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Fernández-Gómez B, Marchena MA, Piñeiro D, Gómez-Martín P, Sánchez E, Laó Y, Valencia G, Nocera S, Benítez-Fernández R, Castaño-León AM, Lagares A, Hernández-Jiménez M, de Castro F. ApTOLL: A new therapeutic aptamer for cytoprotection and (re)myelination after multiple sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3263-3281. [PMID: 38742374 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ApTOLL is an aptamer selected to antagonize toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a relevant actor for innate immunity involved in inflammatory responses in multiple sclerosis (MS) and other diseases. The currently available therapeutic arsenal to treat MS is composed of immunomodulators but, to date, there are no (re)myelinating drugs available in clinics. In our present study, we studied the effect of ApTOLL on different animal models of MS. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was used to evaluate the effect of ApTOLL on reducing the inflammatory component. A more direct effect on oligodendroglia was studied with the cuprizone model and purified primary cultures of murine and human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) isolated through magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) from samples of brain cortex. Also, we tested these effects in an ex vivo model of organotypic cultures demyelinated with lysolecithin (LPC). KEY RESULTS ApTOLL treatment positively impacted the clinical symptomatology of mice in the EAE and cuprizone models, which was associated with better preservation plus restoration of myelin and oligodendrocytes in the demyelinated lesions of animals. Restoration was corroborated on purified cultures of rodent and human OPCs. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings reveal a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory and demyelinating diseases such as MS. The molecular nature of the aptamer exerts not only an anti-inflammatory effect but also neuroprotective and remyelinating effects. The excellent safety profile demonstrated by ApTOLL in animals and humans opens the door to future clinical trials in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Gómez
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- AptaTargets SL, Madrid, Spain
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Marchena
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Camilo José Cela
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso Lagares
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Hernández-Jiménez
- AptaTargets SL, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Jiang C, Huang Y, Gui H, Liu X, Li H, Han M, Huang S. TLR4 TIR domain and nucleolin GAR domain synergistically mediate RSV infection and induce neuronal inflammatory damage in SH-SY5Y cells. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29570. [PMID: 38558098 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Previous research results of our group showed that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nucleolin synergistically mediate respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in human central neuron cells, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. Here we designed and synthesized lentiviruses with TIR (674-815 aa), TLR4 (del 674-815 aa), GAR (645-707 aa), and NCL (del 645-707 aa) domains, and obtained stable overexpression cell lines by drug screening, and subsequently infected RSV at different time points. Laser confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation were used for the observation of co-localization and interaction of TIR/GAR domains. Western blot analysis was used for the detection of p-NF-κB and LC3 protein expression. Real-time PCR was used for the detection of TLR4/NCL mRNA expression. ELISA assay was used to measure IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α concentrations and flow cytometric analysis was used for the study of apoptosis. Our results suggest that overexpression of TIR and GAR domains can exacerbate apoptosis and autophagy, and that TIR and GAR domains can synergistically mediate RSV infection and activate the NF-κB signaling pathway, which regulates the secretion of downstream inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and ultimately leads to neuronal inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongya Gui
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiwen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei First People's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Maozhen Han
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shenghai Huang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Zhao Y, Wei X, Li J, Diao Y, Shan C, Li W, Zhang S, Wu F. High Level of GMFG Correlated to Poor Clinical Outcome and Promoted Cell Migration and Invasion through EMT Pathway in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1157. [PMID: 37372337 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a very poor prognosis due to the disease's lack of established targeted treatment options. Glia maturation factor γ (GMFG), a novel ADF/cofilin superfamily protein, has been reported to be differentially expressed in tumors, but its expression level in TNBC remains unknown. The question of whether GMFG correlates with the TNBC prognosis is also unclear. In this study, data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases were used to analyze the expression of GMFG in pan-cancer and the correlation between clinical factors. Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were also used to analyze the functional differences between the different expression levels and predict the downstream pathways. GMFG expression in breast cancer tissues, and its related biological functions, were further analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoblotting, RNAi, and function assay; we found that TNBC has a high expression of GMFG, and this higher expression was correlated with a poorer prognosis in TCGA and collected specimens of the TNBC. GMFG was also related to TNBC patients' clinicopathological data, especially those with histological grade and axillary lymph node metastasis. In vitro, GMFG siRNA inhibited cell migration and invasion through the EMT pathway. The above data indicate that high expression of GMFG in TNBC is related to malignancy and that GMFG could be a biomarker for the detection of TNBC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yan Diao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Changyou Shan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Weimiao Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, China
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Chen H, Zhou C, Zheng J, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Cheng C, Guo Z, Huo G, Yin C, Sun X. PTEN and AKT/GSK-3β/CRMP-2 signaling pathway are involved in neuronal apoptosis and axonal injury in early brain injury after SAH in rats. Genes Dis 2022; 9:252-267. [PMID: 35005122 PMCID: PMC8720672 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), white matter (WM) axonal injury plays a key role in the prognosis of the disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) on axonal injury and neuronal apoptosis post-SAH in rats and to find its underlying mechanism. Adeno-associated virus was injected into the lateral ventricle to suppress or promote PTEN. Neural function post-SAH in animals was determined by the modified Garcia score, beam balance, and Rotarod test, and the blood–brain barrier disruption was assessed by the brain water content. Axonal injury post-SAH was observed by TEM and determined by IF, and neuron apoptosis was measured by TUNEL staining. The mechanism was analyzed by Western blot to detect p-PTEN/PTEN, p-AKT/AKT, p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β, p-CRMP-2/CRMP-2, axonal injury marker β-APP and pro- and anti-apoptosis proteins, including Bax and Bcl-2, expression. We found 1. After knocking down PTEN, neuronal apoptosis and axonal injury were alleviated, and nerve function and blood–brain barrier were protected; accordingly, after overexpression of PTEN, neuronal apoptosis and axon damage were aggravated, and nerve function damage and blood–brain barrier damage were increased. 2. PTEN and AKT/GSK-3β/CRMP-2 pathway were jointly involved in regulating neuronal apoptosis and WM axon injury after SAH. According to our research, PTEN was a negative factor of EBI, and together with the AKT/GSK-3β/CRMP-2 signaling pathway aggravates neuronal apoptosis and WM axon damage after SAH. Inhibition of PTEN expression may become a new target for SAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zhaosi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yongbing Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery of the Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, PR China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Gang Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Cheng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, PR China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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Li X, Lin J, Hua Y, Gong J, Ding S, Du Y, Wang X, Zheng R, Xu H. Agmatine Alleviates Epileptic Seizures and Hippocampal Neuronal Damage by Inhibiting Gasdermin D-Mediated Pyroptosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627557. [PMID: 34421582 PMCID: PMC8378273 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, and neuroinflammation is one of the main contributors to epileptogenesis. Pyroptosis is a type of pro-inflammatory cell death that is related to epilepsy. Agmatine, has anti-inflammatory properties and exerts neuroprotective effects against seizures. Our study investigated the effect of agmatine on the core pyroptosis protein GSDMD in the context of epilepsy. Methods: A chronic epilepsy model and BV2 microglial cellular inflammation model were established by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. H&E and Nissl staining were used to evaluate hippocampal neuronal damage. The expression of pyroptosis and inflammasome factors was examined by western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Agmatine disrupted the kindling acquisition process, which decreased seizure scores and the incidence of full kindling and blocked hippocampal neuronal damage. In addition, agmatine increased BV2 microglial cell survival in vitro and alleviated seizures in vivo by suppressing the levels of PTZ-induced pyroptosis. Finally, the expression of TLR4, MYD88, phospho-IκBα, phospho-NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly upregulated in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells, while agmatine suppressed the expression of these proteins. Conclusions: Our results indicate that agmatine affects epileptogenesis and exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuroinflammation, GSDMD activation, and pyroptosis. The inhibitory effect of agmatine on pyroptosis was mediated by the suppression of the TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Therefore, agmatine may be a potential treatment option for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahe Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Hua
