1
|
Bian X, Shao X. Advances in the study of gut microbes in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 157:109899. [PMID: 38885595 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy a prevalent childhood neurological disorder, arises from chronic brain dysfunction caused by oversynchronized firing of neurons. Frequent seizures often lead to both physical and intellectual damage in children, seriously affecting their growth and development, life and health. Recent research studies have shown that the intestinal microbes in pediatric epilepsy is significantly different from that of healthy children, characterised by changes in the abundance of specific microbe communities and a reduction in diversity. These alterations may influence epileptic seizures through various pathways, including the microbiota-gut-brain axis by modulating neurotransmitters metabolism, affecting gut barrier function and immune responses, and directly impacting brain activity via the vagus nerves. This review highlights the alterations in gut microbes and their metabolites in epileptic children, analyzes their impact on seizures, and explores potential associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Bian
- Pediatrics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Shao
- Pediatrics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Braga JD, Thongngam M, Kumrungsee T. Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential postbiotic mediator in the gut-brain axis. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:16. [PMID: 38565567 PMCID: PMC10987602 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Imbalances of this neurotransmitter are associated with neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and psychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and stress. Since GABA has long been believed to not cross the blood-brain barrier, the effects of circulating GABA on the brain are neglected. However, emerging evidence has demonstrated that changes in both circulating and brain levels of GABA are associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and that changes in GABA levels and microbiota composition play a role in modulating mental health. This recent research has raised the possibility that GABA may be a potent mediator of the gut-brain axis. This review article will cover up-to-date information about GABA-producing microorganisms isolated from human gut and food sources, explanation why those microorganisms produce GABA, food factors inducing gut-GABA production, evidence suggesting GABA as a mediator linking between gut microbiota and mental health, including anxiety, depression, stress, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and novel information regarding homocarnosine-a predominant brain peptide that is a putative downstream mediator of GABA in regulating brain functions. This review will help us to understand how the gut microbiota and GABA-homocarnosine metabolism play a significant role in brain functions. Nonetheless, it could support further research on the use of GABA production-inducing microorganisms and food factors as agents to treat neurological and psychological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Braga
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Natural Resources, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, 4122, Philippines
| | - Masubon Thongngam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan.
- Smart Agriculture, Graduate School of Innovation and Practice for Smart Society, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borghi E, Xynomilakis O, Ottaviano E, Ceccarani C, Viganò I, Tognini P, Vignoli A. Gut microbiota profile in CDKL5 deficiency disorder patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7376. [PMID: 38548767 PMCID: PMC10978852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by global developmental delay, early-onset seizures, intellectual disability, visual and motor impairments. Unlike Rett Syndrome (RTT), CDD lacks a clear regression period. Patients with CDD frequently encounter gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances and exhibit signs of subclinical immune dysregulation. However, the underlying causes of these conditions remain elusive. Emerging studies indicate a potential connection between neurological disorders and gut microbiota, an area completely unexplored in CDD. We conducted a pioneering study, analyzing fecal microbiota composition in individuals with CDD (n = 17) and their healthy relatives (n = 17). Notably, differences in intestinal bacterial diversity and composition were identified in CDD patients. In particular, at genus level, CDD microbial communities were characterized by an increase in the relative abundance of Clostridium_AQ, Eggerthella, Streptococcus, and Erysipelatoclostridium, and by a decrease in Eubacterium, Dorea, Odoribacter, Intestinomonas, and Gemmiger, pointing toward a dysbiotic profile. We further investigated microbiota changes based on the severity of GI issues, seizure frequency, sleep disorders, food intake type, impairment in neuro-behavioral features and ambulation capacity. Enrichment in Lachnoclostridium and Enterobacteriaceae was observed in the microbiota of patients with more severe GI symptoms, while Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae were enriched in patients experiencing daily epileptic seizures. Our findings suggest a potential connection between CDD, microbiota and symptom severity. This study marks the first exploration of the gut-microbiota-brain axis in subjects with CDD. It adds to the growing body of research emphasizing the role of the gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders and opens doors to potential interventions that target intestinal microbes with the aim of improving the lives of patients with CDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Xynomilakis
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Camilla Ceccarani
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Viganò
