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Shen W, Jiang N, Zhou W. What can traditional Chinese medicine do for adult neurogenesis? Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1158228. [PMID: 37123359 PMCID: PMC10130459 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1158228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis plays a crucial role in cognitive function and mood regulation, while aberrant adult neurogenesis contributes to various neurological and psychiatric diseases. With a better understanding of the significance of adult neurogenesis, the demand for improving adult neurogenesis is increasing. More and more research has shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including TCM prescriptions (TCMPs), Chinese herbal medicine, and bioactive components, has unique advantages in treating neurological and psychiatric diseases by regulating adult neurogenesis at various stages, including proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. In this review, we summarize the progress of TCM in improving adult neurogenesis and the key possible mechanisms by which TCM may benefit it. Finally, we suggest the possible strategies of TCM to improve adult neurogenesis in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Jiang, ; Wenxia Zhou,
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Jiang, ; Wenxia Zhou,
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Paro MR, Chakraborty AR, Angelo S, Nambiar S, Bulsara KR, Verma R. Molecular mediators of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. Rev Neurosci 2022; 34:425-442. [PMID: 36073599 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms governing neurological and functional recovery after ischemic stroke are incompletely understood. Recent advances in knowledge of intrinsic repair processes of the CNS have so far translated into minimal improvement in outcomes for stroke victims. Better understanding of the processes underlying neurological recovery after stroke is necessary for development of novel therapeutic approaches. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis have emerged as central mechanisms of post-stroke recovery and potential targets for therapeutics. Frameworks have been developed for conceptualizing cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis at the tissue and cellular levels. These models highlight that angiogenesis and neurogenesis are linked to each other and to functional recovery. However, knowledge of the molecular framework linking angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke is limited. Studies of potential therapeutics typically focus on one mediator or pathway with minimal discussion of its role within these multifaceted biochemical processes. In this article, we briefly review the current understanding of the coupled processes of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke. We then identify the molecular mediators and signaling pathways found in pre-clinical studies to upregulate both processes after stroke and contextualizes them within the current framework. This report thus contributes to a more-unified understanding of the molecular mediators governing angiogenesis and neurogenesis after stroke, which we hope will help guide the development of novel therapeutic approaches for stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch R Paro
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Arijit R Chakraborty
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Sophia Angelo
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Shyam Nambiar
- University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ketan R Bulsara
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Connecticut Health, 135 Dowling Way, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 200 Academic Way, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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Huang P, Wan H, Shao C, Li C, Zhang L, He Y. Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:688596. [PMID: 35111041 PMCID: PMC8801784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a critical factor that leads to a poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. It is an extremely complicated pathological process that is clinically characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. Current available treatments for CI/RI, including mechanical and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CI/RI. Many studies confirm that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) was used as a potential drug for treatment of CI/RI with the advantages of abundant resources, good efficacy, and few side effects. In this paper, we investigate the latest drug discoveries and advancements on CI/RI, make an overview of relevant CHM, and systematically summarize the pathophysiology of CI/RI. In addition, the protective effect and mechanism of related CHM, which includes extraction of single CHM and CHM formulation and preparation, are discussed. Moreover, an outline of the limitations of CHM and the challenges we faced are also presented. This review will be helpful for researchers further propelling the advancement of drugs and supplying more knowledge to support the application of previous discoveries in clinical drug applications against CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Li S, Cui Y, Liang X, Shan J, Gu W, Qiu J, Li Y, Wang G. Functionalized nanoparticles with monocyte membranes and rapamycin achieve synergistic chemoimmunotherapy for reperfusion-induced injury in ischemic stroke. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:331. [PMID: 34674712 PMCID: PMC8529766 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke is an acute and severe neurological disease, and reperfusion is an effective way to reverse brain damage after stroke. However, reperfusion causes secondary tissue damage induced by inflammatory responses, called ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Current therapeutic strategies that control inflammation to treat I/R are less than satisfactory. Results We report a kind of shield and sword nano-soldier functionalized nanoparticles (monocyte membranes-coated rapamycin nanoparticles, McM/RNPs) that can reduce inflammation and relieve I/R injury by blocking monocyte infiltration and inhibiting microglia proliferation. The fabricated McM/RNPs can actively target and bind to inflammatory endothelial cells, which inhibit the adhesion of monocytes to the endothelium, thus acting as a shield. Subsequently, McM/RNPs can penetrate the endothelium to reach the injury site, similar to a sword, and release the RAP drug to inhibit the proliferation of inflammatory cells. In a rat I/R injury model, McM/RNPs exhibited improved active homing to I/R injury areas and greatly ameliorated neuroscores and infarct volume. Importantly, in vivo animal studies revealed good safety for McM/RNPs treatment. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the developed McM/RNPs may serve as an effective and safe nanovehicles for I/R injury therapy. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01067-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yuliang Cui