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaoni Gong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siqi Ding
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanru Du
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinshi Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongyuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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He M, Qian K, Zhang Y, Huang XF, Deng C, Zhang B, Gao G, Li J, Xie H, Sun T. Olanzapine-Induced Activation of Hypothalamic Astrocytes and Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Were Related to Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:589650. [PMID: 33584172 PMCID: PMC7874166 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.589650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The antipsychotic drug olanzapine is associated with serious obesity side effects. Hypothalamic astrocytes and associated toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling play an essential role in obesity pathogenesis. This study investigated the effect of olanzapine on astrocytes and TLR4 signaling both in vitro and in the rat hypothalamus and their potential role in olanzapine-induced weight gain. We found that olanzapine treatment for 24 h dose-dependently increased cell viability, increased the protein expression of astrocyte markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), and activated TLR4 signaling in vitro. In rats, 8- and 36-day olanzapine treatment caused weight gain accompanied by increased GFAP and S100B protein expression and activated TLR4 signaling in the hypothalamus. These effects still existed in pair-fed rats, suggesting that these effects were not secondary effects of olanzapine-induced hyperphagia. Moreover, treatment with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate, inhibited olanzapine-induced weight gain and ameliorated olanzapine-induced changes in hypothalamic GFAP, S100B, and TLR4 signaling. The expression of GFAP, S100B, and TLR4 correlated with food intake and weight gain. These findings suggested that olanzapine-induced increase in hypothalamic astrocytes and activation of TLR4 signaling were related to ER stress, and these effects may be related to olanzapine-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Qian
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Baohua Zhang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xie
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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Inhibition of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Protects against Inflammation through a Toll-like Receptor-Related Pathway after Diffuse Axonal Injury in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5946205. [PMID: 32964038 PMCID: PMC7492939 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5946205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective We have previously demonstrated that inflammation induced by toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2/4 exert cerebral deleterious effects after diffuse axonal injury (DAI); however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of MIF in inflammation induced by TLRs in the cortices of DAI rats. Methods The rat DAI model was established by head rotational acceleration and confirmed by β-APP, HE, and silver staining. MIF protein expression at 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, and 3 d after DAI was measured by western blot. The localization of MIF was measured by immunofluorescence. MIF antagonist ISO-1 was intracerebroventricularly injected to inhibit MIF. Neuronal and axonal injury and glial responses were assessed by TUNEL, immunohistochemistry, and TEM. Expression of TLR2, TLR4, ERK, phospho-ERK, NF-κB, and phospho-NF-κB was examined by western blot. The level of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was measured by ELISA. Results MIF expression was significantly increased, peaking at 1 day after DAI, and MIF was mainly localized in microglial cells and neurons. ISO-1 suppressed neuronal apoptosis, axonal injury, and glial responses and decreased the expression of downstream signaling molecules related to TLR2/4, including ERK, phospho-ERK, NF-κB, phospho-NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Conclusion MIF was involved in the neuronal and axonal damage through a TLR-related pathway following DAI.
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TAK‑242 exerts a neuroprotective effect via suppression of the TLR4/MyD88/TRIF/NF‑κB signaling pathway in a neonatal hypoxic‑ischemic encephalopathy rat model. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1440-1448. [PMID: 32627010 PMCID: PMC7339810 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the main causes of death and nervous system damage in neonates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist TAK-242 on HIE. The Rice-Vannucci method was used for ligation of the left common carotid artery, followed by hypoxic treatment for 2.5 h to establish a neonatal HIE rat model. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with 7.5 ml/kg TAK-242 after hypoxia-ischemia. It was demonstrated that TAK-242 significantly reduced the infarct volume and cerebral edema content of neonatal rats after HIE, alleviating neuronal damage and neurobehavioral function deficits. Furthermore, TAK-242 decreased the protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β in the hippocampus. The present results suggested that TAK-242 may exert a neuroprotective effect after HIE by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/TRIF/NF-κB signaling pathway, and reducing the release of downstream inflammatory cytokines.
