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Xie B, Zhong B, Zhao Z, Hu J, Yang J, Xie Y, Zhang J, Long J, Yang X, Li H. STEAP4 inhibits cisplatin-induced chemotherapy resistance through suppressing PI3K/AKT in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Metab 2023; 11:26. [PMID: 38111065 PMCID: PMC10726618 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-023-00323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is the leading cause for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-induced death. Exploring resistance generation mechanism is an urgent need for HCC therapy. Here, we found STEAP4 was significantly downregulated in HCC patients with recurrence. Patients with low STEAP4 had poor outcome, suggesting STEAP4 might inhibit chemotherapy resistance. Cell viability assay, colony formation assay, apoptosis assay, soft agar growth assay, and tumor animal model showed STEAP4 inhibited cisplatin resistance. Mechanism analysis showed STEAP4 inhibited PI3K/AKT pathway through directly interacting with AKT. Double knockdown of STEP4 and AKT significantly inhibited cisplatin resistance. We also found STEAP4 expression was negatively correlated with PI3K/AKT pathway activity in clinic specimens. In summary, our findings suggested STEAP4 inhibited cisplatin resistance through suppressing PI3K/AKT pathway activity, providing a target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhui Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Baiyin Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxian Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiong Yang
- Department of Clinical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuankang Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianting Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Wei Z, Wang Y, Ma W, Xing W, Lu P, Shang Z, Li F, Li H, Wang Y. Serine-arginine splicing factor 2 promotes oesophageal cancer progression by regulating alternative splicing of interferon regulatory factor 3. RNA Biol 2023; 20:359-367. [PMID: 37335045 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2223939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Often, alternative splicing is used by cancer cells to produce or increase proteins that promote growth and survival through alternative splicing. Although RNA-binding proteins are known to regulate alternative splicing events associated with tumorigenesis, their role in oesophageal cancer (EC) has rarely been explored. METHODS We analysed the expression pattern of several relatively well characterized splicing regulators on 183 samples from TCGA cohort of oesophageal cancer; the effectiveness of the knockdown of SRSF2 was subsequently verified by immunoblotting; we measured the ability of cells treated with lenti-sh-SRSF2/lenti-sh2-SRSF2 to invade through an extracellular matrix coating by transwell invasion assay; using RNA-seq data to identify its potential target genes; we performed qRT-PCR to detect the changes of exon 2 usage in lenti-sh-SRSF2 transduced KYSE30 cells to determine the possible effect of SRSF2 on splicing regulation of IRF3; RNA Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (RNA-EMSA) was performed by the incubation of purified SRSF2 protein and biotinylated RNA probes; we performed luciferase assay to confirm the effect of SRSF2 on IFN1 promoter activity. RESULTS We found upregulation of SRSF2 is correlated with the development of EC; Knock-down of SRSF2 inhibits EC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; SRSF2 regulates the splicing pattern of IRF3 in EC cells; SRSF2 interacts with exon 2 of IRF3 to regulate its exclusion; SRSF2 inhibits the transcription of IFN1 in EC cells. CONCLUSION This study identified a novel regulatory axis involved in EC from the various aspects of splicing regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuyao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenyuan Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenqing Xing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhijie Shang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital/Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huiyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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Lu K, Fan Q, Zou X. Antisense oligonucleotide is a promising intervention for liver diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1061842. [PMID: 36569303 PMCID: PMC9780395 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1061842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the body's critical metabolic organ, the liver plays an essential role in maintaining proper body homeostasis. However, as people's living standards have improved and the number of unhealthy lifestyles has increased, the liver has become overburdened. These have made liver disease one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Under the influence of adverse factors, liver disease progresses from simple steatosis to hepatitis, to liver fibrosis, and finally to cirrhosis and cancer, followed by increased mortality. Until now, there has been a lack of accepted effective treatments for liver disease. Based on current research, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), as an alternative intervention for liver diseases, is expected to be an effective treatment due to its high efficiency, low toxicity, low dosage, strong specificity, and additional positive characteristics. In this review, we will first introduce the design, modification, delivery, and the mechanisms of ASO, and then summarize the application of ASO in liver disease treatment, including in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer. Finally, we discuss challenges and perspectives on the transfer of ASO drugs into clinical use. This review provides a current and comprehensive understanding of the integrative and systematic functions of ASO for its use in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Lu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qijing Fan
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoju Zou