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiping Liang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Juanjuan Shan
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Yiliang Li
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Wang X, Huang X, Yang M, Pan X, Duan M, Cai H, Jiang G, Wen X, Zou D, Chen L. Tongxinluo promotes axonal plasticity and functional recovery after stroke. Transl Neurosci 2020; 11:428-438. [PMID: 33335781 PMCID: PMC7718613 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the neural plasticity in contralesional cortex and the effects of tongxinluo (TXL) in cerebral ischemic rats. Methodology We used stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive (RHRSP) cerebral ischemia rat models to study the effect of TXL and the underlying mechanisms. We performed foot-fault and beam-walking tests to evaluate the motor function of rats after cortical infarction. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was used to track axonal sprouting and neural connections. Results TXL enhanced the recovery of motor function in cerebral infarction rats. TXL increased axonal sprouting in the peri-infarcted area but not in the corpus callosum, indicating in situ origination instead of crossing between cortical hemispheres through the corpus callosum. TXL promoted the sprouting of corticospinal axons into the denervated side of spinal gray matter. The synaptophysin (SYN)-positive intensity in the peri-infarcted area of TXL-treated group was greater than that in the vehicle group. We observed co-localization of SYN with BDA-positive fibers in the denervated spinal cord gray matter in the TXL group, suggesting that axonal remodeling and synaptic connections were promoted by TXL. Conclusion TXL may promote the recovery of neurological function by promoting the axonal remodeling and synapse formation of motor neuronal fibers after focal cortical infarction in hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 543002, China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Xueying Pan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Meiyi Duan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Guimiao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Xianlong Wen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
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Chinese medicine Tongxinluo capsule protects against blood-brain barrier disruption after ischemic stroke by inhibiting the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 pathway in mice. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105071. [PMID: 32807473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese medicine Tongxinluo capsule (TXL) has been extensively used to treat ischemic stroke in China, and one of its mechanisms is to protect against blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption after stroke. However, the underlying protective mechanisms are not fully illuminated. It is reported that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is involved in BBB disruption after brain ischemia. In this study, we explored whether TXL could downregulate LRP-1 expression and subsequently protect against BBB disruption after stroke using permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in mice. METHODS The animal model of ischemic stroke was induced by pMCAO in male adult C57BL/6J mice. The mice were orally administered TXL (3.0 g/kg) at 1, 3 and 21 h after pMCAO. Meanwhile, the LRP-1 antagonist receptor associated protein (RAP) was intracerebroventricularly injected at 1 and 21 h after stroke. We measured the following parameters at 6 and 24 h: LRP-1 protein level, BBB leakage, and the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins including occludin, claudin-5 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). RESULTS Our results showed that TXL downregulated LRP-1 level, upregulated these TJ proteins level, and reduced BBB leakage in peri-infarct regions after pMCAO. Further study found that the inhibitor RAP played the same role as did TXL in upregulating these TJ proteins level and reducing BBB leakage after stroke. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that TXL protects against BBB disruption after stroke via inhibiting the LRP-1 pathway.
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Liu S, Chang L, Wei C. The sonic hedgehog pathway mediates Tongxinluo capsule‐induced protection against blood‐brain barrier disruption after ischaemic stroke in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 124:660-669. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM (Cardio‐Cerebral Vessel Collateral Disease) Hebei Yiling Chinese Medicine Research Institute Shijiazhuang China
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine Hebei Yiling Chinese Medicine Research Institute Shijiazhuang China
| | - Liping Chang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM (Cardio‐Cerebral Vessel Collateral Disease) Hebei Yiling Chinese Medicine Research Institute Shijiazhuang China
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine Hebei Yiling Chinese Medicine Research Institute Shijiazhuang China
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM (Cardio‐Cerebral Vessel Collateral Disease) Hebei Yiling Chinese Medicine Research Institute Shijiazhuang China
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine Hebei Yiling Chinese Medicine Research Institute Shijiazhuang China