- Epilepsy Center-Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Tognini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Aglaia Vignoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Childhood and Adolescence Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei D, Chen X, Xu J, Yin Y, Peng X, Li S, He W. Identification of disordered profiles of gut microbiota and functional component in stroke and poststroke epilepsy. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3318. [PMID: 37984550 PMCID: PMC10726879 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is estimated that 11.5% of patients with stroke (STR) were at risk of suffering poststroke epilepsy (PSE) within 5 years. Gut microbiota is shown to affect health in humans by producing metabolites. The association between dysregulation of gut microbiota and STR/PSE remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify potential gut microbiota and functional component in STR and PSE, which may provide a theoretical foundation for diagnosis and treatment of STR and PSE. METHODS The fresh stool samples were collected from 19 healthy controls, 27 STR patients, and 20 PSE patients for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Analysis of amplicon sequence variant and community diversity was performed, followed by the identification of dominant species, species differences analysis, diagnostic, and functional analysis of species in STR and PSE. RESULTS Community diversity was decreased in STR and PSE. Some disordered profiles of gut microbiota in STR and PSE were identified, such as the increase of Enterococcus and the decrease of butyricicoccus in STR, the increase of Escherichia Shigella and Clostridium innocuum-group and the decrease of Faecalibacterium in PSE, and the decrease of Anaerostipes in both STR and PSE. Moreover, potential diagnostic biomarkers for STR (butyricicoccus), PSE (Faecalibacterium), STR, and PSE (NK4A214_group and Veillonella) were identified. Several significantly dysfunctional components were identified, including l-tryptophan biosynthesis in STR, fatty acid biosynthesis in PSE, and Stress_Tolerant and anaerobic in both STR and PSE. CONCLUSION The disturbed gut microbiota and related dysfunctional components are closely associated with the progression of STR and PSE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Wei
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Xiaopu Chen
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yongling Yin
- Department of NeurologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Xiaotang Peng
- Department of NeurologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Shunxian Li
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Wenzhen He
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu Y, Zhang P, Xu F, Zheng Y, Zhao H. Advances in the study of IL-17 in neurological diseases and mental disorders. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1284304. [PMID: 38046578 PMCID: PMC10690603 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1284304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17), a cytokine characteristically secreted by T helper 17 (Th17) cells, has attracted increasing attention in recent years because of its importance in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that neurological diseases and mental disorders are closely related to immune function, and varying degrees of immune dysregulation may disrupt normal expression of immune molecules at critical stages of neural development. Starting from relevant mechanisms affecting immune regulation, this article reviews the research progress of IL-17 in a selected group of neurological diseases and mental disorders (autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and depression) from the perspective of neuroinflammation and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, summarizes the commonalities, and provides a prospective outlook of target application in disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Piaopiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fenfen Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Molecular Gut-Brain Axis in Early Brain Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315389. [PMID: 36499716 PMCID: PMC9739658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of nerves, immune factors, and hormones in the circulatory system connect the gut and the brain. In bidirectional communication, the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the gut-brain axis (GBA), wherein microbial metabolites of the gut microbiota regulate intestinal homeostasis, thereby influencing brain activity. Dynamic changes are observed in gut microbiota as well as during brain development. Altering the gut microbiota could serve as a therapeutic target for treating abnormalities associated with brain development. Neurophysiological development and immune regulatory disorders are affected by changes that occur in gut microbiota composition and function. The molecular aspects relevant to the GBA could help develop targeted therapies for neurodevelopmental diseases. Herein, we review the findings of recent studies on the role of the GBA in its underlying molecular mechanisms in the early stages of brain development. Furthermore, we discuss the bidirectional regulation of gut microbiota from mother to infant and the potential signaling pathways and roles of posttranscriptional modifications in brain functions. Our review summarizes the role of molecular GBA in early brain development and related disorders, providing cues for novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
7
|
