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Sad EP, Hess TM, Santos HA, Lessa DAB, Botteon PDTL. Molecular and Cellular Evaluation of Horses With Summer Pasture Associated Asthma Syndrome. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104928. [PMID: 37730075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Equine asthma is an airway disease that affects a large number of horses annually leading to considerable economic losses in the horse industry. Despite advances in research in this area, there is still a lack of information on its etiology and molecular characterization in pasture associated asthma. The objective of the current study was to characterize the inflammatory disease of lower airways in horses maintained on pasture through cytologic and immunologic profile during the summer in a tropical environment by analysis of the gene expression of Th1 cytokines (IFN- λ, IL-8), Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in healthy and asthma horses on pasture. A group 39 of clinically healthy horses maintained on native pasture and supplemented with concentrate was evaluated by BAL analyzed for differential cellular count and assigned into a control and an asthma group. The gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was analyzed in the BAL by reverse time PCR (RT-PCR) (IL-1α (alpha), IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, TNF-α alpha and IFN-λ), using β-actin as housekeeping gene. Higher gene expression of IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IFN-λ in the BAL of asthma horses was found. Current results indicate an increase in Th2, characterizing an allergic inflammatory reaction due to the significant increase in IL-5 in asthmatic horses (10.3 ± 1.13), when compared to the values obtained in normal horses (3.27 ± 0.46). The only down regulated cytokine in the asthma group was TNF-α, suggesting a chronic antigenic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja M Hess
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Wong JTH, Elliot JG, Wang KCW, James AL, Henry PJ, Maloney SK, Noble PB. Does "Skippy" Wheeze? Evidence of Airway Remodeling in the Australian Kangaroo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:125-127. [PMID: 35776496 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0546le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James T H Wong
- School of Human Sciences at The University of Western Australia Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John G Elliot
- School of Human Sciences at The University of Western Australia Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberley C W Wang
- School of Human Sciences at The University of Western Australia Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute at The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan L James
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute at Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Medical School at The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Henry
- School of Biomedical Sciences at The University of Western Australia Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences at The University of Western Australia Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter B Noble
- School of Human Sciences at The University of Western Australia Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Herteman N, Grimes C, Lavoie JP. Retrospective investigation of automated hematology analyzer-determined indicators of neutrophil activation in blood samples from horses with asthma. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:737-745. [PMID: 34432518 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.9.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate indicators of neutrophil activation in the blood of healthy and asthma-affected horses and assess associations between corticosteroid treatment and these variables. ANIMALS 48 horses (14 with severe equine asthma [SEA], 21 with mild to moderate equine asthma [MEA], and 13 healthy controls). PROCEDURES In a 3-part retrospective study, hematology analyzer data for horses included in previous studies were reviewed. Neutrophil size, neutrophil light absorbance (NLA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) index were recorded. Data for each variable were compared among groups for the entire study sample (part 1). Changes in each variable were assessed for one subset of horses (5 SEA-affected and 6 controls) after treatment for 2 weeks with dexamethasone (0.06 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; part 2) and for another subset (8 SEA-affected horses) after the same treatment and after a 1-week posttreatment washout period (part 3). RESULTS All 3 variables were significantly greater for the SEA group, compared with the MEA and control groups in part 1. Following dexamethasone treatment, the control- and SEA-group NLA and MPO index significantly decreased and SEA-group neutrophil size significantly decreased in part 2; immediate posttreatment results for SEA-affected horses were similar in part 3, with significantly increased neutrophil size and nonsignificant increases in NLA and MPO index following washout. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested horses with exacerbated SEA have larger neutrophils that contain more MPO, compared with neutrophils of MEA-affected and healthy control horses. The clinical value of these variables for the diagnosis of equine asthma was deemed limited owing to data overlap among groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Herteman
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Carolyn Grimes
