The water-cherishing nature of hydrogels and their capacity to swell-contingent upon a few ecological signals or the simple presence of water-is alluring for drug conveyance applications. Currently, there are several problems relating to drug delivery, to which hydrogel may provide a possible solution. Hence, it is pertinent to collate updates on hydrogels pertaining to biomedical applications. The primary objective of this review article is to garner information regarding classification, properties, methods of preparations, and of the polymers used with particular emphasis on injectable hydrogels. This review also covers the regulatory and other commerce specific information. Further, it enlists several patents and clinical trials of hydrogels with related indications and offers a consolidated resource for all facets associated with the biomedical hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sradhanjali Mohapatra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mohd. Aamir Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Ayah Rebhi Hilles
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Foziyah Zakir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India;
| | - Andreia Castro Gomes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutics Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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4
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Yang X, Dargaville BL, Hutmacher DW. Elucidating the Molecular Mechanisms for the Interaction of Water with Polyethylene Glycol-Based Hydrogels: Influence of Ionic Strength and Gel Network Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:845. [PMID: 33801863 PMCID: PMC8000404 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of water within synthetic and natural hydrogel systems is of fundamental importance in biomaterial science. A systematic study is presented on the swelling behavior and states of water for a polyethylene glycol-diacrylate (PEGDA)-based model neutral hydrogel system that goes beyond previous studies reported in the literature. Hydrogels with different network structures are crosslinked and swollen in different combinations of water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Network variables, polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight (MW), and weight fraction are positively correlated with swelling ratio, while "non-freezable bound water" content decreases with PEG MW. The presence of ions has the greatest influence on equilibrium water and "freezable" and "non-freezable" water, with all hydrogel formulations showing a decreased swelling ratio and increased bound water as ionic strength increases. Similarly, the number of "non-freezable bound water" molecules, calculated from DSC data, is greatest-up to six molecules per PEG repeat unit-for gels swollen in PBS. Fundamentally, the balance of osmotic pressure and non-covalent bonding is a major factor within the molecular structure of the hydrogel system. The proposed model explains the dynamic interaction of water within hydrogels in an osmotic environment. This study will point toward a better understanding of the molecular nature of the water interface in hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- Centre for Transformative Biomimetics in Bioengineering, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.Y.); (B.L.D.)
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5
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Real-Time Monitoring of Yogurt Fermentation Process by Aquaphotomics Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010177. [PMID: 33383861 PMCID: PMC7795981 DOI: 10.3390/s21010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Automated quality control could have a substantial economic impact on the dairy industry. At present, monitoring of yogurt production is performed by sampling for microbiological and physicochemical measurements. In this study, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is proposed for non-invasive automated control of yogurt production and better understanding of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. UHT (ultra-high temperature) sterilized milk was inoculated with Bulgarian yogurt and placed into a quartz cuvette (1 mm pathlength) and test-tubes. Yogurt absorbance spectra (830-2500 nm) were acquired every 15 min, and pH, in the respective test-tubes, was measured every 30 min, during 8 h of fermentation. Spectral data showed substantial baseline and slope changes with acidification. These variations corresponded to respective features of the microbiological growth curve showing water structural changes, protein denaturation, and coagulation of milk. Moving Window Principal Component Analysis (MWPCA) was applied in the spectral range of 954-1880 nm to detect absorbance bands where most variations in the loading curves were caused by LAB fermentation. Characteristic wavelength regions related to the observed physical and multiple chemical changes were identified. The results proved that NIRS is a valuable tool for real-time monitoring and better understanding of the yogurt fermentation process.
