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Tsiakalos A, Schinas G, Karatzaferis A, Rigopoulos EA, Pappas C, Polyzou E, Dimopoulou E, Dimopoulos G, Akinosoglou K. Acalculous Cholecystitis as a Complication of Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: A Case-Based Scoping Review of the Literature. Viruses 2024; 16:463. [PMID: 38543828 PMCID: PMC10974004 DOI: 10.3390/v16030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection manifests with diverse clinical symptoms, occasionally resulting in severe complications. This scoping review investigates the rare occurrence of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) in the context of primary EBV infection, with a focus on understanding its prevalence, clinical features, and underlying mechanisms. The study also explores EBV infection association with Gilbert syndrome, a condition that potentially exacerbates the clinical picture. Additionally, a case report of an 18-year-old female presenting with AAC and ascites secondary to EBV infection enhances the review. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing reported cases of AAC secondary to EBV infection. This involved examining patient demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and outcomes. The search yielded 44 cases, predominantly affecting young females. Common clinical features included fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, tonsillitis/pharyngitis, and splenomegaly. Laboratory findings highlighted significant hepatic involvement. The review also noted a potential link between AAC in EBV infection and Gilbert syndrome, particularly in cases with abnormal bilirubin levels. AAC is a rare but significant complication of primary EBV infection, primarily observed in young females, and may be associated with Gilbert syndrome. This comprehensive review underscores the need for heightened clinical awareness and timely diagnosis to manage this complication effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Schinas
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (G.S.); (E.A.R.); (E.P.)
| | | | | | | | - Eleni Polyzou
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (G.S.); (E.A.R.); (E.P.)
| | | | - George Dimopoulos
- 3rd Department of Critical Care, Evgenidio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Karolina Akinosoglou
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece; (G.S.); (E.A.R.); (E.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
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Jerome A, Khanna V, Akagi E, Bhargava A. A rare presentation of infectious mononucleosis: cholestatic hepatitis with hyperbilirubinemia. Germs 2023; 13:80-85. [PMID: 38023960 PMCID: PMC10659742 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2023.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Epstein-Barr virus infection with mononucleosis is the most common presentation in young adults. Most infections are self-limited, although in a few cases complications can include serious conditions such as lymphoproliferative disorders or in less severe cases, mild hepatitis. Case report We present an unusual case of a young male with no liver disease, who presented with markedly elevated cholestatic pattern hyperbilirubinemia, as well as hepatitis. The patient responded well to symptomatic treatments, with spontaneous improvement of the hyperbilirubinemia and transaminitis. Conclusions Epstein-Barr virus mononucleosis can frequently present with mild elevation of transaminases, but very rarely can have marked elevation of bilirubin, which may make clinicians doubt that the infection is the sole culprit of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldin Jerome
- MD. Department of Medicine, Wayne State University SOM/Ascension Providence Rochester Hospital, 1101 W. University Dr, Rochester, MI 48307, USA
| | - Vatsal Khanna
- MD, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University SOM/Ascension Providence Rochester Hospital, 1101 W. University Dr, Rochester, MI 48307, USA
| | - Elisa Akagi
- MD, Department of Medicine, Ascension St. John Hospital, 22101 Moross Rd, Grosse Pointe Woods, MI 48236, USA
| | - Ashish Bhargava
- MD, FACP, FIDSA, Department of Medicine, Thomas Mackey Center for Infectious Disease Research, Ascension St. John Hospital. 22101 Moross Rd, Grosse Pointe Woods, MI 48236, USA
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BONINSEGNA SARA, STORATO SILVIA, RICCARDI NICCOLÒ, SOPRANA MARCO, OLIBONI EUGENIO, TAMAROZZI FRANCESCA, BOCUS PAOLO, MARTINI MARIANO, FLOREANI ANNAROSA. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) acute acalculous cholecystitis in an immunocompromised adult patient: a case report and a literature review of a neglected clinical presentation. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E237-E242. [PMID: 34322642 PMCID: PMC8283645 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may present with self-limiting abdominal involvement, characterized by hepatitis with mild elevation of aminotransferases, splenomegaly, and rarely with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC). Usually, treatment of EBV related AAC is symptomatic, without the need for surgery. Here, we describe a severe case of AAC occurring as the first manifestation of infectious mononucleosis in a young adult woman, receiving treatment with interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6r) inhibitor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); moreover, we have performed a review of the literature on EBV-related AAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- SARA BONINSEGNA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - SILVIA STORATO
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - NICCOLÒ RICCARDI
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
- Correspondence: Niccolò Riccardi, Infectious and Tropical Medicine Specialist, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital - E-mail:
| | - MARCO SOPRANA
- Division of General Medicine, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - EUGENIO OLIBONI
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - FRANCESCA TAMAROZZI
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - PAOLO BOCUS
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - MARIANO MARTINI
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - ANNAROSA FLOREANI
- University of Padova, Italy - IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
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Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis Associated with Epstein-Barr Infection: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Med 2020; 2020:9029601. [PMID: 32047519 PMCID: PMC7003250 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9029601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of acute cholecystitis (ACC) is cholelithiasis. Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is well documented in the literature related with critical illness, but viral causes such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have also been reported. We present a rare manifestation of EBV infection, reporting a case of a 15-year-old female suffering from acute acalulous cholecystitis, and we review the relevant literature. Clinicians should be aware of this rare complication of EBV infection and properly exclude it in young patients with cholecystitis.