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MCC950 Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome and Alleviates Axonal Injures in Early Stages of Diffuse Axonal Injury in Rats. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2020-2031. [PMID: 32474832 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in axonal injures. Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein (NLRP3) inflammasome is reported to be widely involved with the pathology of central nervous system disorders. But the role of NLRP3 in diffuse axonal injury (DAI) are rarely reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of NLRP3 after diffuse axonal injury and the role of NLRP3 in axonal injures. The lateral head rotation device was used to establish DAI model of rats. Immunohistochemical staining for β-amyloid precursor protein and Bielschowsky silver staining were used to assess axonal injures and axonal loss. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-Mediated Digoxigenin-dUTP-Biotin Nick-End Labelling Assay was used to detect cell apoptosis. Brain water content was used to assess cerebral edema and the modified Neurologic Severity Score was used to assess the neurological deficits. Components of NLRP3 inflammasome, such as NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like (ASC) adapter protein and caspase-1, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, for example IL-18 and IL-1β, were over-expressed in early stages of DAI. MCC950, a selective small-molecule inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome, inhibited the over-expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and pro-inflammatory cytokines after DAI. MCC950 alleviated axonal injures and cell apoptosis. MCC950 also decreased brain water content and alleviated neurologic deficits 1 day and 3 days after DAI but not 7 days after DAI. These results suggest that MCC950 treatment in the early stages of DAI has a time limiting effect in preventing from axonal injuries and neurological deficits, and that NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in axonal injures and may be a potential candidate for axonal injures following DAI.
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Cui W, Sun C, Ma Y, Wang S, Wang X, Zhang Y. Inhibition of TLR4 Induces M2 Microglial Polarization and Provides Neuroprotection via the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:444. [PMID: 32508567 PMCID: PMC7251077 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that activation of microglia and neuroinflammation reaction play a prominent role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been shown to be associated with immune responses and brain damage, but its effects on AD remain unclear. This study mainly aimed to investigate the protective effect of TAK-242 (TLR4-specific inhibitor) on microglial polarization and neuroprotection in an AD mouse model and the underlying mechanisms. We found that APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice exhibited a dramatic increase in TLR4 levels concomitant with a significantly higher expression of inflammatory microglia compared to C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Furthermore, inhibition of TLR4 by TAK-242 administration significantly improved neurological function, decreased the level of Bax, and caused a significant reduction in the levels of M1-markers (iNOS and TNFα), while the expressions of M2-phenotype markers (Trem-2 and Arg-1) were increased both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, TAK-242 treatment enhanced BV2 microglial phagocytosis. Moreover, Aβ25–35 caused the upregulation of inflammatory cytokine production, MyD88, NF-kappaB-p65, and NLRP3, which could be ameliorated by NLRP3-siRNA or TAK-242. These findings indicated that TLR4 inhibition provided neuroprotection and promoted a microglial switch from the inflammatory M1 phenotype to the protective M2 phenotype in AD. The mechanism involved may be related to modulation of the MyD88/NF-kappaB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chunli Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuqi Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Zhao JJ, Liu ZW, Wang B, Huang TQ, Guo D, Zhao YL, Song JN. Inhibiting endogenous tissue plasminogen activator enhanced neuronal apoptosis and axonal injury after traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:667-675. [PMID: 31638090 PMCID: PMC6975145 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator is usually used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, but the role of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator in traumatic brain injury has been rarely reported. A rat model of traumatic brain injury was established by weight-drop method. The tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor neuroserpin (5 μL, 0.25 mg/mL) was injected into the lateral ventricle. Neurological function was assessed by neurological severity score. Neuronal and axonal injuries were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Bielschowsky silver staining. Protein level of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator was analyzed by western blot assay. Apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3, neuronal marker neurofilament light chain, astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein and microglial marker Iba-1 were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Apoptotic cell types were detected by immunofluorescence double labeling. Apoptotic cells in the damaged cortex were detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling staining. Degenerating neurons in the damaged cortex were detected by Fluoro-Jade B staining. Expression of tissue plasminogen activator was increased