Role of Gut Microbiota through Gut–Brain Axis in Epileptogenesis: A Systematic Review of Human and Veterinary Medicine. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091290. [PMID: 36138769 PMCID: PMC9495720 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease in both dogs and humans. Despite the elevated prevalence and the many advances in human and veterinary medicine, the etiology and pathophysiology of epilepsy still remain unclear. In this systematic review, the authors discussed the possible role of the gut microbiota in the canine idiopathic epilepsy etiopathogenesis via the gut–brain axis. Abstract Canine idiopathic epilepsy is a common neurological disease characterized by the enduring predisposition of the cerebral cortex to generate seizures. An etiological explanation has not been fully identified in humans and dogs, and, among the presumed causes, several studies support the possible involvement of gut microbiota. In this review, the authors summarize the evidence of the reasonable role of gut microbiota in epilepsy through the so-called gut–brain axis. The authors provide an overview of recent clinical and preclinical studies in humans and dogs in which the modulation of intestinal permeability, the alteration of local immune response, and the alteration in production of essential metabolites and neurotransmitters associated with dysbiosis could be responsible for the pathogenesis of canine epilepsy. A systematic review of the literature, following the PRISMA guidelines, was performed in two databases (PubMed and Web of Science). Eleven studies were included and reviewed supporting the connection between gut microbiota and epilepsy via the gut–brain axis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Potential Application of Living Microorganisms in the Detoxification of Heavy Metals. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131905. [PMID: 35804721 PMCID: PMC9265996 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) exposure remains a global occupational and environmental problem that creates a hazard to general health. Even low-level exposure to toxic metals contributes to the pathogenesis of various metabolic and immunological diseases, whereas, in this process, the gut microbiota serves as a major target and mediator of HM bioavailability and toxicity. Specifically, a picture is emerging from recent investigations identifying specific probiotic species to counteract the noxious effect of HM within the intestinal tract via a series of HM-resistant mechanisms. More encouragingly, aided by genetic engineering techniques, novel HM-bioremediation strategies using recombinant microorganisms have been fruitful and may provide access to promising biological medicines for HM poisoning. In this review, we summarized the pivotal mutualistic relationship between HM exposure and the gut microbiota, the probiotic-based protective strategies against HM-induced gut dysbiosis, with reference to recent advancements in developing engineered microorganisms for medically alleviating HM toxicity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Takáčová M, Bomba A, Tóthová C, Micháľová A, Turňa H. Any Future for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Novel Strategy for Gut Microbiota Modulation in Human and Veterinary Medicine? Life (Basel) 2022; 12:723. [PMID: 35629390 PMCID: PMC9146664 DOI: 10.3390/life12050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiome, also known as dysbiosis, are the result of many factors such as diet, antibiotics, stress, diseases, etc. There are currently several ways to modulate intestinal microbiome such as dietary modulation, the use of antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents one new method of gut microbiota modulation in humans with the aim of reconstructing the intestinal microbiome of the recipient. In human medicine, this form of bacteriotherapy is successfully used in cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). FMT has been known in large animal medicine for several years. In small animal medicine, the use of FMT is not part of normal practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Takáčová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alojz Bomba
- Prebiotix s.r.o., 024 01 Kysucké Nové Mesto, Slovakia
| | - Csilla Tóthová
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alena Micháľová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Hana Turňa
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dohm-Hansen S, Donoso F, Lucassen PJ, Clarke G, Nolan YM. The gut microbiome and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: A new focal point for epilepsy? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
11
|
Yue Q, Cai M, Xiao B, Zhan Q, Zeng C. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Epilepsy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:439-453. [PMID: 34279746 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Honoured as the second genome in humans, the gut microbiota is involved in a constellation of physiological and pathological processes, including those related to the central nervous system. The communication between the gut microbiota and the brain is realized by a complex bidirectional connection, known as the "microbiota-gut-brain axis", via neuroendocrine, immunological, and direct neural mechanisms. Recent studies indicate that gut dysfunction/dysbiosis is presumably involved in the pathogenesis of and susceptibility to epilepsy. In addition, the reconstruction of the intestinal microbiome through, for example, faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic intervention, and a ketogenic diet, has exhibited beneficial effects on drug-resistant epilepsy. The purposes of this review are to provide a brief overview of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and to synthesize what is known about the involvement of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of epilepsy, to bring new insight into the pathophysiology of epilepsy and to present a preliminary discussion of novel therapeutic options for epilepsy based on the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yue
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mingfei Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qiong Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China.