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Young C, Lampe R. Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in an Adolescent Female Complicated by Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis. Cureus 2019; 11:e5044. [PMID: 31501735 PMCID: PMC6721871 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is estimated to infect greater than 98% of adults worldwide and is one of the most common human viruses. EBV infection can lead to acute infectious mononucleosis characterized by fever, fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy. Elevated liver function tests (LFTs) and hepatosplenomegaly may also be present. This infection usually lasts over a period of weeks or months and is self-limited. Infected individuals, however, may suffer rare complications. Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is an atypical complication of infectious mononucleosis. The case of a young healthy adolescent female with primary EBV infection complicated by AAC is reported. Providers should be aware that many pediatric and adult cases of AAC due to EBV resolve with conservative treatment. Surgical intervention has not been described as necessary or indicated in the context of AAC caused by EBV and should only be considered in severe cases that are not responding to conservative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callan Young
- Pediatrics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Dallas, USA
| | - Richard Lampe
- Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, USA
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Graber ML, Berg D, Jerde W, Kibort P, Olson APJ, Parkash V. Learning from tragedy: the Julia Berg story. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:257-266. [PMID: 30427778 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2018-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This is a case report involving diagnostic errors that resulted in the death of a 15-year-old girl, and commentaries on the case from her parents and involved providers. Julia Berg presented with fatigue, fevers, sore throat and right sided flank pain. Based on a computed tomography (CT) scan that identified an abnormal-appearing gall bladder, and markedly elevated bilirubin and "liver function tests", she was hospitalized and ultimately underwent surgery for suspected cholecystitis and/or cholangitis. Julia died of unexplained post-operative complications. Her autopsy, and additional testing, suggested that the correct diagnosis was Epstein-Barr virus infection with acalculous cholecystitis. The correct diagnosis might have been considered had more attention been paid to her presenting symptoms, and a striking degree of lymphocytosis that was repeatedly demonstrated. The case illustrates how cognitive "biases" can contribute to harm from diagnostic error. The case has profoundly impacted the involved healthcare organization, and Julia's parents have become leaders in helping advance awareness and education about diagnostic error and its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Graber
- Society to Improve Diagnosis in Medicine, 5 Hitching Post, Plymouth, MA 02360, USA.,Senior Fellow, RTI International, Plymouth, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Phillip Kibort
- Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minnetonka, MN, USA
| | - Andrew P J Olson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vinita Parkash
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis: A Rare Presentation of Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Adults-Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Infect Dis 2017; 2017:5790102. [PMID: 28194287 PMCID: PMC5282411 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5790102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is almost always a self-limited disease characterized by sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy. Hepatic involvement is usually characterized by mild elevations of aminotransferases and resolves spontaneously. Although isolated gallbladder wall thickness has been reported in these patients, acute acalculous cholecystitis is an atypical presentation of primary EBV infection. We presented a young women admitted with a 10-day history of fever, nausea, malaise who had jaundice and right upper quadrant tenderness on the physical examination. Based on diagnostic laboratory tests and abdominal ultrasonographic findings, cholestasis and acute acalculous cholecystitis were diagnosed. Serology performed for EBV revealed the acute EBV infection. Symptoms and clinical course gradually improved with the conservative therapy, and at the 1-month follow-up laboratory findings were normal. We reviewed 16 adult cases with EBV-associated AAC in the literature. Classic symptoms of EBV infection were not predominant and all cases experienced gastrointestinal symptoms. Only one patient underwent surgery and all other patients recovered with conservative therapy. The development of AAC should be kept in mind in patients with cholestatic hepatitis due to EBV infection to avoid unnecessary surgical therapy and overuse of antibiotics.
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