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Matsuura T, Komatsu K, Cheng J, Park G, Ogawa T. Beyond microroughness: novel approaches to navigate osteoblast activity on implant surfaces. Int J Implant Dent 2024; 10:35. [PMID: 38967690 PMCID: PMC11226592 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-024-00554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the biological activity of osteoblasts is crucial when devising new approaches to enhance the osseointegration of implant surfaces, as their behavior profoundly influences clinical outcomes. An established inverse correlation exists between osteoblast proliferation and their functional differentiation, which constrains the rapid generation of a significant amount of bone. Examining the surface morphology of implants reveals that roughened titanium surfaces facilitate rapid but thin bone formation, whereas smooth, machined surfaces promote greater volumes of bone formation albeit at a slower pace. Consequently, osteoblasts differentiate faster on roughened surfaces but at the expense of proliferation speed. Moreover, the attachment and initial spreading behavior of osteoblasts are notably compromised on microrough surfaces. This review delves into our current understanding and recent advances in nanonodular texturing, meso-scale texturing, and UV photofunctionalization as potential strategies to address the "biological dilemma" of osteoblast kinetics, aiming to improve the quality and quantity of osseointegration. We discuss how these topographical and physicochemical strategies effectively mitigate and even overcome the dichotomy of osteoblast behavior and the biological challenges posed by microrough surfaces. Indeed, surfaces modified with these strategies exhibit enhanced recruitment, attachment, spread, and proliferation of osteoblasts compared to smooth surfaces, while maintaining or amplifying the inherent advantage of cell differentiation. These technology platforms suggest promising avenues for the development of future implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Matsuura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
| | - James Cheng
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Gunwoo Park
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue B3-087, Box951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA.
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA.
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Park G, Matsuura T, Komatsu K, Ogawa T. Optimizing implant osseointegration, soft tissue responses, and bacterial inhibition: A comprehensive narrative review on the multifaceted approach of the UV photofunctionalization of titanium. J Prosthodont Res 2024:JPR_D_24_00086. [PMID: 38853001 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_24_00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Titanium implants have revolutionized restorative and reconstructive therapy, yet achieving optimal osseointegration and ensuring long-term implant success remain persistent challenges. In this review, we explore a cutting-edge approach to enhancing implant properties: ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization. By harnessing UV energy, photofunctionalization rejuvenates aging implants, leveraging and often surpassing the intrinsic potential of titanium materials. The primary aim of this narrative review is to offer an updated perspective on the advancements made in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of recent findings and exploring the relationship between UV-induced physicochemical alterations and cellular responses. There is now compelling evidence of significant transformations in titanium surface chemistry induced by photofunctionalization, transitioning from hydrocarbon-rich to carbon pellicle-free surfaces, generating superhydrophilic surfaces, and modulating the electrostatic properties. These changes are closely associated with improved cellular attachment, spreading, proliferation, differentiation, and, ultimately, osseointegration. Additionally, we discuss clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of UV photofunctionalization in accelerating and enhancing the osseointegration of dental implants. Furthermore, we delve into recent advancements, including the development of one-minute vacuum UV (VUV) photofunctionalization, which addresses the limitations of conventional UV methods as well as the newly discovered functions of photofunctionalization in modulating soft tissue and bacterial interfaces. By elucidating the intricate relationship between surface science and biology, this body of research lays the groundwork for innovative strategies aimed at enhancing the clinical performance of titanium implants, marking a new era in implantology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunwoo Park
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
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Suzumura T, Matsuura T, Komatsu K, Sugita Y, Maeda H, Ogawa T. Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Light Photofunctionalization to Induce Human Oral Fibroblast Transmigration on Zirconia. Cells 2023; 12:2542. [PMID: 37947620 PMCID: PMC10647316 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue adhesion and sealing around dental and maxillofacial implants, related prosthetic components, and crowns are a clinical imperative to prevent adverse outcomes of periodontitis and periimplantitis. Zirconia is often used to fabricate implant components and crowns. Here, we hypothesized that UV treatment of zirconia would induce unique behaviors in fibroblasts that favor the establishment of a soft tissue seal. Human oral fibroblasts were cultured on zirconia specimens to confluency before placing a second zirconia specimen (either untreated or treated with one minute of 172 nm vacuum UV (VUV) light) next to the first specimen separated by a gap of 150 µm. After seven days of culture, fibroblasts only transmigrated onto VUV-treated zirconia, forming a 2.36 mm volume zone and 5.30 mm leading edge. Cells migrating on VUV-treated zirconia were enlarged, with robust formation of multidirectional cytoplastic projections, even on day seven. Fibroblasts were also cultured on horizontally