| | - Chang Zeng
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Lima AMDL, de Lima Rosa G, Müller Guzzo EF, Padilha RB, Costa da Silva R, Silveira AK, de Lima Morales D, Conci de Araujo M, Fonseca Moreira JC, Barth AL, Coitinho AS, Van Der Sand ST. Gut microbiota modulation by prednisolone in a rat kindling model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure. Microb Pathog 2021; 163:105376. [PMID: 34974121 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex community composed by several microorganisms that interact in the maintenance of homeostasis and contribute to physiological processes, including brain function. The relationship of the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota with neurological diseases such as autism, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, anxiety, and depression is widely recognized. The immune system is an important intermediary between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, being one of the communication routes of the gut-brain axis. Although the complexity of the relationship between inflammation and epilepsy has not yet been elucidated, inflammatory processes are similar in many ways to the consequences of dysbiosis and contribute to disease progression. This study aimed to analyze the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota of rats treated with prednisolone in a kindling model of epilepsy. Male Wistar rats (90 days, n = 24) divided into four experimental groups: sodium chloride solution 0.9 g%, diazepam 2 mg/kg, prednisolone 1 mg/kg, and prednisolone 5 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days. The kindling model was induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) 25 mg/kg i.p. on alternate days. The taxonomic profile was established by applying metagenomic DNA sequencing. There was no change in alpha diversity, and the composition of the gut microbiota between prednisolone and diazepam was similar. The significant increase in Verrucomicrobia, Saccharibacteria, and Actinobacteria may be related to the protective activity against seizures and inflammatory processes that cause some cases of epilepsy. Further studies are needed to investigate the functional influence that these species have on epilepsy and the inflammatory processes that trigger it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Muliterno Domingues Lourenço de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Lima Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson Fernando Müller Guzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bremm Padilha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kleber Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2.600 - Annex, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Lima Morales
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2.350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milena Conci de Araujo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Fonseca Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2.600 - Annex, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Afonso Luís Barth
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Resistência Bacteriana, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2.350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Simon Coitinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Sueli Teresinha Van Der Sand
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Emerging Scenario of the Gut-Brain Axis: The Therapeutic Actions of the New Actor Kefir against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111845. [PMID: 34829716 PMCID: PMC8614795 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that millions of people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or Parkinson’s disease (PD), the two most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), has been a permanent challenge to science. New tools were developed over the past two decades and were immediately incorporated into routines in many laboratories, but the most valuable scientific contribution was the “waking up” of the gut microbiota. Disturbances in the gut microbiota, such as an imbalance in the beneficial/pathogenic effects and a decrease in diversity, can result in the passage of undesired chemicals and cells to the systemic circulation. Recently, the potential effect of probiotics on restoring/preserving the microbiota was also evaluated regarding important metabolite and vitamin production, pathogen exclusion, immune system maturation, and intestinal mucosal barrier integrity. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to discuss the available data and conclude what has been accomplished over the past two decades. This perspective fosters program development of the next steps that are necessary to obtain confirmation through clinical trials on the magnitude of the effects of kefir in large samples.
Collapse
|
14
|
García-Belenguer S, Grasa L, Valero O, Palacio J, Luño I, Rosado B. Gut Microbiota in Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Effects of Disease and Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113121. [PMID: 34827852 PMCID: PMC8614570 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is evidence that supports the existence of a gut-brain axis system through which bi-directional communication occurs between gut bacteria and the brain. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in humans and dogs. The role of microbiota in epilepsy remains unknown but it has been suggested that it is a possible influence of gut bacteria in controlling seizures. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in gut microbiota from dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and the possible effect of antiepileptic drugs on the modulation of the composition of this microbiota. In comparison with control dogs, drug-naive epileptic individuals showed a significantly reduced abundance of GABA and SCFAs-producing bacteria, as well as bacteria associated with reduced risk for brain disease. Moreover, the use of phenobarbital or imepitoin monotherapy during one month in epileptic dogs did not modify the gut microbiota composition. These results open up the possibility of studying probiotic interventions in epilepsy. Considering the phylogenetic and metabolic similarities in intestinal microbiome between humans and dogs, this study contributes to the understanding of epilepsy both in human and veterinary medicine. Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in humans and dogs. The structure and composition of gut microbiome associated to this disorder has not yet been analyzed in depth but there is evidence that suggests a possible influence of gut bacteria in controlling seizures. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in gut microbiota associated to canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and the possible influence of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the modulation of this microbiota. Faecal microbiota composition was analyzed using sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in a group of healthy controls (n = 12) and a group of epileptic dogs both before (n = 10) and after a 30-day single treatment with phenobarbital or imepitoin (n = 9). Epileptic dogs showed significantly reduced abundance of GABA (Pseudomonadales, Pseudomonadaceae, Pseudomonas and Pseudomona_graminis) and SCFAs-producing bacteria (Peptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Anaerotruncus) as well as bacteria associated with reduced risk for brain disease (Prevotellaceae) than control dogs. The administration of AEDs during 30 days did not modify the gut microbiota composition. These results are expected to contribute to the understanding of canine idiopathic epilepsy and open up the possibility of studying new therapeutic approaches for this disorder, including probiotic intervention to restore gut microbiota in epileptic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia García-Belenguer
