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de Jong E, Kocer A. Current Methods for Identifying Plasma Membrane Proteins as Cancer Biomarkers. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:409. [PMID: 37103836 PMCID: PMC10142483 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane proteins are a special class of biomolecules present on the cellular membrane. They provide the transport of ions, small molecules, and water in response to internal and external signals, define a cell's immunological identity, and facilitate intra- and intercellular communication. Since they are vital to almost all cellular functions, their mutants, or aberrant expression is linked to many diseases, including cancer, where they are a part of cancer cell-specific molecular signatures and phenotypes. In addition, their surface-exposed domains make them exciting biomarkers for targeting by imaging agents and drugs. This review looks at the challenges in identifying cancer-related cell membrane proteins and the current methodologies that solve most of the challenges. We classified the methodologies as biased, i.e., search cells for the presence of already known membrane proteins. Second, we discuss the unbiased methods that can identify proteins without prior knowledge of what they are. Finally, we discuss the potential impact of membrane proteins on the early detection and treatment of cancer.
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Liu R, Zhang F, Sang Y, Liu M, Shi M, Wang X. Selection and Characterization of DNA Aptamers for Constructing Aptamer-AuNPs Colorimetric Method for Detection of AFM1. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121802. [PMID: 35742000 PMCID: PMC9222373 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), one of the most toxic mycotoxins, is a feed and food contaminant of global concern. To isolate the ssDNA aptamer of AFM1, synthesized magnetic graphene oxide nanomaterials, 12 rounds of subtractive systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) selection were carried out. As a result, 24 candidate aptamers were selected, and their sequence similarity exceeded 97%. Their binding affinity and specificity were further examined by fluorescence and biofilm interferometry (BLI) methods. One aptamer (Apt-5) against AFM1 with a high affinity and specificity was isolated and demonstrated to be the optimal aptamer, whose dissociation constant reached the nanomolar level, Kd = 8.12 ± 1.51 nM. Additionally, molecular docking studies were used to predict the possible binding sites and mechanisms of the two. Based on Apt-5, an unlabeled aptamer-AuNPs colorimetric method was established to detect AFM1 in milk with a linear range of 0.078–10 ng/mL, and the actual detection limit was 0.078 ng/mL. These results demonstrated that this detection technique could be useful for the quantitative determination of AFM1 in milk and dairy products.
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Shigdar S, Agnello L, Fedele M, Camorani S, Cerchia L. Profiling Cancer Cells by Cell-SELEX: Use of Aptamers for Discovery of Actionable Biomarkers and Therapeutic Applications Thereof. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:28. [PMID: 35056924 PMCID: PMC8781458 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of tumor cell-specific surface markers is a key step towards personalized cancer medicine, allowing early assessment and accurate diagnosis, and development of efficacious targeted therapies. Despite significant efforts, currently the spectrum of cell membrane targets associated with approved treatments is still limited, causing an inability to treat a large number of cancers. What mainly limits the number of ideal clinical biomarkers is the high complexity and heterogeneity of several human cancers and still-limited methods for molecular profiling of specific cancer types. Thanks to the simplicity, versatility and effectiveness of its application, cell-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) technology is a valid complement to the present strategies for biomarkers' discovery. We and other researchers worldwide are attempting to apply cell-SELEX to the generation of oligonucleotide aptamers as tools for both identifying new cancer biomarkers and targeting them by innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the potential of cell-SELEX for increasing the currently limited repertoire of actionable cancer cell-surface biomarkers and focus on the use of the selected aptamers as components of innovative conjugates and nano-formulations for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia;
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Lisa Agnello
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, CNR, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (M.F.); (S.C.)
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, S. Andrea Delle Dame-Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Fedele
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, CNR, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (M.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Camorani
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, CNR, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (M.F.); (S.C.)
| | - Laura Cerchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore”, CNR, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.A.); (M.F.); (S.C.)