placed and 45° and 60° tilted zirconia specimens, with the latter configurations compromising initial attachment and proliferation. However, VUV treatment of zirconia mitigated the negative impact of tilting, with higher tilt angles increasing the difference in cellular behavior between control and VUV-treated specimens. Fibroblast size, perimeter, and diameter on day seven were greater than on day one exclusively on VUV-treated zirconia. VUV treatment reduced surface elemental carbon and induced superhydrophilicity, confirming the removal of the hydrocarbon pellicle. Similar effects of VUV treatment were observed on glazed zirconia specimens with silica surfaces. One-minute VUV photofunctionalization of zirconia and silica therefore promotes human oral fibroblast attachment and proliferation, especially under challenging culture conditions, and induces specimen-to-specimen transmigration and sustainable photofunctionalization for at least seven days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikatsu Suzumura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral Pathology/Forensic Odontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Sugita
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral Pathology/Forensic Odontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hatsuhiko Maeda
- Department of Oral Pathology/Forensic Odontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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Kitajima H, Hirota M, Iwai T, Mitsudo K, Saruta J, Ogawa T. Synergistic Enhancement of Protein Recruitment and Retention via Implant Surface Microtopography and Superhydrophilicity in a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15618. [PMID: 37958605 PMCID: PMC10649348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms by which implant surface properties govern osseointegration are incompletely understood. To gain insights into this process, we examined alterations in protein and blood recruitment around screw implants with different surface topographies and wettability using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Compared with a smooth surface, a microrough implant surface reduced protein infiltration from the outer zone to the implant thread and interface zones by over two-fold. However, the microrough implant surface slowed blood flow in the interface zone by four-fold. As a result, compared with the smooth surface, the microrough surface doubled the protein recruitment/retention index, defined as the mass of proteins present in the area per unit time. Converting implant surfaces from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic increased the mass of protein infiltration 2-3 times and slowed down blood flow by up to two-fold in the implant vicinity for both smooth and microrough surfaces. The protein recruitment/retention index was highest at the implant interface when the implant surface was superhydrophilic and microrough. Thus, this study demonstrates distinct control of the mass and speed of protein and blood flow through implant surface topography, wettability, and their combination, significantly altering the efficiency of protein recruitment. Although microrough surfaces showed both positive and negative impacts on protein recruitment over smooth surfaces, superhydrophilicity was consistently positive regardless of surface topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitajima
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (H.K.); (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Makoto Hirota
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (H.K.); (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-0024, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshinori Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Juri Saruta
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (H.K.); (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Department of Education Planning, School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (H.K.); (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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Decomposing Organic Molecules on Titanium with Vacuum Ultraviolet Light for Effective and Rapid Photofunctionalization. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010011. [PMID: 36662058 PMCID: PMC9861116 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization counteracts the biological aging of titanium to increase the bioactivity and osseointegration of titanium implants. However, UV photofunctionalization currently requires long treatment times of between 12 min and 48 h, precluding routine clinical use. Here, we tested the ability of a novel, xenon excimer lamp emitting 172 nm vacuum UV (VUV) to decompose organic molecules coated on titanium as a surrogate of photofunctionalization. Methylene blue as a model organic molecule was coated on grade 4 commercially pure titanium and treated with four UV light sources: (i) ultraviolet C (UVC), (ii) high-energy UVC (HUVC), (iii) proprietary UV (PUV), and (iv) VUV. After one minute of treatment, VUV decomposed 57% of methylene blue compared with 2%, 36%, and 42% for UVC, HUVC, and PUV, respectively. UV dose-dependency testing revealed maximal methylene blue decomposition with VUV within one minute. Equivalent decomposition was observed on grade 5 titanium alloy specimens, and placing titanium specimens in quartz ampoules did not compromise efficacy. Methylene blue was decomposed even on polymethyl methacrylate acrylic specimens at 20-25% lower efficiency than on titanium specimens, indicating a relatively small contribution of titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic decomposition to the total decomposition. Load-testing revealed that VUV maintained high efficacy of methylene blue decomposition regardless of the coating density, whereas other UV light sources showed low efficacy with thin coatings and plateauing efficacy with thicker coatings. This study provides foundational data on rapid and efficient VUV-mediated organic decomposition on titanium. In synergy with quartz ampoules used as containers, VUV has the potential to overcome current technical challenges hampering the clinical application of UV photofunctionalization.