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza—CITA, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Olga Valero
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Jorge Palacio
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Isabel Luño
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
| | - Belén Rosado
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (O.V.); (J.P.); (I.L.); (B.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chatzikonstantinou S, Gioula G, Kimiskidis VK, McKenna J, Mavroudis I, Kazis D. The gut microbiome in drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:28-37. [PMID: 33681645 PMCID: PMC7918308 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant epileptic patients make up approximately one-third of the global epilepsy population. The pathophysiology of drug resistance has not been fully elucidated; however, current evidence suggests intestinal dysbiosis, as a possible etiopathogenic factor. Ketogenic diet, whose effect is considered to be mediated by alteration of gut microbiota synthesis, has long been administered in patients with medically refractory seizures, with positive outcomes. In this review, we present data derived from clinical studies regarding alterations of gut microbiome profile in drug-resistant epileptic patients. We further attempt to describe the mechanisms through which the gut microbiome modification methods (including ketogenic diet, pre- or probiotic administration) improve drug-resistant epilepsy, by reporting findings from preclinical and clinical studies. A comprehensive search of the published literature on the PubMed, Embase, and Web of science databases was performed. Overall, the role of gut microbiome in drug-resistant epilepsy is an area which shows promise for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. More research is required to confirm the results from preliminary studies, as well as safety and effectiveness of altering gut bacterial composition, through the above-mentioned methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Gioula
- Microbiology DepartmentMedical SchoolAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Vasilios K. Kimiskidis
- Laboratory of Clinical NeurophysiologyMedical SchoolAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Kazis
- Third Department of NeurologyAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Gut Microbiome of Dogs and Cats, and the Influence of Diet. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:605-621. [PMID: 33653538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a functional organ, and responds metabolically to the nutrient composition within the diet. Fiber, starch, and protein content have strong effects on the microbiome composition, and changes in these nutrient profiles can induce rapid shifts. Due to functional redundancy of bacteria within microbial communities, important metabolites for health can be produced by different bacteria. Microbiome alterations associated with disease are of greater magnitude than those seen in healthy dogs on different diets. Dietary changes, addition of prebiotics, and probiotics, can be beneficial to improve microbial diversity and to normalize metabolite production in diseased dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A Gluten Free Diet in the Management of Epilepsy in People with Coeliac Disease or Gluten Sensitivity. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to assess the effects of a gluten free diet (GFD) in the management of epilepsy in people with coeliac disease (CD) or gluten sensitivity (GS). A systematic approach was used to undertake a literature review. Five electronic databases (PubMed; Scopus; Google Scholar; Cochrane Epilepsy Group specialised register; Cochrane Register of Controlled Trails (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Online Trials) were searched using predetermined relevant search terms. In total, 668 articles were identified. Duplicates were removed and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and a PRISMA flow chart was produced. Data was extracted using Covidence software. Twelve studies on Epilepsy and CD involving a total of 70 participants were selected for analysis; narrative synthesis was used owing to the small sample sizes in the selected studies. None of the 12 studies meeting inclusion criteria investigated gluten sensitivity and epilepsy. All the included studies support a link between epilepsy and CD. GFD was effective in 44 out of 70 participants across the studies in terms of a reduction of seizures, reduction of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or normalisation of EEG pattern. A total of 44 participants showed a reduction in seizures (across eight studies) and complete cessation of seizures was reported in 22 participants. In general, the earlier the GFD is implemented after the onset of seizures, the better the likelihood of the GFD being successful in supporting control of seizures. Mechanisms linking gluten with epilepsy are not fully understood; possible hypotheses include gluten mediated toxicity, immune-induced cortical damage and malabsorption. Evidence suggests the effectiveness of a GFD in supporting the management of epilepsy in patients with CD, although the quality of evidence is low. There appears to be a growing number of neurologists who are prepared to advocate the use of a GFD. A multidisciplinary approaches and further research are recommended. It could be argued that when balancing potential treatments such as AEDs or surgery, a GFD has a low likelihood of harm.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ceppa FA, Izzo L, Sardelli L, Raimondi I, Tunesi M, Albani D, Giordano C. Human Gut-Microbiota Interaction in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Current Engineered Tools for Its Modeling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:297. [PMID: 32733812 PMCID: PMC7358350 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The steady increase in life-expectancy of world population, coupled to many genetic and environmental factors (for instance, pre- and post-natal exposures to environmental neurotoxins), predispose to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, whose prevalence is expected to increase dramatically in the next years. Recent studies have proposed links between the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Human body is a complex structure where bacterial and human cells are almost equal in numbers, and most microbes are metabolically active in the gut, where they potentially influence other target organs, including the brain. The role of gut microbiota in the development and pathophysiology of the human