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- From the Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Morini M, Peli A, Rinnovati R, Magazzù G, Romagnoli N, Spadari A, Pietra M. Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051376. [PMID: 34066204 PMCID: PMC8151432 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the degree and type of inflammation on one hand, and the severity of the disease and the response to treatment on the other. Furthermore, to date, very few studies evaluate the diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemical features of endoscopic biopsies on subjects with severe equine asthma. To investigate the expression of two inflammatory markers (NKA and IL-8) before, during, and after the exacerbation of severe EA, a histological and immunohistochemical study was carried out on a series of biopsy samples collected by bronchoscopy from six EA-affected horses subjected to process exacerbation through environmental stimuli and then to pharmacological treatment. The application of a histological biopsy scoring system revealed a significant difference between control cases and the EA-affected horses in all experimental phases (asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase). For immunohistochemistry (IHC), only the intensity of NKA positivity increases significantly between control horses and the EA horses at late exacerbation and remission phases. In EA-affected horses, a difference was detected by comparing histology between asymptomatic and remission phase, meanwhile, NKA and IL-8 showed no differences between the experimental phases. Based on these results we can assert that: (1) The endoscopic biopsies generate reliable and homogeneous samples in the entire bronchial tree; (2) the clinical improvement associated with treatment is characterized by a significant worsening of the histological findings; and (3) the NKA immunopositivity seems to increase significantly rather than decrease, as one would have expected, after pharmacological treatment. Further studies are necessary both to implement the number of samples and to use other markers of inflammation to characterize the potential role of cytokines in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of severe equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-7970
| | - Angelo Peli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Magazzù
- DVM, Vet Practitioner, 40024 Castel San Pietro Terme, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (R.R.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
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Abd-Elaziz K, Jesenak M, Vasakova M, Diamant Z. Revisiting matrix metalloproteinase 12: its role in pathophysiology of asthma and related pulmonary diseases. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2021; 27:54-60. [PMID: 33065600 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of over 20 zinc-dependent proteases with different biological and pathological activities, and many have been implicated in several diseases. Although nonselective MMP inhibitors are known to induce serious side-effects, targeting individual MMPs may offer a safer therapeutic potential for several diseases. Hence, we provide a concise overview on MMP-12, given its association with pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and other progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF), which may also occur in coronavirus disease 2019. RECENT FINDINGS In asthma, COPD, and PPF, increased MMP-12 levels have been associated with inflammation and/or structural changes within the lungs and negatively correlated with functional parameters. Increased pulmonary MMP-12 levels and MMP-12 gene expression have been related to disease severity in asthma and COPD. Targeting MMP-12 showed potential in animal models of pulmonary diseases but human data are still very scarce. SUMMARY Although there may be a potential role of MMP-12 in asthma, COPD and PPF, several pathophysiological aspects await elucidation. Targeting MMP-12 may provide further insights into MMP-12 related mechanisms and how this translates into clinical outcomes; this warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Abd-Elaziz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, QPS-Netherlands, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Pulmonology and Physiology
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martina Vasakova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Joó K, Povázsai Á, Nyerges-Bohák Z, Szenci O, Kutasi O. Asthmatic Disease as an Underlying Cause of Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 96:103308. [PMID: 33349416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is important to treat the upper and lower respiratory tracts as a single unit, as lower respiratory tract diseases can often cause upper respiratory functional disorders, whereas upper respiratory obstructions could be a factor in lower respiratory problems. The present study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that asthmatic diseases may be an underlying cause of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses. Pleasure or sport horses (n = 57) with a history of asthmatic disease were incorporated in the study. All horses were examined in the exacerbation phase of the asthmatic disease. Bronchoalveolar cytology and tracheal lavage bacteriology were performed in all cases. The upper respiratory tract was evaluated at rest in all horses and during exercising endoscopy in 11/57 with severe equine asthma. Binomial tests with P ≤ .05 significance were used to establish estimated intervals of the measured frequencies of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) occurring in the studied groups. It was observed that more than 60% of horses with mild or moderate equine asthma and more than 79% of horses with severe equine asthma are presented with DDSP during resting endoscopy examination. During the exercising endoscopy, DDSP was detected in all cases of severe equine asthma. These findings support the proposed hypothesis that DDSP was common in horses with equine asthma. Both increasing negative pressure in the airways due to bronchoconstriction and inflammatory processes could be factors in the development of DDSP. The consequent step would be to investigate the same population of horses in the remission phase of the equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Joó
- Szent István University, Kaposvári Campus, Doctoral School in Animal Science, Kaposvár, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Szent Istvan University (MTA-SZIE) Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Hungary.