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Clinical Effects of Photofunctionalization on Implant Stability and Marginal Bone Loss: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237042. [PMID: 36498616 PMCID: PMC9739233 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical trials have recently been conducted to elucidate the effectiveness of photofunctionalization. The aim of this review was to systematically analyze the clinical effects of photofunctionalization on implant stability and marginal bone loss (MBL). METHODS An electronic search in four databases and a manual search were conducted in September 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical controlled trials (CCTs), and cohort and case-control studies evaluating the effects of photofunctionalization on implant stability or marginal bone loss (MBL) in humans were included. The methodological quality assessment using RoB 2.0 and the ROBINS-I tool was performed based on different study designs. RESULTS Seven studies were included for a qualitative analysis, and five of them were chosen for a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that photofunctionalization significantly improved the stability of the implant 2 months after implantation (p = 0.04; MD = 3.48; 95% CI = -0.23 to 6.73) and increased the osseointegration speed index (OSI) (p = 0.007; MD = 2.13; 95% CI = 0.57 to 3.68). However, no significant improvements of implant stability were observed 2 weeks (p = 0.62), 4 weeks (p = 0.31), nor 4 months (p = 0.24) after implantation. The evaluation presented no significant reductions in MBL. CONCLUSIONS Based on the positive effect of photofunctionalization on the rate of establishing implant stability, photofunctionalization may provide an effective and practical strategy to achieve faster osseointegration and reduce the overall healing time. Photofunctionalization appears to improve the implant stability. However, the clinical effect of photofunctionalization on MBL remains unclear due to the shortage of available studies.
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Chang LC. Clinical Applications of Photofunctionalization on Dental Implant Surfaces: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195823. [PMID: 36233693 PMCID: PMC9571244 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental implant therapy is a common clinical procedure for the restoration of missing teeth. Many methods have been used to promote osseointegration for successful implant therapy, including photofunctionalization (PhF), which is defined as the modification of titanium surfaces after ultraviolet treatment. It includes the alteration of the physicochemical properties and the enhancement of biological capabilities, which can alter the surface wettability and eliminate hydrocarbons from the implant surface by a biological aging process. PhF can also enhance cellular migration, attachment, and proliferation, thereby promoting osseointegration and coronal soft tissue seal. However, PhF did not overcome the dental implant challenge of oral cancer cases. It is necessary to have more clinical trials focused on complex implant cases and non-dental fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ching Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan;
- Institute of Nursing and Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
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Wang Z, Li B, Cai Q, Li X, Yin Z, Li B, Li Z, Meng W. Advances and Prospects in Antibacterial-Osteogenic Multifunctional Dental Implant Surface. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:921338. [PMID: 35685091 PMCID: PMC9171039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.921338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, dental implantation has become the preferred protocol for restoring dentition defects. Being the direct contact between implant and bone interface, osseointegration is the basis for implant exerting physiological functions. Nevertheless, biological complications such as insufficient bone volume, poor osseointegration, and postoperative infection can lead to implant failure. Emerging antibacterial-osteogenic multifunctional implant surfaces were designed to make up for these shortcomings both during the stage of forming osseointegration and in the long term of supporting the superstructure. In this mini-review, we summarized the recent antibacterial-osteogenic modifications of the dental implant surface. The effects of these modifications on biological performance like soft tissue integration, bone osteogenesis, and immune response were discussed. In addition, the clinical findings and prospects of emerging antibacterial-osteogenic implant materials were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering, Changchun, China
| | - Baosheng Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoyi Yin
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Birong Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiyan Meng
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Surface treatment of 3D printed porous Ti6Al4V implants by ultraviolet photofunctionalization for improved osseointegration. Bioact Mater 2021; 7:26-38. [PMID: 34466715 PMCID: PMC8377410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants play an important role in the reconstruction of bone defects. However, its osseointegration capacity needs to be further improved, and related methods are inadequate, especially lacking customized surface treatment technology. Consequently, we aimed to design an omnidirectional radiator based on ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization for the surface treatment of 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants, and studied its osseointegration promotion effects in vitro and in vivo, while elucidating related mechanisms. Following UV treatment, the porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds exhibited significantly improved hydrophilicity, cytocompatibility, and alkaline phosphatase activity, while preserving their original mechanical properties. The increased osteointegration strength was further proven using a rabbit condyle defect model in vivo, in which UV treatment exhibited a high efficiency in the osteointegration enhancement of porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds by increasing bone ingrowth (BI), the bone-implant contact ratio (BICR), and the mineralized/osteoid bone ratio. The advantages of UV treatment for 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V implants using the omnidirectional radiator in the study were as follows: 1) it can significantly improve the osseointegration capacity of porous titanium implants despite the blocking out of UV rays by the porous structure; 2) it can evenly treat the surface of porous implants while preserving their original topography or other morphological features; and 3) it is an easy-to-operate low-cost process, making it worthy of wide clinical application. An omnidirectional radiator based on ultraviolet photofunctionalization was invented.. The omnidirectional radiator can evenly treat the surface of the porous implants.. The present method can enhance osteoinetegration of porous Ti6Al4V implants in a convenient way with a low cost.
