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Sena-Dos-Santos C, Cavalcante GC, Marques D, Silva CS, de Moraes MR, Pinto P, Santana-da-Silva MN, Ferraz RS, Costa SPT, Ventura AMR, Póvoa MM, Cunha MG, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â. Association of apoptosis-related variants to malaria infection and parasite density in individuals from the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2023; 22:295. [PMID: 37794476 PMCID: PMC10552311 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In malaria infection, apoptosis acts as an important immunomodulatory mechanism that leads to the elimination of parasitized cells, thus reducing the parasite density and controlling immune cell populations. Here, it was investigated the association of INDEL variants in apoptotic genes-rs10562972 (FAS), rs4197 (FADD), rs3834129 and rs59308963 (CASP8), rs61079693 (CASP9), rs4647655 (CASP3), rs11269260 (BCL-2), and rs17880560 (TP53)-and the influence of genetic ancestry with susceptibility to malaria and parasite density in an admixed population from the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS Total DNA was extracted from 126 malaria patients and 101 uninfected individuals for investigation of genetic ancestries and genotypic distribution of apoptosis-related variants by Multiplex PCR. Association analyses consisted of multivariate logistic regressions, considering the following comparisons: (i) DEL/DEL genotype vs. INS/DEL + INS/INS; and (ii) INS/INS vs. INS/DEL + DEL/DEL. RESULTS Individuals infected by Plasmodium falciparum had significantly higher African ancestry proportions in comparison to uninfected controls, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections. The INS/INS genotype of rs3834129 (CASP8) seemed to increase the risk for P. falciparum infection (P = 0.038; OR = 1.867; 95% CI 0.736-3.725), while the DEL/DEL genotype presented a significant protective effect against infection by P. falciparum (P = 0.049; OR = 0.446; 95% CI 0.185-0.944) and mixed infection (P = 0.026; OR = 0.545; 95% CI 0.281-0.996), and was associated with lower parasite density in P. falciparum malaria (P = 0.009; OR = 0.383; 95% CI 0.113-1.295). Additionally, the INS/INS genotype of rs10562972 (FAS) was more frequent among individuals infected with P. vivax compared to P. falciparum (P = 0.036; OR = 2.493; 95% CI 1.104-4.551), and the DEL/DEL genotype of rs17880560 (TP53) was significantly more present in patients with mono-infection by P. vivax than in individuals with mixed infection (P = 0.029; OR = 0.667; 95% CI 0.211-1.669). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, variants in apoptosis genes are associated with malaria susceptibility and parasite density, indicating the role of apoptosis-related genetic profiles in immune responses against malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Sena-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Diego Marques
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Caio S Silva
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Milene Raiol de Moraes
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatoimmunology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Marituba, Brazil
| | - Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafaella S Ferraz
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria R Ventura
- Division of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Marinete M Póvoa
- Division of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Maristela G Cunha
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil.
- Program of Oncology and Medical Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Belém, Brazil.
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Sousa FDMD, Souza IDP, Amoras EDSG, Lima SS, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR, Queiroz MAF. Low levels of TNFA gene expression seem to favor the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in a population from the Brazilian Amazon. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152333. [PMID: 36630812 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α is a Th1 cytokine profile active in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, IL-10 is associated with persistence of bacterial infection. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of TNFA -308G/A and IL10 -819C/T polymorphisms and TNFA and IL10 gene expression levels with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (n = 200) and control (n = 200). The individuals were submitted to genotyping and quantification of gene expression performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). No association was observed between the frequencies of polymorphisms evaluated and pulmonary tuberculosis. The frequency of polymorphic genotypes for TNFA -308G/A were associated with the extrapulmonary tuberculosis (p = 0.0445). The levels of TNFA expression were lower in the pulmonary tuberculosis group than in the control (p = 0.0009). There was a positive correlation between the levels of TNFA and IL10 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (r = 0.560; p = 0.0103). Reduced levels of TNFA expression may promote the formation of an anti-inflammatory microenvironment, favoring the persistence of the bacillus in the host, contributing to the establishment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Dayse Martins de Sousa
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Iury de Paula Souza
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ednelza da Silva Graça Amoras
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66.075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66.075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
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Host susceptibility genes of asymptomatic malaria from South Central Timor, Eastern Indonesia. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:61-75. [PMID: 36284023 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Host genetic factors, such as the genes for various cytokines and adhesion molecules, play a significant role in determining susceptibility to malaria infection. Polymorphisms in host genes have been correlated with malaria infection in both African and Asian regions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between both cytokine and adhesion molecule genotypes with susceptibility to malaria infection in humans. Ten cytokine polymorphism loci (IL4 + 33, IL4-590, IL6-174, IL10-1082, IL10-1035, IL12p40, TNF-238, TNF-308, TNF-1031, and TNF-β) and three adhesion molecule polymorphism loci (CD36 exon 10, ICAM-1 Kilifi, and ICAM-1 exon 6) were genotyped using PCR-RFLP analysis. We conducted this study on 178 asymptomatic malaria subjects and 122 uninfected subjects. Results showed that certain CD36 exon 10 and IL10-3575 polymorphisms were associated with asymptomatic infection. The heterozygous (GT) and homozygous (GG) genotypes for CD36 exon 10 are associated with an increased risk of malaria infection. On the other hand, the homozygous genotype (AA) for IL10-3575 reduced the risk of asymptomatic malaria infection. No significant differences were found for the other polymorphisms studied. We also found that a polymorphism in CD36 exon 10 was strongly associated with asymptomatic malaria caused specifically by Plasmodium vivax. These findings suggest that the G allele of CD36 exon 10 is associated with an increased risk of asymptomatic malaria infection. On the other hand, the genotype AA for IL10-3575 was associated with a reduced risk of malaria infection.
