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Mathkour M, Cardona JJ, Chaiyamoon A, Glynn RM, Jenkins S, Graham RA, Johal J, Gardner B, Iwanaga J, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS. Classifications of Odontoid Process Fractures: A Systematic Review and Proposal of a New Simplified Classification System Based on Embryology. Cureus 2022; 14:e32520. [PMID: 36654633 PMCID: PMC9838683 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontoid fractures are the most common cervical spine fractures in the elderly. Although many classification systems have been developed for them, the ambiguity in various definitions can potentially lead to misunderstandings. This paper aims to review the terminologies and current classification systems of odontoid fractures and propose a new, simplified anatomical classification. Given the descriptive variability of odontoid fractures in current classifications, we systematically reviewed the literature using PRISMA guidelines querying the National Library of Medicine PubMed database. The initial literature search yielded 175 publications. A total of seven reports met the inclusion criteria and were ultimately included for a full review. The classification systems previously used to categorize fractures of the odontoid process often need to be more transparent, imprecise, and incongruous. To simplify them, a new embryologically accurate system is proposed. A new embryological and anatomically-based system, combining the former systems' specific attributes, allows a more straightforward and adaptable classification of odontoid fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Mathkour
- Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
- Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, USA
- Neurosurgery Division, Jazan University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Juan J Cardona
- Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Arada Chaiyamoon
- Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, THA
| | - Ryan M Glynn
- Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
- Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, USA
| | - Skyler Jenkins
- Orthopaedics, St. George's University, St. George's, GRD
| | - Rachel A Graham
- Internal Medicine, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, New York, USA
| | - Jaspreet Johal
- Neurology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Brady Gardner
- Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
- Neurosurgery, Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, USA
- Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, GRD
- Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
- Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
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Liao S, Jung MK, Hörnig L, Grützner PA, Kreinest M. Injuries of the upper cervical spine—how can instability be identified? INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 44:1239-1253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00264-020-04593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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