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Arroyo-Lamas N, Arteagoitia I, Ugalde U. Surface Activation of Titanium Dental Implants by Using UVC-LED Irradiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052597. [PMID: 33807532 PMCID: PMC7961349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic contaminants significantly limit the bioactivity of titanium implants, resulting in the degradation known as the ageing of titanium. To reactivate the surfaces, they can be photofunctionalized, i.e., irradiated with C-range ultraviolet (UVC) light. This descriptive in vitro study compares the effectiveness of novel light-emitting diode (LED) technology to remove contaminant hydrocarbons from three different commercially available titanium dental implants: THD, TiUnite, and SLA. The surface topography and morphology were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical compositions were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), before and after the lighting treatment, by a pair of closely placed UVC (λ = 278 nm) and LED devices for 24 h. SEM analysis showed morphological differences at the macro- and micro-scopic level. XPS analysis showed a remarkable reduction in the carbon contents after the UVC treatment: from 25.6 to 19.5 C at. % (carbon atomic concentration) in the THD; from 30.2 to 20.2 C at. % in the TiUnite; from 26.1 to 19.2 C at. % in the SLA surface. Simultaneously, the concentration of oxygen and titanium increased. Therefore, LED-based UVC irradiation decontaminated titanium surfaces and improved the chemical features of them, regardless of the kind of surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore Arroyo-Lamas
- Medicine and Surgery Program, PhD School, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Iciar Arteagoitia
- Maxillofacial Group, Stomatology Department, BioCruces Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-946-01 2929
| | - Unai Ugalde
- APERT Research Group, Department of Electronic Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, 48013 Bizkaia, Spain;
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Choi H, Park KH, Jung N, Shim JS, Moon HS, Kim HJ, Oh SH, Kim YY, Ku SY, Park YB. In Vivo Study for Clinical Application of Dental Stem Cell Therapy Incorporated with Dental Titanium Implants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020381. [PMID: 33466799 PMCID: PMC7829878 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of dental-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (d-hMSCs) in response to differently surface-treated implants and to evaluate the effect of d-hMSCs on local osteogenesis around an implant in vivo. d-hMSCs derived from alveolar bone were established and cultured on machined, sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA)-treated titanium discs with and without osteogenic induction medium. Their morphological and osteogenic potential was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) via mixing of 5 × 106 of d-hMSCs with 1 mL of Metrigel and 20 μL of gel-cell mixture, which was dispensed into the defect followed by the placement of customized mini-implants (machined, SLA-treated implants) in New Zealand white rabbits. Following healing periods of 2 weeks and 12 weeks, the obtained samples in each group were analyzed radiographically, histomorphometrically and immunohistochemically. The quantitative change in osteogenic differentiation of d-hMSCs was identified according to the type of surface treatment. Radiographic analysis revealed that an increase in new bone formation was statistically significant in the d-hMSCs group. Histomorphometric analysis was in accordance with radiographic analysis, showing the significantly increased new bone formation in the d-hMSCs group regardless of time of sacrifice. Human nuclei A was identified near the area where d-hMSCs were implanted but the level of expression was found to be decreased as time passed. Within the limitations of the present study, in this animal model, the transplantation of d-hMSCs enhanced the new bone formation around an implant and the survival and function of the stem cells was experimentally proven up to 12 weeks post-sacrifice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmin Choi
- BK21 Plus Project, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.C.); (K.-H.P.); (N.J.); (J.-S.S.); (H.-S.M.)