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Bonyadi SZ, Demott CJ, Grunlan MA, Dunn AC. Cartilage-like tribological performance of charged double network hydrogels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 114:104202. [PMID: 33243694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic hydrogel material may offer utility as a cartilage replacement if it is able to maintain low friction in different sliding environments and achieve bulk mechanical properties to withstand the severe environment of the joint. In this work, we compared the tribological behavior of four double network (DN) hydrogels to that of fresh porcine cartilage in both water and fetal bovine serum (FBS). The DN hydrogels were comprised of a negatively charged 1st network and a 2nd network wherein comonomers of varying charge (i.e. neutral, positive, negative, and zwitterionic) were introduced at 10 wt% to an otherwise neutral network. A steel ball probe was used to perform microindentation tests to determine the surface elastic modulus of the samples and estimate their contact areas during sliding. Friction tests using a stationary probe with a stage that reciprocated at a range of speeds were performed to develop lubrication curves in both water and FBS. We found that the DN hydrogels with a neutral or zwitterionic 2nd network had the lowest friction and shear stresses, notably below that of cartilage. The differences in charge and structure of the samples were more evident in water than in FBS, as the lubrication responses for all the hydrogels spanned a wider range of values. In FBS, the lubrication responses were pushed towards elasto-hydrodynamics with nearly all friction coefficient values falling below 0.3. This indicates that the FBS interacts with the hydrogels and cartilage samples in a similar manner as that of cartilage by maintaining a robust layer of solution at the interface during sliding. These DN hydrogels prove to fulfill, and in some cases surpass, the lubrication demands for cartilage replacement in load bearing joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Z Bonyadi
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Connor J Demott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alison C Dunn
- Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Kovacs Z, Pollner B, Bazar G, Muncan J, Tsenkova R. A Novel Tool for Visualization of Water Molecular Structure and Its Changes, Expressed on the Scale of Temperature Influence. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092234. [PMID: 32397462 PMCID: PMC7248758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaphotomics utilizes water-light interaction for in-depth exploration of water, its structure and role in aqueous and biologic systems. The aquagram, a major analytical tool of aquaphotomics, allows comparison of water molecular structures of different samples by comparing their respective absorbance spectral patterns. Temperature is the strongest perturbation of water changing almost all water species. To better interpret and understand spectral patterns, the objective of this work was to develop a novel, temperature-scaled aquagram that provides standardized information about changes in water molecular structure caused by solutes, with its effects translated to those which would have been caused by respective temperature changes. NIR spectra of Milli-Q water in the temperature range of 20–70 °C and aqueous solutions of potassium chloride in concentration range of 1 to 1000 mM were recorded to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed novel tool. The obtained results presented the influence of salt on the water molecular structure expressed as the equivalent effect of temperature in degrees of Celsius. The temperature-based aquagrams showed the well-known structure breaking and structure making effects of salts on water spectral pattern, for the first time presented in the terms of temperature influence on pure water. This new method enables comparison of spectral patterns providing a universal tool for evaluation of various bio-aqueous systems which can provide better insight into the system’s functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Kovacs
- Department of Physics and Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (R.T.); Tel.: +36-1-305-7623 (Z.K.); +81-78-803-5911 (R.T.)
| | - Bernhard Pollner
- Department for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - George Bazar
- Department of Nutritional Science and Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, H-7400 Kaposvar, Hungary;
| | - Jelena Muncan
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (R.T.); Tel.: +36-1-305-7623 (Z.K.); +81-78-803-5911 (R.T.)