at 6 hours, and peaked at 3 days after traumatic brain injury. Neuronal apoptosis and axonal injury were detected after traumatic brain injury. Moreover, neuroserpin enhanced neuronal apoptosis, neuronal injury and axonal injury, and activated microglia and astrocytes. Neuroserpin further deteriorated neurobehavioral function in rats with traumatic brain injury. Our findings confirm that inhibition of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator aggravates neuronal apoptosis and axonal injury after traumatic brain injury, and activates microglia and astrocytes. This study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Animal Experiments of Shaanxi Province of China in June 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zun-Wei Liu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Department of Renal Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting-Qin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Science and Technology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Lin Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin-Ning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Buoncervello M, Gabriele L, Toschi E. The Janus Face of Tumor Microenvironment Targeted by Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4320. [PMID: 31484464 PMCID: PMC6747403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex entity where host immune and non-immune cells establish a dynamic crosstalk with cancer cells. Through cell-cell interactions, which are mediated by key signals, such as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, as well as the release of soluble mediators, this articulated process defines the nature of TME determining tumor development, prognosis, and response to therapy. Specifically, tumors are characterized by cellular plasticity that allows for the microenvironment to polarize towards inflammation or immunosuppression. Thus, the dynamic crosstalk among cancer, stromal, and immune components crucially favors the dominance of one of the Janus-faced contexture of TME crucial to the outcome of tumor development and therapeutic response. However, mostly, TME is dominated by an immunosuppressive landscape that blocks antitumor immunity and sustain tumor progression. Hence, in most cases, the immunosuppressive components of TME are highly competent in suppressing tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes, the effectors of cancer destruction. In this complex context, immunotherapy aims to arm the hidden Janus face of TME disclosing and potentiating antitumor immune signals. Herein, we discuss recent knowledge on the immunosuppressive crosstalk within TME, and share perspectives on how immunotherapeutic approaches may exploit tumor immune signals to generate antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buoncervello
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Tumor Immunology Section, Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Toschi
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Zhong X, Xiao Q, Liu Z, Wang W, Lai CH, Yang W, Yue P, Ye Q, Xiao J. TAK242 suppresses the TLR4 signaling pathway and ameliorates DCD liver IRI in rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2101-2110. [PMID: 31257518 PMCID: PMC6691197 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a notable cause of tissue damage during surgical procedures and a major risk factor in graft dysfunction in liver transplantation. Livers obtained from donors after circulatory death (DCD) are prone to IRI and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) serves a prominent role in the inflammatory response associated with DCD liver IRI. The present study was designed to investigate whether TAK242, a specific TLR4 inhibitor, improves hepatic IRI following a DCD graft and to investigate its underlying protective mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 4 groups: Control, TAK242, DCD and DCD+TAK242 groups. Rats were pretreated with TAK242 or its vehicle for 30 min, then the livers were harvested without warm ischemia (control group and TAK242 group) or with warm ischemia in situ for 30 min. The livers were stored in cold University of Wisconsin solution for 24 h and subsequently perfused for 60 min with an isolated perfused rat liver system. Rat liver injury was evaluated thereafter. When compared with the DCD group, DCD livers with TAK242 pretreatment displayed significantly improved hepatic tissue injury and less tissue necrosis (P<0.05). Compared with DCD livers, mechanistic experiments revealed that TAK242 pretreatment alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels and inhibited apoptosis. Additionally, TAK242 significantly inhibited the IRI-associated inflammatory response, indicated by the decreased expression of TLR4, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and cyclooxygenase 2 at the mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05). TAK242 ameliorates DCD liver IRI via suppressing the TLR4 signaling pathway in rats. The results of the present study have revealed that TAK242 pretreatment harbors a potential benefit for liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhongzhong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chin-Hui Lai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wang Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Pengpeng Yue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Wu DM, Zheng ZH, Fan SH, Zhang ZF, Chen GQ, Lu J. Sulforaphane administration alleviates diffuse axonal injury (DAI) via regulation signaling pathway of NRF2 and HO-1. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:430-442. [PMID: 31232487 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) can alleviate diffuse axonal injury (DAI)-induced apoptosis by regulating expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), while sulforaphane (SFN) was shown to reduce oxidative stress by increasing the expression of Nrf2. Therefore, we aimed to investigate therapeutic effect of SFN in the treatment of DAI and the ability of SFN to reduce oxidative stress. METHODS The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to observe the effects of H2 O 2 and SFN on cell viability. Fluorometric assay, Western blot analysis, and flow cytometry were conducted to validate the protective role of SFN in an animal model of DAI. In addition, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured in DAI rats treated by SFN, while Western blot, immunohistochemistry assay, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were carried out to verify the effect of SFN in different animal groups. RESULTS Cell viability was reduced by H2 O 2 in a dose-dependent manner, while the treatment by SFN significantly promoted cell growth. Meanwhile the administration of SFN effectively reduced the levels of caspase-3/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity increased by the H 2 O 2 treatment, indicating that the protective effect of SFN could be mediated by its ability to suppress caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. In addition, the SFN treatment reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by H 2 O 2 . Moreover, the MDA levels of SOD/GPx activity in various rat groups showed the protective effects of SFN in DAI rats. It is suspected that the protective effect of SFN was exerted via the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In this study, DAI and DAI + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) groups also showed the presence of more TUNEL-positive cells compared with the sham-operated group, while the SFN treatment reduced the extent of neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS By activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and reducing the activity of caspase-3, SFN reduces the apoptosis of neurons in brain trauma-induced DAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gui-Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
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Curcumin mitigates axonal injury and neuronal cell apoptosis through the PERK/Nrf2 signaling pathway following diffuse axonal injury. Neuroreport 2019; 29:661-677. [PMID: 29570500 PMCID: PMC5959262 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) accounts for more than 50% of all traumatic brain injury. In response to the mechanical damage associated with DAI, the abnormal proteins produced in the neurons and axons, namely, β-APP and p-tau, induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Curcumin, a major component extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has shown potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-infection, and antitumor activity in previous studies. Moreover, curcumin is an activator of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and promotes its nuclear translocation. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of curcumin for the treatment of DAI and investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of curcumin against neural cell death and axonal injury after DAI. Rats subjected to a model of DAI by head rotational acceleration were treated with vehicle or curcumin to evaluate the effect of curcumin on neuronal and axonal injury. We observed that curcumin (20 mg/kg intraperitoneal) administered 1 h after DAI induction alleviated the aggregation of p-tau and β-APP in neurons, reduced ER-stress-related cell apoptosis, and ameliorated neurological deficits. Further investigation showed that the protective effect of curcumin in DAI was mediated by the PERK/Nrf2 pathway. Curcumin promoted PERK phosphorylation, and then Nrf2 dissociated from Keap1 and was translocated to the nucleus, which activated ATF4, an important bZIP transcription factor that maintains intracellular homeostasis, but inhibited the CHOP, a hallmark of ER stress and ER-associated programmed cell death. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that curcumin confers protection against abnormal proteins and neuronal apoptosis after DAI, that the process is mediated by strengthening of the unfolded protein response to overcome ER stress, and that the protective effect of curcumin against DAI is dependent on the activation of Nrf2.
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Benomar Y, Taouis M. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Obesity-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Pivotal Role of Resistin/TLR4 Pathways. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:140. [PMID: 30906281 PMCID: PMC6418006 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance are among the clinical features of obesity that are thought to promote the progressive onset of type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms linking these disorders remain not fully understood. Recent reports pointed out hypothalamic inflammation as a major step in the onset of obesity-induced insulin resistance. In light of the increasing prevalence of obesity and T2D, two worldwide public health concerns, deciphering mechanisms implicated in hypothalamic inflammation constitutes a major challenge in the field of insulin-resistance/obesity. Several clinical and experimental studies have identified resistin as a key hormone linking insulin-resistance to obesity, notably through the activation of Toll Like Receptor (TLR) 4 signaling pathways. In this review, we present an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation and insulin resistance with peculiar focus on the role of resistin/TLR4 signaling pathway.