| | - Kyu-Hyung Park
- BK21 Plus Project, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.C.); (K.-H.P.); (N.J.); (J.-S.S.); (H.-S.M.)
| | - Narae Jung
- BK21 Plus Project, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.C.); (K.-H.P.); (N.J.); (J.-S.S.); (H.-S.M.)
| | - June-Sung Shim
- BK21 Plus Project, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.C.); (K.-H.P.); (N.J.); (J.-S.S.); (H.-S.M.)
| | - Hong-Seok Moon
- BK21 Plus Project, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.C.); (K.-H.P.); (N.J.); (J.-S.S.); (H.-S.M.)
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Science Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Seung-Han Oh
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials-Implant, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Yoon Young Kim
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Soul National University, Seoul 03087, Korea; (Y.Y.K.); (S.-Y.K.)
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Soul National University, Seoul 03087, Korea; (Y.Y.K.); (S.-Y.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Young-Bum Park
- BK21 Plus Project, Oral Science Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.C.); (K.-H.P.); (N.J.); (J.-S.S.); (H.-S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-3164
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12
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Decontamination of Ti Oxide Surfaces by Using Ultraviolet Light: Hg-Vapor vs. LED-Based Irradiation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110724. [PMID: 33105704 PMCID: PMC7690427 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C-range Ultraviolet (UVC) mercury (Hg)-vapor lamps have shown the successful decontamination of hydrocarbons and antimicrobial effects from titanium surfaces. This study focused on surface chemistry modifications of titanium dental implants by using two different light sources, Hg-vapor lamps and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), so as to compare the effectivity of both photofunctionalization technologies. Two different devices, a small Hg-vapor lamp (λ = 254 nm) and a pair of closely placed LEDs (λ = 278 nm), were used to irradiate the implants for 12 min. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to characterize the chemical composition of the surfaces, analysing the samples before and after the lighting treatment, performing a wide and narrow scan around the energy peaks of carbon, oxygen and titanium. XPS analysis showed a reduction in the concentration of surface hydrocarbons in both UVC technologies from around 26 to 23.4 C at.% (carbon atomic concentration). Besides, simultaneously, an increase in concentration of oxygen and titanium was observed. LED-based UVC photofunctionalization has been suggested to be as effective a method as Hg-vapor lamps to remove the hydrocarbons from the surface of titanium dental implants. Therefore, due to the increase in worldwide mercury limitations, LED-based technology could be a good alternative decontamination source.
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13
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Liu C, Sun M, Wang Y, Zhu T, Ye G, You D, Dong L, Zhao W, Cheng K, Weng W, Zhang YS, Yu M, Wang H. Ultraviolet Radiant Energy-Dependent Functionalization Regulates Cellular Behavior on Titanium Dioxide Nanodots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31793-31803. [PMID: 32485098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photofunctionalization has been demonstrated as an effective surface modification method for the osseointegration of implants. However, the insufficient understanding of the mechanism underlying photofunctionalization limits its clinical applications. Here, we report an ultraviolet (UV) radiant energy-dependent functionalization on TiO2 nanodots (TN) surfaces. We found the cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation gradually increased with the accumulation of UV radiant energy (URE). The optimal functionalizing treatment energy was found to be 2000 mJ/cm2, which could regulate cell-specific behaviors on TN surfaces. The enhanced cell behaviors were regulated by the adsorption and functional site exposure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which were the result of the surface physicochemical changes induced by the URE. The correlation between the URE and the reconstruction of surface hydroxyl groups was considered as an alternative mechanism of this energy-dependent functionalization. We also demonstrated the synergistic effects of FAK-RHOA and ERK1/2 signaling pathways on mediating the URE-dependent cell behaviors. Overall, this study provides a novel insight into the mechanisms of photofunctionalization, guiding the design of implants and the clinical practice of photofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mouyuan Sun
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tianer Zhu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guanchen Ye
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dongqi You
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lingqing Dong
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenquan Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenjian Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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14