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Roy D, Pascher A, Juratli MA, Sporn JC. The Potential of Aptamer-Mediated Liquid Biopsy for Early Detection of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115601. [PMID: 34070509 PMCID: PMC8199038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The early detection of cancer favors a greater chance of curative treatment and long-term survival. Exciting new technologies have been developed that can help to catch the disease early. Liquid biopsy is a promising non-invasive tool to detect cancer, even at an early stage, as well as to continuously monitor disease progression and treatment efficacy. Various methods have been implemented to isolate and purify bio-analytes in liquid biopsy specimens. Aptamers are short oligonucleotides consisting of either DNA or RNA that are capable of binding to target molecules with high specificity. Due to their unique properties, they are considered promising recognition ligands for the early detection of cancer by liquid biopsy. A variety of circulating targets have been isolated with high affinity and specificity by facile modification and affinity regulation of the aptamers. In this review, we discuss recent progress in aptamer-mediated liquid biopsy for cancer detection, its associated challenges, and its future potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvajyoti Roy
- Helio Health, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-949-8722383
| | - Andreas Pascher
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.P.); (M.A.J.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Mazen A. Juratli
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.P.); (M.A.J.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Judith C. Sporn
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.P.); (M.A.J.); (J.C.S.)
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Selection, Identification, and Application of Aptamers against Agaricus bisporus Lectin to Establish an Aptamer-AuNPs Colorimetric Method for Detection of ABL. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8821295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus lectin (ABL), which is one of the antinutritional factors in A. bisporus, is an important allergen and harmful to human health. Due to the shortcomings of the current detection methods, it is extremely urgent to establish a rapid and sensitive detection method for ABL in foods. To isolate the ssDNA aptamer of ABL, 13 rounds of subtractive systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) selection were carried out. As a result, six candidate aptamers were selected and further examined for their binding affinity and specificity by enzyme-linked aptamer method. One aptamer (seq-41) against ABL with a high affinity and specificity was isolated and demonstrated to be the optimal aptamer whose dissociation constant reaches the nanomolar level, Kd = 31.17 ± 0.1070 nM. Based on seq-41, an aptamer-AuNPs colorimetric method was established to detect ABL with a linear range of 0.08∼1.70 μg/mL and the detection limit is 0.062 μg/mL. This study provides a novel aptamer-AuNPs colorimetric method with high sensitivity and specificity for detection of ABL and a novel strategy for development of detection method of fungal or plant allergens.
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Yu XX, Ge KL, Liu N, Zhang JY, Xue ML, Ge YL. Selection and Characterization of a Novel DNA Aptamer, Apt-07S Specific to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1535-1545. [PMID: 32368012 PMCID: PMC7182459 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s244149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The efficacy of traditional therapeutic methods for liver cancer is unsatisfying because of the poor targeting, and inefficient drug delivery system. A recent study has proven that aptamers, developed through cell-SELEX, could specifically recognize cancer cells and show great potential in the development of a delivery system for anticancer drugs. Purpose To develop a hepatocellular carcinoma specific aptamer using two kinds of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, HepG2 and SMMC-7721, as double targets and a normal hepatocyte, L02, as a negative control cell. Methods Hepatocellular carcinoma specific aptamer was developed via cell-SELEX. The enrichment of the library was monitored by flow cytometric analysis. The specificity, affinity, and distribution of the candidate aptamer were explored. Further study was carried to assess its potential in drug delivery. Results The library was enriched after 14 rounds of screening. Candidate aptamer Apt-07S can recognize four kinds of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and show little cell-binding ability to normal cells and four cell lines of different cancer types, revealing a high specificity of Apt-07S. Confocal imaging showed that Apt-07S distributed both on the surface and in the cytoplasm of the two target cells. Moreover, an anti-sense nucleotide to gene Plk1 (ASO-Plk1) was connected at the 3' end of Apt-07S to form an integrated molecule (Apt-07S-ASO-Plk1); the functional analysis indicated that the structure of Apt-07S may help ASO-Plk1 enter the cancer cells. Conclusion The study indicates that Apt-07S can specifically target HCC and may have potential in the delivery of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Li Ge
- Integrative Medicine Research Center, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Lan Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Lin Ge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, People's Republic of China
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Aptamers as Diagnostic Tools in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030086. [PMID: 30208607 PMCID: PMC6160954 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Researchers have been working hard on investigating not only improved therapeutics but also on early detection methods, both critical to increasing treatment efficacy, and developing methods for disease prevention. The use of nucleic acids, or aptamers, has emerged as more specific and accurate cancer diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that recognize specific targets based on unique three-dimensional conformations. Despite the fact aptamer development has been mainly restricted to laboratory settings, the unique attributes of these molecules suggest their high potential for clinical advances in cancer detection. Aptamers can be selected for a wide range of targets, and also linked with an extensive variety of diagnostic agents, via physical or chemical conjugation, to improve previously-established detection methods or to be used as novel biosensors for cancer diagnosis. Consequently, herein we review the principal considerations and recent updates in cancer detection and imaging through aptamer-based molecules.