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Aswathy S, Narendrakumar U, Manjubala I. Commercial hydrogels for biomedical applications. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03719. [PMID: 32280802 PMCID: PMC7138915 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are polymeric networks having the ability to absorb a large volume of water. Flexibility, versatility, stimuli-responsive, soft structure are the advantages of hydrogels. It is classified based on its source, preparation, ionic charge, response, crosslinking and physical properties. Hydrogels are used in various fields like agriculture, food industry, biosensor, biomedical, etc. Even though hydrogels are used in various industries, more researches are going in the field of biomedical applications because of its resembles to living tissue, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Here, we are mainly focused on the commercially available hydrogels used for biomedical applications like wound dressings, contact lenses, cosmetic applications, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.H. Aswathy
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - U. Narendrakumar
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - I. Manjubala
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
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Muncan J, Tsenkova R. Aquaphotomics-From Innovative Knowledge to Integrative Platform in Science and Technology. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152742. [PMID: 31357745 PMCID: PMC6695961 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaphotomics is a young scientific discipline based on innovative knowledge of water molecular network, which as an intrinsic part of every aqueous system is being shaped by all of its components and the properties of the environment. With a high capacity for hydrogen bonding, water molecules are extremely sensitive to any changes the system undergoes. In highly aqueous systems-especially biological-water is the most abundant molecule. Minute changes in system elements or surroundings affect multitude of water molecules, causing rearrangements of water molecular network. Using light of various frequencies as a probe, the specifics of water structure can be extracted from the water spectrum, indirectly providing information about all the internal and external elements influencing the system. The water spectral pattern hence becomes an integrative descriptor of the system state. Aquaphotomics and the new knowledge of water originated from the field of near infrared spectroscopy. This technique resulted in significant findings about water structure-function relationships in various systems contributing to a better understanding of basic life phenomena. From this foundation, aquaphotomics started integration with other disciplines into systematized science from which a variety of applications ensued. This review will present the basics of this emerging science and its technological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Muncan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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Tsenkova R, Munćan J, Pollner B, Kovacs Z. Essentials of Aquaphotomics and Its Chemometrics Approaches. Front Chem 2018; 6:363. [PMID: 30211151 PMCID: PMC6121091 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaphotomics is a novel scientific discipline involving the study of water and aqueous systems. Using light-water interaction, it aims to extract information about the structure of water, composed of many different water molecular conformations using their absorbance bands. In aquaphotomics analysis, specific water structures (presented as water absorbance patterns) are related to their resulting functions in the aqueous systems studied, thereby building an aquaphotome-a database of water absorbance bands and patterns correlating specific water structures to their specific functions. Light-water interaction spectroscopic methods produce complex multidimensional spectral data, which require data processing and analysis to extract hidden information about the structure of water presented by its absorbance bands. The process of extracting information from water spectra in aquaphotomics requires a field-specific approach. It starts with an appropriate experimental design and execution to ensure high-quality spectral signals, followed by a multitude of spectral analysis, preprocessing and chemometrics methods to remove unwanted influences and extract water absorbance spectral pattern related to the perturbation of interest through the identification of activated water absorbance bands found among the common, consistently repeating and highly influential variables in all analytical models. The objective of this paper is to introduce the field of aquaphotomics and describe aquaphotomics multivariate analysis methodology developed during the last decade. Through a worked-out example of analysis of potassium chloride solutions supported by similar approaches from the existing aquaphotomics literature, the provided instruction should give enough information about aquaphotomics analysis i.e. to design and perform the experiment and data analysis as well as to represent water absorbance spectral pattern using various forms of aquagrams-specifically designed aquaphotomics graphs. The explained methodology is derived from analysis of near infrared spectral data of aqueous systems and will offer a useful and new tool for extracting data from informationally rich water spectra in any region. It is the hope of the authors that with this new tool at the disposal of scientists and chemometricians, pharmaceutical and biomedical spectroscopy will substantially progress beyond its state-of-the-art applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roumiana Tsenkova
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jelena Munćan
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Nanolab, Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bernhard Pollner
- Department for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Department of Physics and Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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Lattimore MR, Harding TH, Williams ST. Hydrogel Contact Lens Water Content is Dependent on Tearfilm pH. Mil Med 2018; 183:224-230. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usx233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morris R Lattimore
- Visual Performance and Protection Division, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362
| | - Thomas H Harding
- Visual Performance and Protection Division, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362
| | - Steven T Williams
- Visual Performance and Protection Division, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362
- Laulima Government Solutions, 2565 Research Parkway, Suite 300, Orlando, FL 32826
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