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Sarangi S, Nahak SK, Padhi S, Nayak N, Pradhan B, Pati A, Panigrahi J, Panda AK. TNF-α promoter variant (G-308A) is associated with susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and severe malaria: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 42:381-397. [PMID: 36472340 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2151622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays an essential role in Plasmodium falciparum infection, with lower levels associated with susceptibility to infection and higher levels linked with organ failure in severe malaria. Genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene (G-308A and G-238A) affect plasma TNF-α levels. Numerous case-control studies have been conducted to determine the possible association between TNF-α polymorphisms and susceptibility to malaria infection and clinical severity; however, the results are inconsistent. Various databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for relevant articles for the present meta-analysis. Data were extracted from the eligible studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was carried out with CMA v.3.3.070 software, and combined odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p values were calculated. Further, a trial sequential analysis was also performed to test whether enough number of case and controls have been enrolled to date to draw a valid conclusion. Allele (OR = 9.757, p value=.049) and heterozygous (OR = 8.98, p value=.016) comparison model revealed the TNF-α G-308A variant as a susceptible genetic factor for P. falciparum infection. Similarly, a significant association of TNF-α G-308A polymorphism with P. falciparum malarial severity was also observed (A versus G: OR = 1.761, p value = .000; and GG + GA versus GG: OR = 1.769, p value = .000). However, no association of TNF-α (G-238A) polymorphism was observed with infection and severity of P. falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria. TNF-α G-308A variant is associated with susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and clinical severity. However, further studies on different populations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suraj Kuamr Nahak
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
| | - Sunali Padhi
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
| | - Nisha Nayak
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
| | | | - Abhijit Pati
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
| | - Jogeswar Panigrahi
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
| | - Aditya K. Panda
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India
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A meta-analysis on the association of the -308 G/A polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene with the development of malaria. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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da Silva GAV, Mesquita TG, Souza VC, Junior JDES, Gomes de Souza ML, Talhari AC, Talhari S, Naveca FG, Ramasawmy R. A Single Haplotype of IFNG Correlating With Low Circulating Levels of Interferon-γ Is Associated With Susceptibility to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania guyanensis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:274-281. [PMID: 31722386 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays an important role in the control of Leishmania infection. Blockade of IFN-γ signaling in mice increases lesion size and parasite load. In endemic areas of Leishmaniasis, only a fraction of the population develop the disease. This suggest that host genetics may play a role in this response. We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFNG may be associated with elevated or decrease risk in the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). METHODS We assessed 9 SNP and cytosine-adenine (CA) repeats in IFNG by nucleotide sequencing in 647 patients with CL caused by Leishmania guyanensis and 629 controls. Circulating plasma IFN-γ levels were also assayed in 400 patients with CL and 400 controls. RESULTS The rs2069705TT genotype is associated with elevated risk of developing CL compared with the rs2069705CC genotype (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4; P = .0008). There is a 70% chance that this genotype raises the risk of developing CL. In a dominant model, carriers of the rs2069705T allele compared with the rs2069705CC genotype showed a 50% (range, 20-100%) increased risk of developing CL (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0; P = .0004). Haplotype analysis showed 1 haplotype (H1) associated with low levels of IFN-γ presented an increased risk of 60% of developing CL (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9; P = 5 × 10-5) compared with non-H1. CONCLUSIONS IFNG variant rs2069705 seems to be a genetic modifier of clinical outcome of Leishmania infection; individuals with the H1 haplotype, associated with low levels of IFN-γ, have a 60% risk of developing CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A V da Silva
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Tirza G Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Victor C Souza
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José do Espírito Santo Junior
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sinésio Talhari
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Felipe G Naveca