| | | | - Zsófia Nyerges-Bohák
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Szent Istvan University (MTA-SZIE) Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Hungary; National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Meat Science, Herceghalom, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Szent Istvan University (MTA-SZIE) Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kutasi
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Szent Istvan University (MTA-SZIE) Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Hungary; Department for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Pliszczak-Król A, Gemra M, Kozdrowski R, Zalewski D, Iwaszko A. Involvement of hemostasis in pathophysiology of RAO in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 230:110128. [PMID: 33049418 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO), also called severe asthma or heaves, is a chronic disease in adult horses caused by aeroallergens from straw or hay. Disturbances in hemostasis (intensified coagulation and depressed fibrinolysis) are considered one of the prominent reasons of inflammatory process, injury and dysfunction of the lungs. The aim of the study was to evaluate chosen parameters of hemostasis in horses with active form of RAO. Ten RAO-horses (group R) and ten healthy horses (group C) were exposed to straw and hay allergen challenge. The prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen concentration (Fb), stabilized fibrin degradation product (d-dimer), antithrombin (AT), protein C and coagulation factors II through XII were assessed in plasma obtained from blood of all the horses. Exposure to aeroallergens resulted in prolongation of aPTT in both groups of animals; it was evident in the group R and moderate in the group C. There were no differences in PT and TT. Concentrations of fibrinogen and d-dimer and activity of protein C in both groups were increased but lay within or near to reference values. The activity of AT was depressed in RAO-horses. All exposed horses showed increased activity of coagulation factors II, VIII and X but they had no changes in activity of factor V. Factors VII and XII displayed a reduction in activity. The decrease in factor IX activity was noted in the group C only. Various changes were observed in activity of factor XI; in horses with RAO it was elevated but in healthy horses it was declined. The changes of the parameters tested in RAO-horses indicate the involvement of coagulation and fibrinolysis which apparently remained under control of efficient and active mechanisms of general hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Pliszczak-Król
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marianna Gemra
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Roland Kozdrowski
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Zalewski
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Iwaszko
- TIERplus Wien-Kagran - Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Chirurgie und Diagnostik, Wien, Austria.
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Procalcitonin Detection in Veterinary Species: Investigation of Commercial ELISA Kits. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091511. [PMID: 32859059 PMCID: PMC7552142 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Among sepsis biomarkers, procalcitonin resulted to be a specific indicator of bacterial infection or severity of infection, and to be a good control of the success of a therapeutic procedure. The clinical studies on the relevance of procalcitonin as a sepsis predictor in veterinary patients are few, likely due to the total absence of validated assays. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate commercial ELISA kits for the detection of canine and equine procalcitonin. Validation was performed evaluating linearity, limits of detection (LOD), recovery, and intra-assay and inter-assay variability; furthermore, clinical samples were analyzed. The results of the present study demonstrate that the human PCT ELISA kit is suitable to detect equine procalcitonin with a LOD of 56 ng/mL, and the canine recombinant PCT ELISA kit can be used to measure canine procalcitonin in plasma samples, showing an intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation less than 20% and a LOD of 11 pg/mL. Abstract In human medicine, procalcitonin (PCT), the precursor of calcitonin, is used for the rapid identification of the origin and severity of sepsis. In veterinary medicine, PCT has been studied in horses, cattle, and dogs, but the use of PCT in diagnostic and/or prognostic settings is not possible because of the lack of validated assays to obtain reference ranges. The aim of the present study was the investigation of commercially available ELISA kits for the detection of canine and equine PCT in plasma samples. Validation of the ELISA kits was performed by using species-specific recombinant proteins spiked both in plasma and buffer samples; linearity, limit of detection (LOD), recovery, and intra-assay and inter-assay variability were calculated. Moreover, clinical samples obtained from sick and healthy animals were also analyzed with the tested kits. Canine PCT was measured with a recombinant canine and a canine PCT ELISA kit. Equine PCT was measured with an equine and a human ELISA PCT kit. Our data demonstrate that the canine recombinant PCT ELISA kit can be used to measure canine PCT in plasma samples, showing an intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation less than 20% and a LOD of 11 pg/mL, whereas the present results do not support the use of the canine PCT ELISA kit. The human PCT ELISA kit is suitable to detect equine PCT with a LOD of 56 ng/mL, whereas the equine PCT ELISA kit did not detect recombinant equine PCT.