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Dini C, Nagay BE, Magno MB, Maia LC, Barão VAR. Photofunctionalization as a suitable approach to improve the osseointegration of implants in animal models-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2020; 31:785-802. [PMID: 32564392 DOI: 10.1111/clr.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether photofunctionalization influences dental implant osseointegration. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data on osseointegration rates were extracted from 8 databases, based on bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and pushout tests. Internal validity was accessed through the SYRCLE risk of bias tool for animal experimental studies. Meta-analyses were performed for investigation of the influence of photofunctionalization on implant osseointegration, with a random effect and a confidence interval of 95%. The certainty of evidence was accessed through the GRADE approach. RESULTS Thirty-four records were identified, and 10 were included in the meta-analysis. Photofunctionalized implants showed higher mean values for BIC in rabbits (MD 6.92 [1.01, 12.82], p = .02), dogs (MD 23.70 [10.23, 37.16], p = .001), rats (MD 20.93 [12.91, 28.95], p < .0001), and in the pooled BIC analyses (MD 14.23 [7.80, 20.66], p < .0001) compared to those in control implants in the overall assay. Conversely, at late healing periods, the pooled BIC meta-analyses showed no statistically significant differences (p > .05) for photofunctionalized and control implants at 12 weeks of follow-up. For pushout analysis, photofunctionalized implants presented greater bone strength integration (MD 19.92 [13.88, 25.96], p < .0001) compared to that of control implants. The heterogeneity between studies ranged from "not important" to "moderate" for rabbits I2 = 24%, dogs I2 = 0%, rats I2 = 0%, and pooled BIC (I2 = 49%), while considerable heterogeneity was observed for pushouts (I2 = 90%). CONCLUSION Photofunctionalization improves osseointegration in the initial healing period of implants, as summarized from available data from rabbit, dog, and rat in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Egumi Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Baraúna Magno
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valentim Adelino Ricardo Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Sanchez-Perez A, Cachazo-Jiménez C, Sánchez-Matás C, Martín-de-Llano JJ, Davis S, Carda-Batalla C. Effects of Ultraviolet Photoactivation on Osseointegration of Commercial Pure Titanium Dental Implant After 8 Weeks in a Rabbit Model. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2020; 46:101-107. [PMID: 31905048 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a 6-Watt ultraviolet C-lamp was capable of producing photofunctionalization on commercial implants during a medium observation term of 8 weeks. A total of 20 implants were inserted in 5 New Zealand rabbits, with each animal receiving 2 implants per tibia (one photofunctionalized and one untreated), according to a previously established randomization sequence. All implants were inserted by a single surgeon following the manufacturer's instructions. Histological analysis was performed by an evaluator who was blinded to the treatment condition. After 8 weeks of healing, the 2 groups showed no statistically significant differences in terms of bone-to-implant contact. Compared to control implants, the photofunctionalized implants showed improved wettability and more homogenous results. Within the limits of the present study, the use of this 6-W ultraviolet C-lamp, for an irradiation time of 15 minutes at a distance of 15 cm, did not improve the percentages of bone-to-implant contact in rabbits at an osseointegration time of 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Scott Davis
- Private practice in Port Macquarie and Coffs Harbour, NSW Australia
| | - Carmen Carda-Batalla
- Department of Pathology, Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Kim S, Bark CW, Van Quy H, Seo S, Lim J, Lee J, Suh J, Lee Y, Um H, Kim Y. Photofunctionalizing effects of hydroxyapatite combined with TiO
2
on bone regeneration in rabbit calvarial defects. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1953-1959. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin‐Young Kim
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41940 Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Wung Bark
- Department of Electrical EngineeringGachon University, Seongnam Gyeonggi 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Hoang Van Quy
- Department of Electrical EngineeringGachon University, Seongnam Gyeonggi 13120 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Jun Seo
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of Dentistry, A3DI, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41940 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Hong Lim
- Industrial Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH Pohang 37673 Gyeongbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Mok Lee
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41940 Republic of Korea
| | - Jo‐Young Suh
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41940 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41940 Republic of Korea
| | - Heung‐Sik Um
- Department of PeriodontologyResearch Institute for Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‐Wonju National University Gangneung 25457 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Gun Kim
- Department of PeriodontologySchool of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University Daegu 41940 Republic of Korea
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