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoju Zou,
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Garbuzenko DV. Current strategies for targeted therapy of liver fibrosis. BULLETIN OF SIBERIAN MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.20538/1682-0363-2022-3-154-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is an unfavorable event in the natural course of chronic liver diseases (CLD), therefore, early implementation and widespread use of antifibrotic therapy methods is a pressing issue in hepatology. The aim of the review was to describe current approaches to targeted therapy of LF.PubMed database, Google Scholar search engine, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, eLIBRARY.RU scientific electronic library, as well as reference lists of articles were used to search for scientific articles. The publications that corresponded to the aim of the study were selected for the period from 1998 to 2021 by the terms “liver fibrosis”, “pathogenesis”, and “treatment”. Inclusion criteria were restricted to targeted therapy of LF.Despite the growing evidence for reversibility of LF, there are currently no effective or clinically approved regimens for its specific therapy. However, taking into account the relevance of the issue, scientific research in this area is necessary. Multiple drugs with a good safety profile have been studied, which, though intended for other purposes, can have a positive effect on LF. In addition, a number of innovative approaches that differ from pharmacotherapy inspire optimism about finding a solution to this problem. It is obvious that studies focused on well-characterized groups of patients with confirmed histologic, elastography, clinical, and radiological parameters are required. This is a challenging task, since the key point will be stratification of risk based on ethnicity, etiology, and clinical status, and very large samples will be required for a reliable assessment. Nevertheless, the solution will increase efficiency of treatment for patients with CLD, improve their prognosis and quality of life, and significantly reduce the need for liver transplantation, a demand for which remains extremely high worldwide.
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RNA splicing: a dual-edged sword for hepatocellular carcinoma. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:173. [PMID: 35972700 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA splicing is the fundamental process that brings diversity at the transcriptome and proteome levels. The spliceosome complex regulates minor and major processes of RNA splicing. Aberrant regulation is often associated with different diseases, including diabetes, stroke, hypertension, and cancer. In the majority of cancers, dysregulated alternative RNA splicing (ARS) events directly affect tumor progression, invasiveness, and often lead to poor survival of the patients. Alike the rest of the gastrointestinal malignancies, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which alone contributes to ~ 75% of the liver cancers, a large number of ARS events have been observed, including intron retention, exon skipping, presence of alternative 3'-splice site (3'SS), and alternative 5'-splice site (5'SS). These events are reported in spliceosome and non-spliceosome complexes genes. Molecules such as MCL1, Bcl-X, and BCL2 in different isoforms can behave as anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic, making the spliceosome complex a dual-edged sword. The anti-apoptotic isoforms of such molecules bring in resistance to chemotherapy or cornerstone drugs. However, in contrast, multiple malignant tumors, including HCC that target the pro-apoptotic favoring isoforms/variants favor apoptotic induction and make chemotherapy effective. Herein, we discuss different splicing events, aberrations, and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in modulating RNA splicing in HCC tumorigenesis with a possible therapeutic outcome.
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Dou Z, Zhao D, Chen X, Xu C, Jin X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Xie X, Li Q, Di C, Zhang H. Aberrant Bcl-x splicing in cancer: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic modulation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:194. [PMID: 34118966 PMCID: PMC8196531 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-x pre-mRNA splicing serves as a typical example to study the impact of alternative splicing in the modulation of cell death. Dysregulation of Bcl-x apoptotic isoforms caused by precarious equilibrium splicing is implicated in genesis and development of multiple human diseases, especially cancers. Exploring the mechanism of Bcl-x splicing and regulation has provided insight into the development of drugs that could contribute to sensitivity of cancer cells to death. On this basis, we review the multiple splicing patterns and structural characteristics of Bcl-x. Additionally, we outline the cis-regulatory elements, trans-acting factors as well as epigenetic modifications involved in the splicing regulation of Bcl-x. Furthermore, this review highlights aberrant splicing of Bcl-x involved in apoptosis evade, autophagy, metastasis, and therapy resistance of various cancer cells. Last, emphasis is given to the clinical role of targeting Bcl-x splicing correction in human cancer based on the splice-switching oligonucleotides, small molecular modulators and BH3 mimetics. Thus, it is highlighting significance of aberrant splicing isoforms of Bcl-x as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Dou
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Dapeng Zhao
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Caipeng Xu
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuetian Zhang
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yupei Wang
- Medical Genetics Center of Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516029, China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516029, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516029, China.