brain is an area of growing interest for the scientific community. Several microbial-derived neurochemicals involved in the gut-microbiota-brain crosstalk seem implicated in the biological and physiological basis of neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Evidence supporting these connections has come from model systems, but there are still unsolved issues due to several limitations of available research tools. New technologies are recently born to help understanding the causative role of gut microbes in neurodegeneration. This review aims to make an overview of recent advances in the study of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the field of neurodegenerative disorders by: (a) identifying specific microbial pathological signaling pathways; (b) characterizing new, advanced engineered tools to study the interactions between human cells and gut bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Andrea Ceppa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sardelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Tunesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The gut microbiome in epilepsy. Microb Pathog 2020; 139:103853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
20
|
Pilla R, Suchodolski JS. The Role of the Canine Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Health and Gastrointestinal Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:498. [PMID: 31993446 PMCID: PMC6971114 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome contributes to host metabolism, protects against pathogens, educates the immune system, and, through these basic functions, affects directly or indirectly most physiologic functions of its host. Molecular techniques have allowed us to expand our knowledge by unveiling a wide range of unculturable bacteria that were previously unknown. Most bacterial sequences identified in the canine gastrointestinal (GI) tract fall into five phyla: Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. While there are variations in the microbiome composition along the GI tract, most clinical studies concentrate on fecal microbiota. Age, diet, and many other environmental factors may play a significant role in the maintenance of a healthy microbiome, however, the alterations they cause pale in comparison with the alterations found in diseased animals. GI dysfunctions are the most obvious association with gut dysbiosis. In dogs, intestinal inflammation, whether chronic or acute, is associated with significant differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Gut dysbiosis happens when such alterations result in functional changes in the microbial transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome. Commonly affected metabolites include short-chain fatty acids, and amino acids, including tryptophan and its catabolites. A recently developed PCR-based algorithm termed “Dysbiosis Index” is a tool that allows veterinarians to quantify gut dysbiosis and can be used to monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Alterations or imbalances in the microbiota affect immune function, and strategies to manipulate the gut microbiome may be useful for GI related diseases. Antibiotic usage induces a rapid and significant drop in taxonomic richness, diversity, and evenness. For that reason, a renewed interest has been put on probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Although probiotics are typically unable to colonize the gut, the metabolites they produce during their transit through the GI tract can ameliorate clinical signs and modify microbiome composition. Another interesting development is FMT, which may be a promising tool to aid recovery from dysbiosis, but further studies are needed to evaluate its potential and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sasmita AO. Modification of the gut microbiome to combat neurodegeneration. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:795-805. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The gut microbiome was extensively researched for its biological variety and its potential role in propagating diseases outside of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Recently, a lot of effort was focused on comprehending the gut-brain axis and the bizarre communication between the GI system and the nervous system. Ample amount of studies being carried out also revealed the involvement of the gut microbiome in enhancing the degree of many neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. It was widely observed that there were distinct microbiome profiles and dysbiosis within patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Various approaches to re-establish the balance of the gut microbiome, from antibiotic therapy, fecal microbiota transplant, or ingestion of psychobiotics, are discussed within this review within the specific context of combating neurodegenerative diseases. Present studies and clinical trials indicate that although there is an immense potential of gut microbiome modification to be preventive or therapeutic, there are still many intercalated components of the gut-brain axis at play and thus, more research needs to be carried out to delineate microbiome factors that may potentially alleviate symptoms of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
22
|
Effect of probiotic supplementation on seizure activity and cognitive performance in PTZ-induced chemical kindling. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 95:43-50. [PMID: 31026781 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders that severely affect life quality of many people worldwide. Ion transport in the neuronal membrane, inhibitory-excitatory mechanisms, and regulatory modulator systems have been implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. A bidirectional communication is proposed between brain and gut where the brain modulates the gastrointestinal tract, and the gut can affect brain function and behavior. The gut microbiome takes an important role in health and disease where dysbiosis is involved in several neurological disorders. Probiotics as living microorganisms are beneficial to humans and animals when adequately administered. In the present work, we evaluated the effect of a probiotic bacteria mixture on seizure activity, cognitive function, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide (NO), malondealdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level of the brain tissue in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindled rats. The Racine score and performance in water maze were considered as indices of the epileptic severity and the spatial learning and memory, respectively. We found that the probiotic supplementation substantially reduces seizure severity so that almost no probiotic-treated animals showed full kindling. The oral bacteriotherapy partially improved the spatial learning and memory in the kindled rats. The intervention decreased NO and MDA and increased TAC concentration of the brain. The probiotic treatment also increased the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Our findings are the first preclinical report to show positive effect of probiotic bacteria on seizure-induced neurological disorders. Further investigation is required to answer the questions raised about the probable mechanisms involved.