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Pereira RL, Nascimento IC, Santos AP, Ogusuku IEY, Lameu C, Mayer G, Ulrich H. Aptamers: novelty tools for cancer biology. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26934-26953. [PMID: 29928493 PMCID: PMC6003562 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the term ‘cancer’ was still over two thousand years away of being coined, the first known cases of the disease date back to about 3000BC, in ancient Egypt. Five thousand years later, still lacking a cure, it has become one of the leading causes of death, killing over half a dozen million people yearly. So far, monoclonal antibodies are the most successful immune-therapy tools when it comes to fighting cancer. The number of clinical trials that use them has been increasing steadily during the past few years, especially since the Food and Drug Administration greenlit the use of the first immune-checkpoint blockade antibodies. However, albeit successful, this approach does come with the cost of auto-inflammatory toxicity. Taking this into account, the development of new therapeutic reagents with low toxicity becomes evident, particularly ones acting in tandem with the tools currently at our disposal. Ever since its discovery in the early nineties, aptamer technology has been used for a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. With similar properties to those of monoclonal antibodies, such as high-specificity of recognition and high-affinity binding, and the advantages of being developed using in vitro selection procedures, aptamers quickly became convenient building blocks for the generation of multifunctional constructs. In this review, we discuss the steps involved in the in vitro selection process that leads to functional aptamers - known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment - as well as the most recent applications of this technology in diagnostic and treatment of oncological illnesses. Moreover, we also suggest ways to improve such use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo L Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Isis C Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ana P Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Isabella E Y Ogusuku
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Günter Mayer
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany.,Center of Aptamer Research and Development (CARD), University of Bonn, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Chen M, Hu W, Xiong CL, Qu Z, Yin CQ, Wang YH, Luo CL, Guan Q, Yuan CH, Wang FB. miR-22 targets YWHAZ to inhibit metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and its down-regulation predicts a poor survival. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80751-80764. [PMID: 27811373 PMCID: PMC5348352 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many miRNAs are associated with the carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and some exhibit potential prognostic value. In this study, to further confirm the prognostic value of miRNAs in HCC, we employed miRNA-sequencing data of tumor tissues of 372 HCC patients released by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and identified 3 miRNAs including miR-22, miR-9-1 and miR-9-2 could be used as independent predictors for HCC prognostic evaluation. As a tumor-suppressive miRNA, miR-22 was down-regulated in HCC tissues. This down-regulation correlated with tumor vascular invasion, Edmondson–Steiner grade, TNM stage, and AFP level. Moreover, biofunctional investigations revealed that miR-22 significantly attenuated cellular proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Additionally, through gene expression profiles and bioinformatics analysis, YWHAZ was identified to be a direct target of miR-22 and its overexpression partially counteracted the inhibitory effects of miR-22 on HCC cells. Finally, molecular studies further confirmed that miR-22 promoted the accumulation of FOXO3a in nucleus and subsequently reversed invasive phenotype of HCC cells by repressing YWHAZ-mediated AKT phosphorylation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that miR-22 exhibits tumor-suppressive effects in HCC cells by regulating YWHAZ/AKT/FOXO3a signaling and might be used as an independent prognostic indicator for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Ling Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Qing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Liang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qing Guan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Hui Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Bing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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Hori SI, Herrera A, Rossi JJ, Zhou J. Current Advances in Aptamers for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010009. [PMID: 29301363 PMCID: PMC5789359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that interact with target molecules with high affinity and specificity in unique three-dimensional structures. Aptamers are generally isolated by a simple selection process called systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and then can be chemically synthesized and modified. Because of their high affinity and specificity, aptamers are promising agents for biomarker discovery, as well as cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we present recent progress and challenges in aptamer and SELEX technology and highlight some representative applications of aptamers in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Hori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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