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Zhang JH, Gu JW, Li BC, Gao FB, Liao XM, Cui SJ. Establishment of a novel rat model of blast-related diffuse axonal injury. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:93-102. [PMID: 29977358 PMCID: PMC6030930 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although studies concerning blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI) have demonstrated the significance of diffuse axonal injury (DAI), no standard models for this type of injury have been widely accepted. The present study investigated a mechanism of inducing DAI through real blast injury, which was achieved by performing instantaneous high-speed swinging of the rat head, thus establishing a stable animal model of blast DAI. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150±10 g were randomly divided into experimental (n=16), control (n=10) and sham control (n=6) groups. The frontal, parietal and occipital cortex of the rats in the experimental group were exposed, whereas those of the control group were unexposed; the sham control group rats were anesthetized and attached to the craniocerebral blast device without experiencing a blast. The rats were subjected to craniocerebral blast injury through a blast equivalent to 400 mg of trinitrotoluene using an electric detonator. Biomechanical parameters, and physical and behavioural changes of the sagittal head swing were measured using a high-speed camera. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were conducted at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h after craniocerebral injury, only the experimental group indicated brain stem injury. The rats were sacrificed immediately following the MRI at 48 h for pathological examination of the brain stem using haematoxylin and eosin staining. The results indicated that 14 rats (87.5%) in the experimental group exhibited blast DAI, while no DAI was observed in the control and sham control groups, and the difference between the groups was significant (P<0.05). The present results indicated that this experimental design may serve to provide a stable model of blast DAI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 306th Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 306th Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Cang Li
- Research Institute of Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Bao Gao
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liao
- The Professional Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Jie Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 306th Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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18
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Smith ME, Eskandari R. A novel technology to model pressure-induced cellular injuries in the brain. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 293:247-253. [PMID: 28993205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) accompanying a number of neurological emergencies is poorly understood, and lacks a model to determine cellular pathophysiology. This limits our ability to identify cellular and molecular biomarkers associated with the pathological progression from physiologic to pathologic ICP. NEW METHOD We developed an ex vivo model of pressure-induced brain injury, which combines 3D neural cell cultures and a newly developed Pressure Controlled Cell Culture Incubator (PC3I). Human astrocytes and neurons maintained in 3D peptide-conjugated alginate hydrogels were subjected to pressures that mimic both physiologic and pathologic levels of ICP for up to 48h to evaluate the earliest impacts of isolated pressure on cellular viability and quantify early indicators of pressure-induced cellular injury. RESULTS Compared to control cell cultures grown under physiologic pressure, sustained pathologic pressure exposure increased the release of intracellular ATP in a cell-specific manner. Eighteen hours of sustained pressure resulted in increased ATP release from neurons but not astrocytes. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Cell culture incubators maintain cultures at normal atmospheric pressure. Based on multiple literature searches, we are not aware of any other cell culture incubator systems that modify the pressure at which primary CNS cells are maintained. CONCLUSION This model simulates the clinical features of elevated ICP encountered in patients with hydrocephalus, and provides a first estimate of the pathological signaling encountered during the earliest perid of progression in neonatal hydrocephalus. This model should provide a means to better understand the pathological biomarkers associated with the earliest stages of elevated ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ramin Eskandari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Hu L, Yang H, Ai M, Jiang S. Inhibition of TLR4 alleviates the inflammation and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in high glucose. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:2199-2210. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Li H, He B, Liu X, Li J, Liu Q, Dong W, Xu Z, Qian G, Zuo H, Hu C, Qian H, Mao C, Wang G. Regulation on Toll-like Receptor 4 and Cell Barrier Function by Rab26 siRNA-loaded DNA Nanovector in Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2537-2554. [PMID: 28744333 PMCID: PMC5525755 DOI: 10.7150/thno.17584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab26 is involved in multiple processes, such as vesicle-mediated secretion and autophagy. However, the mechanisms and functions of Rab26 in the human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) are not clear. In this study, we thoroughly investigated the role and novel mechanism of Rab26 in permeability and apoptosis of HPMVECs using a self-assembled Rab26 siRNA loaded DNA Y-motif nanoparticle (siRab26-DYM) and Rab26 adenovirus. We found that siRab26-DYM could be efficiently transfected into HPMVECs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Importantly, the siRab26-DYM nanovector markedly aggravated the LPS-induced apoptosis and hyper-permeability of HPMVECs by promoting the nuclear translocation of Foxo1, and subsequent activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal pathway. Overexpression of Rab26 by Rab26 adenoviruses partially inactivated LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway, suppressed the cell apoptosis and attenuated the hyperpermeability of HPMVECs. These results suggest that the permeability and apoptosis of HPMVECs can be modulated by manipulating Rab26 derived TLR4 signaling pathway, and that Rab26 can be potential therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular diseases related to endothelial barrier functions.