Collapse
|
23
|
Alexandre-Silva GM, Brito-Souza PA, Oliveira AC, Cerni FA, Zottich U, Pucca MB. The hygiene hypothesis at a glance: Early exposures, immune mechanism and novel therapies. Acta Trop 2018; 188:16-26. [PMID: 30165069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis was proposed almost three decades ago. Nevertheless, its mechanism still remains with relevant controversies. Some studies defend that early exposures during childhood to microbes and parasites are key determinants to prevent allergies and autoimmune diseases; however, other studies demonstrated that these early exposures can even potentiate the clinical scenario of the diseases. Based on several studies covering the influences of microbiome, parasites, related theories and others, this review focuses on recent advances in the hygiene hypothesis field. In addition, the main immunological mechanisms underlying the hygiene hypothesis are also discussed. We also strongly encourage that researchers do not consider the hygiene hypothesis as a theory based strictly on hygiene habits, but a theory combining diverse influences, as illustrated in this review as the hygiene hypothesis net.
Collapse
|
24
|
Liang S, Wu X, Jin F. Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 30271330 PMCID: PMC6142822 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders and neurological diseases are becoming a rapidly increasing medical burden. Although extensive studies have been conducted, the progress in developing effective therapies for these diseases has still been slow. The current dilemma reminds us that the human being is a superorganism. Only when we take the human self and its partner microbiota into consideration at the same time, can we better understand these diseases. Over the last few centuries, the partner microbiota has experienced tremendous change, much more than human genes, because of the modern transformations in diet, lifestyle, medical care, and so on, parallel to the modern epidemiological transition. Existing research indicates that gut microbiota plays an important role in this transition. According to gut-brain psychology, the gut microbiota is a crucial part of the gut-brain network, and it communicates with the brain via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota almost develops synchronously with the gut-brain, brain, and mind. The gut microbiota influences various normal mental processes and mental phenomena, and is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous mental and neurological diseases. Targeting the microbiota in therapy for these diseases is a promising approach that is supported by three theories: the gut microbiota hypothesis, the "old friend" hypothesis, and the leaky gut theory. The effects of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior are fulfilled by the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which is mainly composed of the nervous pathway, endocrine pathway, and immune pathway. Undoubtedly, gut-brain psychology will bring great enhancement to psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Various microbiota-improving methods including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, a healthy diet, and healthy lifestyle have shown the capability to promote the function of the gut-brain, microbiota-gut-brain axis, and brain. It will be possible to harness the gut microbiota to improve brain and mental health and prevent and treat related diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Albenzio M, Santillo A, Ciliberti MG, Figliola L, Caroprese M, Polito AN, Messina G. Milk nutrition and childhood epilepsy: An ex vivo study on cytokines and oxidative stress in response to milk protein fractions. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4842-4852. [PMID: 29573802 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a pilot study on the effects of milk protein fractions [αS1-casein (CN), αS2-CN, κ-CN, β-CN, and a mix of α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG)] from different animal species (bovine, ovine, and caprine) on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative status in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with generalized epilepsy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by density gradient from blood of 10 children with generalized epilepsy (5 males; mean age 33.6 ± 5.4 mo) and 10 controls (5 males; mean age 35.6 ± 6.8 mo). Children with epilepsy were grouped according to cytokine levels as follows: children with epilepsy having low levels of cytokines not different from those of control children (LL-EC); children with epilepsy having cytokine levels at least 5-fold higher (medium levels) than those of control children (ML-EC); and children with epilepsy having cytokine levels at least 10-fold higher (high levels) than those of control children (HL-EC). The production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, IL-6, and IL-1β was studied in cultured PBMC incubated with αS1-CN, αS2-CN, κ-CN, β-CN, and a mix of α-LA and β-LG from bovine, caprine, and ovine milks. The levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and catalase activity were assessed in cultured supernatant. In the HL-EC group, β-CN from small ruminant species (ovine and caprine) induced the highest levels of TNF-α, whereas PBMC incubated with αS2-CN from ovine milk and the mix of β-LG and α-LA from all tested milk species had the lowest levels of TNF-α. Within the HL-EC group, production of IL-1β was higher for bovine and ovine αS2-CN fractions and lower for caprine and ovine β-CN and κ-CN. In the HL-EC group, IL-6 was higher in cultured PBMC incubated with αS2-CN from bovine and ovine milk than from caprine milk. The cytokine IL-10 did not differ among milking species. The highest levels of ROS/RNS were found after incubation of PBMC with the β-CN fraction in bovine milk. Catalase activity was higher in PBMC cultured with β-CN isolated from bovine and caprine milk and with αS1-CN from ovine milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Albenzio