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Gagliardi M, Ashizawa AT. The Challenges and Strategies of Antisense Oligonucleotide Drug Delivery. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040433. [PMID: 33923688 PMCID: PMC8072990 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are used to selectively inhibit the translation of disease-associated genes via Ribonuclease H (RNaseH)-mediated cleavage or steric hindrance. They are being developed as a novel and promising class of drugs targeting a wide range of diseases. Despite the great potential and numerous ASO drugs in preclinical research and clinical trials, there are many limitations to this technology. In this review we will focus on the challenges of ASO delivery and the strategies adopted to improve their stability in the bloodstream, delivery to target sites, and cellular uptake. Focusing on liposomal delivery, we will specifically describe liposome-incorporated growth factor receptor-bound protein-2 (Grb2) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide BP1001. BP1001 is unique because it is uncharged and is essentially non-toxic, as demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies. Additionally, its enhanced biodistribution makes it an attractive therapeutic modality for hematologic malignancies as well as solid tumors. A detailed understanding of the obstacles that ASOs face prior to reaching their targets and continued advances in methods to overcome them will allow us to harness ASOs’ full potential in precision medicine.
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Wu P, Zhang M, Webster NJG. Alternative RNA Splicing in Fatty Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:613213. [PMID: 33716968 PMCID: PMC7953061 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.613213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing is a process by which introns are removed and exons are assembled to construct different RNA transcript isoforms from a single pre-mRNA. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between dysregulation of RNA splicing and a number of clinical syndromes, but the generality to common disease has not been established. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease affecting one-third of adults worldwide, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review we focus on the change in alternative RNA splicing in fatty liver disease and the role for splicing regulation in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyisha Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Moya Zhang
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas J. G. Webster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Chang Y, Li H. Hepatic Antifibrotic Pharmacotherapy: Are We Approaching Success? J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020; 8:222-229. [PMID: 32832403 PMCID: PMC7438353 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate and mortality of liver fibrosis caused by various etiologies are high throughout the world. Liver fibrosis, the subsequent cirrhosis and other serious related complications threaten the health of patients and represent a serious medical burden; yet, there is still a lack of approved methods to prevent or reverse liver fibrosis. Therefore, effective hepatic antifibrotic drugs are urgently needed. The activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells are still the mechanisms of fibrosis that remain the focus of therapeutic research. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development and applicability of antifibrosis drugs. In this review, we summarize the effectiveness and safety of available antifibrosis drugs utilizing different targets. In addition, some characteristics of antifibrosis drugs in phase II and III trials are introduced in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatic Fibrosis and Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Tianjin, China
- Correspondence to: Hai Li, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, No. 403 Xiqing Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300380, China. Tel: +86-22- 60578765, Fax: +86-22-24370605, E-mail:
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Pitout I, Flynn LL, Wilton SD, Fletcher S. Antisense-mediated splice intervention to treat human disease: the odyssey continues. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31164976 PMCID: PMC6534073 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18466.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent approvals of oligonucleotide analogue drugs to alter gene expression have been welcomed by patient communities but not universally supported. These compounds represent a class of drugs that are designed to target a specific gene transcript, and they include a number of chemical entities to evoke different antisense mechanisms, depending upon the disease aetiology. To date, oligonucleotide therapeutics that are in the clinic or at advanced stages of translation target rare diseases, posing challenges to clinical trial design, recruitment and evaluation and requiring new evaluation paradigms. This review discusses the currently available and emerging therapeutics that alter exon selection through an effect on pre-mRNA splicing and explores