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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Kemmerling U, Osuna A, Schijman AG, Truyens C. Congenital Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: A Review About the Interactions Between the Parasite, the Placenta, the Maternal and the Fetal/Neonatal Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1854. [PMID: 31474955 PMCID: PMC6702454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Congenital transmission of CD is an increasingly relevant public health problem. It progressively becomes the main transmission route over others and can occur in both endemic and non-endemic countries. Though most congenitally infected newborns are asymptomatic at birth, they display higher frequencies of prematurity, low birth weight, and lower Apgar scores compared to uninfected ones, and some suffer from severe symptoms. If not diagnosed and treated, infected newborns are at risk of developing disabling and life-threatening chronic pathologies later in life. The success or failure of congenital transmission depends on interactions between the parasite, the placenta, the mother, and the fetus. We review and discuss here the current knowledge about these parameters, including parasite virulence factors such as exovesicles, placental tropism, potential placental defense mechanisms, the placental transcriptome of infected women, gene polymorphism, and the maternal and fetal/neonatal immune responses, that might modulate the risk of T. cruzi congenital transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gabriel Schijman
- Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease Laboratory, Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology Research Institute Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carine Truyens
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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A systematic literature review on the European, African and Amerindian genetic ancestry components on Brazilian health outcomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8874. [PMID: 31221977 PMCID: PMC6586659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The variables such as race, skin colour and ethnicity have become intensely discussed in medicine research, as a response to the rising debate over the importance of the ethnic-racial dimension in the scope of health-disease processes. The aim of this study was to identify the European (EUR), African (AFR) and Amerindian (AMR) ancestries on Brazilian health outcomes through a systematic literature review. This study was carried out by searching in three electronic databases, for studies published between 2005 and 2017. A total of 13 papers were eligible. The search identified the following health outcomes: visceral leishmaniosis, malaria, Alzheimer’s disease, neuromyelitis optica, multiple sclerosis, prostate cancer, non-syndromic cleft lip/palate, chronic heart failure, sickle cell disease, primary congenital glaucoma, preterm labour, preterm premature rupture of membranes, systemic lupus erythematosus and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Research paper assessments were guided by the STROBE instrument, and agreements between results were determined by comparing the points attributed by two authors. Increased EUR ancestry was identified from preterm labour (PTL), type 1 diabetes (T1D) and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL), as well as in patients presenting aggressive prostate cancer prognoses. On the other hand, the highest AFR ancestral component was verified from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) cases, presenting worse prognoses. AMR ancestry may be a protective factor in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The worst hemodynamic parameters in cases of heart failure (HF) were identified among individuals with greater AMR and AFR ancestry indices.
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Role of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines and TNF-α promoter variability in Plasmodium vivax infection during pregnancy in endemic population of Jharkhand, India. Mol Immunol 2018; 97:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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de Vasconcelos TCB, Furtado MC, Belo VS, Morgado FN, Figueiredo FB. Canine susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review upon genetic aspects, considering breed factors and immunological concepts. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 74:103293. [PMID: 28987807 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dogs have different susceptibility degrees to leishmaniasis; however, genetic research on this theme is scarce, manly on visceral form. The aims of this systematic review were to describe and discuss the existing scientific findings on genetic susceptibility to canine leishmaniasis, as well as to show the gaps of the existing knowledge. Twelve articles were selected, including breed immunological studies, genome wide associations or other gene polymorphism or gene sequencing studies, and transcription approaches. As main results of literature, there was a suggestion of genetic clinical resistance background for Ibizan Hound dogs, and alleles associated with protection or susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in Boxer dogs. Genetic markers can explain phenotypic variance in both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and in cellular immune responses, including antigen presentation. Many gene segments are involved in canine visceral leishmaniasis phenotype, with Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1) as the most studied. This was related to both protection and susceptibility. In comparison with murine and human genetic approaches, lack of knowledge in dogs is notorious, with many possibilities for new studies, revealing a wide field to be assessed on canine leishmaniasis susceptibility research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassia Cristina Bello de Vasconcelos
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Prefeitura Municipal de Resende, Rua Euridices Paulina de Almeida, 300, Vicentina II, Resende, RJ 27500-000, Brazil.
| | - Marina Carvalho Furtado
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Estrada Rodrigues Caldas, 3400, Taquara, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22713-375, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Silva Belo
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG 35.501-296, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3.775, CIC, campus do Tecpar, bloco C, Curitiba, PR 81.350-010 Brazil
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