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Bazzano M, Laghi L, Zhu C, Magi GE, Tesei B, Laus F. Respiratory metabolites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can differentiate horses affected by severe equine asthma from healthy horses. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:233. [PMID: 32641035 PMCID: PMC7346432 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of an untargeted metabolomic approach to investigate biofluids of respiratory origin is of increasing interest in human and veterinary lung research. Considering the high incidence of equine asthma (> 14%) within horse population and the importance of this animal model for human disease, we aimed to investigate the metabolomic profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in healthy and asthmatic horses. RESULTS On the basis of clinical, endoscopic and BALF cytology findings, 6 horses with severe asthma (Group A) and 6 healthy horses (Group C) were included in the study. 1H-NMR analysis was used to identified metabolites in BALF and EBC samples. Metabolomic analysis allowed to identify and quantify 12 metabolites in BALF and seven metabolites in EBC. Among respiratory metabolites, myo-inositol, formate, glycerol and isopropanol in BALF, and methanol and ethanol in EBC, differed between groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The application of metabolomic studies to investigate equine asthma using minimally invasive diagnostic methods, such as EBC metabolomics, provided promising results. According to our research, the study of selective profiles of BALF and EBC metabolites might be useful for identifying molecules like myo-inositol and methanol as possible biomarkers for airways diseases in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy.
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Centre of Foodomics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chenglin Zhu
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Centre of Foodomics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
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Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Although asthma was once simply categorized as atopic or nonatopic, emerging analyses over the last few decades have revealed a variety of asthma endotypes that are attributed to numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of asthma by endotype is primarily routed in different profiles of airway inflammation that contribute to bronchoconstriction. Many asthma therapeutics target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which either enhance bronchodilation or prevent bronchoconstriction. Short-acting and long-acting β 2-agonists are widely used bronchodilators that signal through the activation of the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Short-acting and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are used to reduce bronchoconstriction by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Leukotriene antagonists that block the signaling of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 are used as an add-on therapy to reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation induced by cysteinyl leukotrienes. A number of GPCR-targeting asthma drug candidates are also in different stages of development. Among them, antagonists of prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 have advanced into phase III clinical trials. Others, including antagonists of the adenosine A2B receptor and the histamine H4 receptor, are in early stages of clinical investigation. In the past decade, significant research advancements in pharmacology, cell biology, structural biology, and molecular physiology have greatly deepened our understanding of the therapeutic roles of GPCRs in asthma and drug action on these GPCRs. This review summarizes our current understanding of GPCR signaling and pharmacology in the context of asthma treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although current treatment methods for asthma are effective for a majority of asthma patients, there are still a large number of patients with poorly controlled asthma who may experience asthma exacerbations. This review summarizes current asthma treatment methods and our understanding of signaling and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in asthma therapy, and discusses controversies regarding the use of GPCR drugs and new opportunities in developing GPCR-targeting therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
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Abs V, Bonicelli J, Kacza J, Zizzadoro C, Abraham G. Equine bronchial fibroblasts enhance proliferation and differentiation of primary equine bronchial epithelial cells co-cultured under air-liquid interface. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225025. [PMID: 31721813 PMCID: PMC6853605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between epithelial cells and fibroblasts play a key role in wound repair and remodelling in the asthmatic airway epithelium. We present the establishment of a co-culture model using primary equine bronchial epithelial cells (EBECs) and equine bronchial fibroblasts (EBFs). EBFs at passage between 4 and 8 were seeded on the bottom of 24-well plates and treated with mitomycin C at 80% confluency. Then, freshly isolated (P0) or passaged (P1) EBECs were seeded on the upper surface of membrane inserts that had been placed inside the EBF-containing well plates and grown first under liquid-liquid interface (LLI) then under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions to induce epithelial differentiation. Morphological, structural and functional markers were monitored in co-cultured P0 and P1 EBEC monolayers by phase-contrast microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, hematoxylin-eosin, immunocytochemistry as well as by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transepithelial transport of selected drugs. After about 15–20 days of co-culture at ALI, P0 and P1 EBEC monolayers showed pseudo-stratified architecture, presence of ciliated cells, typically honeycomb-like pattern of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) expression, and intact selective barrier functions. Interestingly, some notable differences were observed in the behaviour of co-cultured EBECs (adhesion to culture support, growth rate, differentiation rate) as compared to our previously described EBEC mono-culture system, suggesting that cross-talk between epithelial cells and fibroblasts actually takes place in our current co-culture setup through paracrine signalling. The EBEC-EBF co-culture model described herein will offer the opportunity to investigate epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions and underlying disease mechanisms in the equine airways, thereby leading to a better understanding of their relevance to pathophysiology and treatment of equine and human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abs
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Bonicelli
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, SP 62 per Casamassima, km, Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - Getu Abraham
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Varegg MS, Kløverød KM, Austnes MK, Siwinska N, Slowikowska M, Zak A, Niedzwiedz A. The effect of single pretreatment with salbutamol on recovery of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with suspected or confirmed severe equine asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:976-980. [PMID: 30707780 PMCID: PMC6430915 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a method for the recovery of respiratory secretion from the lower airways. OBJECTIVES To investigate if the administration of a single dose of a bronchodilatator in horses with a suspected or confirmed severe equine asthma could improve recovery of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). ANIMALS Twenty-eight horses with severe equine asthma. METHODS Horses were divided into 2 groups: group "treated" was given salbutamol before endoscopic examination and BALF collection, whereas group "not treated" was not given. BAL was performed with BAL-catheter by instilling 350 mL of sterile saline. Amount of recovered fluid was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with a two-tailed Student's t test. RESULTS The average fluid recovery in the horses treated with salbutamol was 52% ± 15% (mean +/- SD), compared with 38% ± 13% for the group of horses not treated with salbutamol (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinicians should consider administration of salbutamol before performing BAL on horses with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde S Varegg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kine M Kløverød
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malin K Austnes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Siwinska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malwina Slowikowska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zak
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Rosenberg HF, Druey KM. Modeling asthma: Pitfalls, promises, and the road ahead. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:41-48. [PMID: 29451705 PMCID: PMC6134392 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1117-436r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic, heterogeneous, and recurring inflammatory disease of the lower airways, with exacerbations that feature airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Asthma has been modeled extensively via disease induction in both wild-type and genetically manipulated laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Antigen sensitization and challenge strategies have reproduced numerous important features of airway inflammation characteristic of human asthma, notably the critical roles of type 2 T helper cell cytokines. Recent models of disease induction have advanced to include physiologic aeroallergens with prolonged respiratory challenge without systemic sensitization; others incorporate tobacco, respiratory viruses, or bacteria as exacerbants. Nonetheless, differences in lung size, structure, and physiologic responses limit the degree to which airway dynamics measured in mice can be compared to human subjects. Other rodent allergic airways models, including those featuring the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) might be considered for lung function studies. Finally, domestic cats (Feline catus) and horses (Equus caballus) develop spontaneous obstructive airway disorders with clinical and pathologic features that parallel human asthma. Information on pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders is an important resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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