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Yao L, Shi Y, Zhao X, Hou A, Xing Y, Fu J, Xue X. Vitamin D attenuates hyperoxia-induced lung injury through downregulation of Toll-like receptor 4. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1403-1408. [PMID: 28440468 PMCID: PMC5428952 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With considerable morbidity and mortality, bron-chopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a focus of attention in neonatology. Hyperoxia-induced lung injury has long been used as a model of BPD. Among all the signaling pathways involved, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been demonstrated to play an important role, and is known to be regulated by vitamin D. This study aimed at elucidating the effect of vitamin D on hyperoxia-induced lung injury and the role of TLR4 in the process. Vitamin D was administered to hyperoxia-treated neonatal rats to investigate changes in the morphology of lungs and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic proteins and TLR4. Vitamin D attenuated hyperoxia-induced lung injury by protecting the integrity of the lung structure, decreasing extracellular matrix deposition and inhibiting inflammation. The upregulation of TLR4 by hyperoxia was ameliorated by vitamin D and apoptosis was reduced. Vitamin D administration antagonized the activation of TLR4 and therefore alleviated inflammation, reduced apoptosis and preserved lung structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yongyan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ana Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yujiao Xing
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Shrivastava P, Cabrera MA, Chastain LG, Boyadjieva NI, Jabbar S, Franklin T, Sarkar DK. Mu-opioid receptor and delta-opioid receptor differentially regulate microglial inflammatory response to control proopiomelanocortin neuronal apoptosis in the hypothalamus: effects of neonatal alcohol. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:83. [PMID: 28407740 PMCID: PMC5391607 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid receptors are known to control neurotransmission of various peptidergic neurons, but their potential role in regulation of microglia and neuronal cell communications is unknown. We investigated the role of mu-opioid receptors (MOR) and delta-opioid receptors (DOR) on microglia in the regulation of apoptosis in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons induced by neonatal ethanol in the hypothalamus. METHODS Neonatal rat pups were fed a milk formula containing ethanol or control diets between postnatal days 2-6. Some of the alcohol-fed rats additionally received pretreatment of a microglia activation blocker minocycline. Two hours after the last feeding, some of the pups were sacrificed and processed for histochemical detection of microglial cell functions or confocal microscopy for detection of cellular physical interaction or used for gene and protein expression analysis. The rest of the pups were dissected for microglia separation by differential gradient centrifugation and characterization by measuring production of various activation markers and cytokines. In addition, primary cultures of microglial cells were prepared using hypothalamic tissues of neonatal rats and used for determination of cytokine production/secretion and apoptotic activity of neurons. RESULTS In the hypothalamus, neonatal alcohol feeding elevated cytokine receptor levels, increased the number of microglial cells with amoeboid-type circularity, enhanced POMC and microglial cell physical interaction, and decreased POMC cell numbers. Minocycline reversed these cellular effects of alcohol. Alcohol feeding also increased levels of microglia MOR protein and pro-inflammatory signaling molecules in the hypothalamus, and MOR receptor antagonist naltrexone prevented these effects of alcohol. In primary cultures of hypothalamic microglia, both MOR agonist [D-Ala 2, N-MePhe 4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) and ethanol increased microglial cellular levels and secretion of pro-inflammatory cell signaling proteins. However, a DOR agonist [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE) increased microglial secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed ethanol's ability to increase microglial production of inflammatory signaling proteins and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, MOR-activated inflammation promoted while DOR-suppressed inflammation inhibited the apoptotic effect of ethanol on POMC neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ethanol's neurotoxic action on POMC neurons results from MOR-activated neuroinflammatory signaling. Additionally, these results identify a protective effect of a DOR agonist against the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic action of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Shrivastava
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Miguel A Cabrera
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Lucy G Chastain
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Nadka I Boyadjieva
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Shaima Jabbar
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Tina Franklin
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Dipak K Sarkar
- The Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 67 Poultry Lane, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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