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Wu H, Guo P, Li X, Jin Z, Yang X, Wang Y. Hydroxybutyrate promotes the recovery from cerebral infarction by activating Amp-activated protein kinase signaling. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1195-1202. [PMID: 30116369 PMCID: PMC6090228 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is effective for protection against ischemia/brain damage in rat models. However, the specific underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In line with the previous studies, the present data showed that GHB improves cerebral blood flow (CBF) and physiological variables, including pH, pCO2 and pO2. Using CD31-immunofluorescence staining, a reduction of blood vessel density was indicated in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group; however, GHB treatment enhanced the cerebral vascular density in the ischemic area. In addition, GHB treatment increased the number of BrdU/lectin double-positive cells. Furthermore, the reduction of nestin-positive cells was identified in the brain of MCAO rats, while the number of nestin-positive cells was significantly increased after GHB administration. Compared with the sham group, the activation of Amp-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was identified in MCAO rats, suggesting stress-mediated AMPK activation after ischemia. Furthermore, the western blot assay showed that GHB treatment resulted in further activation of AMPK and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), suggesting an enhanced energy supply. In summary, the present novel data indicates that GHB promotes the recovery from cerebral infarction mainly by activating AMPK and eNOS signaling, thereby enhancing angiogenesis and neuron regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Zhu SZ, Szeto V, Bao MH, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Pharmacological approaches promoting stem cell-based therapy following ischemic stroke insults. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:695-712. [PMID: 29671416 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke can lead to long-term neurological deficits. Adult neurogenesis, the continuous generation of newborn neurons in distinct regions of the brain throughout life, has been considered as one of the appoaches to restore the neurological function following ischemic stroke. However, ischemia-induced spontaneous neurogenesis is not suffcient, thus cell-based therapy, including infusing exogenous stem cells or stimulating endogenous stem cells to help repair of injured brain, has been studied in numerous animal experiments and some pilot clinical trials. While the effects of cell-based therapy on neurological function during recovery remains unproven in randomized controlled trials, pharmacological agents have been administrated to assist the cell-based therapy. In this review, we summarized the limitations of ischemia-induced neurogenesis and stem-cell transplantation, as well as the potential proneuroregenerative effects of drugs that may enhance efficacy of cell-based therapies. Specifically, we discussed drugs that enhance proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival and function connectivity of newborn neurons, which may restore neurobehavioral function and improve outcomes in stroke patients.
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Zhou ZW, Yang QD, Tang QP, Yang J, Guo RJ, Jiang W. Effect of willed movement training on neurorehabilitation after focal cerebral ischemia and on the neural plasticity-associated signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1173-1181. [PMID: 29115485 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurorehabilitation training is a therapeutic intervention for the loss of neural function induced by focal cerebral ischemia, however, the effect varies depending on the neurorehabilitation exercises. Willed movement (WM) training is defined as task‑oriented training, which increases enthusiasm of patients to accomplish a specific task. The current study was performed to the evaluate effect of WM training on neurorehabilitation following focal cerebral ischemia, and further investigate the influence on neural plasticity‑associated signaling pathway. Sprague‑Dawley rats following temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) were randomly divided into four groups: tMCAO (no rehabilitation training), CR (control rehabilitation), EM (environmental modification) and WM groups. Rats in the CR group were forced to exercise (running) in a rotating wheel. In the WM group, food was used to entice rats to climb on a herringbone ladder. Herringbone ladders were also put into the cages of the rats in the CR and EM groups, however without the food attraction. WM group exhibited an improvement in neurobehavioral performance compared with other groups. TTC staining indicated an evident reduction in brain damage in the WM group. There were increased synaptic junctions following WM training, based on the observations of transmission election microscopy. Investigation of the molecular mechanism suggested that WM training conferred the greatest effect on stimulating the extracellular signal‑related kinase (ERK)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element‑binding protein 1 (CREB) pathway and glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2)/glutamate receptor interacting protein 1‑associated protein 1 (GRASP‑1)/protein interacting with C‑kinase 1 (PICK1) cascades among groups. Collectively, the improvement of neurobehavioral performance by WM training following tMCAO is suggested to involve the ERK/CREB pathway and GluR2/GRASP‑1/PICK1 cascades. The present study provided a preliminary foundation for future research on the therapeutic effect of WM training against stroke‑induced neuron damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Dong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Ping Tang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Jing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Angiogenesis in Ischemic Stroke and Angiogenic Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5060056. [PMID: 27275837 PMCID: PMC4929411 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of death and adult disability worldwide. The underlying pathophysiology of stroke is highly complicated, consisting of impairments of multiple signalling pathways, and numerous pathological processes such as acidosis, glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium overload, cerebral inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The current treatment for ischemic stroke is limited to thromolytics such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). tPA has a very narrow therapeutic window, making it suitable to only a minority of stroke patients. Hence, there is great urgency to develop new therapies that can protect brain tissue from ischemic damage. Recent studies have shown that new vessel formation after stroke not only replenishes blood flow to the ischemic area of the brain, but also promotes neurogenesis and improves neurological functions in both animal models and patients. Therefore, drugs that can promote angiogenesis after ischemic stroke can provide therapeutic benefits in stroke management. In this regard, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has a long history in treating stroke and the associated diseases. A number of studies have demonstrated the pro-angiogenic effects of various Chinese herbs and herbal formulations in both in vitro and in vivo settings. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on angiogenesis in the context of ischemic stroke and discuss the potential use of CHM in stroke management through modulation of angiogenesis.
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