emerging concerns over safety and efficacy. Although modification of synthetic nucleic acids destined for therapeutic application is common practice to protect against nuclease degradation and to influence drug function, such modifications may also confer unexpected physicochemical and biological properties. Negatively charged oligonucleotides have a strong propensity to bind extra- and intra-cellular proteins, whereas those analogues with a neutral backbone show inefficient cellular uptake but excellent safety profiles. In addition, the potential for incorporation of chemically modified nucleic acid monomers, yielded by nuclease degradation of exogenous oligonucleotides, into biomolecules has been raised and the possibility not entirely discounted. We conclude with a commentary on the ongoing efforts to develop novel antisense compounds and enhance oligonucleotide delivery in order to further improve efficacy and accelerate implementation of antisense therapeutics for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loren L Flynn
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Perron Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Perron Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.,The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Perron Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
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Sun Q, Li S, Li J, Fu Q, Wang Z, Li B, Liu SS, Su Z, Song J, Lu D. Homoharringtonine regulates the alternative splicing of Bcl-x and caspase 9 through a protein phosphatase 1-dependent mechanism. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:164. [PMID: 29788973 PMCID: PMC5964699 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homoharringtonine (HHT) is a natural alkaloid with potent antitumor activity, but its precise mechanism of action is still poorly understood. METHODS We examined the effect of HHT on alternative splicing of Bcl-x and Caspase 9 in various cells using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mechanism of HHT-affected alternative splicing in these cells was investigated by treatment with protein phosphatase inhibitors and overexpression of a protein phosphatase. RESULTS Treatment with HHT downregulated the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL and Caspase 9b mRNA with a concomitant increase in the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic Bcl-xS and Caspase 9a in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Calyculin A, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), significantly inhibited the effects of HHT on the alternative splicing of Bcl-x and Caspase 9, in contrast to okadaic acid, a specific inhibitor of PP2A. Overexpression of PP1 resulted in a decrease in the ratio of Bcl-xL/xS and an increase in the ratio of Caspase 9a/9b. Moreover, the effects of HHT on Bcl-x and Caspase 9 splicing were enhanced in response to PP1 overexpression. These results suggest that HHT-induced alternative splicing of Bcl-x and Caspase 9 is dependent on PP1 activation. In addition, overexpression of PP1 could induce apoptosis and sensitize MCF7 cells to apoptosis induced by HHT. CONCLUSION Homoharringtonine regulates the alternative splicing of Bcl-x and Caspase 9 through a PP1-dependent mechanism. Our study reveals a novel mechanism underlying the antitumor activities of HHT.
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唐 艳, 阳 学. 肝星状细胞衰老与增殖、凋亡的关系. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:1469-1474. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i16.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs)活化、细胞外基质大量形成是肝纤维化发生发展的关键环节. 许多研究发现, 抑制HSCs增殖、促进HSCs凋亡可阻断肝纤维化进程; 同时研究发现, 促进活化HSCs衰老也可为肝纤维化的防治提供新的策略. 本文就HSCs衰老与增殖、凋亡的关系以及在肝纤维化中的作用相关研究进展予以综述.
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Lin JC, Tsao MF, Lin YJ. Differential Impacts of Alternative Splicing Networks on Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122097. [PMID: 27983653 PMCID: PMC5187897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis functions as a common mechanism to eliminate unnecessary or damaged cells during cell renewal and tissue development in multicellular organisms. More than 200 proteins constitute complex networks involved in apoptotic regulation. Imbalanced expressions of apoptosis-related factors frequently lead to malignant diseases. The biological functions of several apoptotic factors are manipulated through alternative splicing mechanisms which expand gene diversity by generating discrete variants from one messenger RNA precursor. It is widely observed that alternatively-spliced variants encoded from apoptosis-related genes exhibit differential effects on apoptotic regulation. Alternative splicing events are meticulously regulated by the interplay between trans-splicing factors and cis-responsive elements surrounding the regulated exons. The major focus of this review is to highlight recent studies that illustrate the influences of alternative splicing networks on apoptotic regulation which participates in diverse cellular processes and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chun Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fen Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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