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
| | - A Santillo
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - M G Ciliberti
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - L Figliola
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - M Caroprese
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - A N Polito
- Complex Structure of Neuropsychiatry Childhood-Adolescence of Ospedali Riuniti of Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - G Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Viale Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Immunoregulatory effect of mast cells influenced by microbes in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:68-89. [PMID: 28676349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When related to central nervous system (CNS) health and disease, brain mast cells (MCs) can be a source of either beneficial or deleterious signals acting on neural cells. We review the current state of knowledge about molecular interactions between MCs and glia in neurodegenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy. We also discuss the influence on MC actions evoked by the host microbiota, which has a profound effect on the host immune system, inducing important consequences in neurodegenerative disorders. Gut dysbiosis, reduced intestinal motility and increased intestinal permeability, that allow bacterial products to circulate and pass through the blood-brain barrier, are associated with neurodegenerative disease. There are differences between the microbiota of neurologic patients and healthy controls. Distinguishing between cause and effect is a challenging task, and the molecular mechanisms whereby remote gut microbiota can alter the brain have not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, modulation of the microbiota and MC activation have been shown to promote neuroprotection. We review this new information contributing to a greater understanding of MC-microbiota-neural cells interactions modulating the brain, behavior and neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Xie G, Zhou Q, Qiu CZ, Dai WK, Wang HP, Li YH, Liao JX, Lu XG, Lin SF, Ye JH, Ma ZY, Wang WJ. Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6164-6171. [PMID: 28970732 PMCID: PMC5597508 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i33.6164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota (GM), and how ketogenic diet (KD) alters GM.
METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded. Stool samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform. The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR, and inter-group comparison was conducted by R software.
RESULTS After being on KD treatment for a week, 64% of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement, with a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. GM structure in epileptic infants (P1 group) differed dramatically from that in healthy infants (Health group). Proteobacteria, which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group, decreased dramatically after KD treatment (P2 group). Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups. Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group, in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing.
CONCLUSION GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group. KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gan Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518129, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuang-Zhao Qiu
- WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518129, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Kui Dai
- WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518129, Guangdong Province, China
| | - He-Ping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yin-Hu Li
- WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518129, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Xiang Liao
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Guo Lu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Su-Fang Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing-Hua Ye
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhuo-Ya Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Jian Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Host-microbe interactions are influenced by complex host genetics and environment. Studies across animal taxa have aided our understanding of how intestinal microbiota influence vertebrate development, disease, and physiology. However, traditional mammalian studies can be limited by the use of isogenic strains, husbandry constraints that result in small sample sizes and limited statistical power, reliance on indirect characterization of gut microbial communities from fecal samples, and concerns of whether observations in artificial conditions are actually reflective of what occurs in the wild. Fish models are able to overcome many of these limitations. The extensive variation in the physiology, ecology, and natural history of fish enriches studies of the evolution and ecology of host-microbe interactions. They share physiological and immunological features common among vertebrates, including humans, and harbor complex gut microbiota, which allows identification of the mechanisms driving microbial community assembly. Their accelerated life cycles and large clutch sizes and the ease of sampling both internal and external microbial communities make them particularly well suited for robust statistical studies of microbial diversity. Gnotobiotic techniques, genetic manipulation of the microbiota and host, and transparent juveniles enable novel insights into mechanisms underlying development of the digestive tract and disease states. Many diseases involve a complex combination of genes which are difficult to manipulate in homogeneous model organisms. By taking advantage of the natural genetic variation found in wild fish populations, as well as of the availability of powerful genetic tools, future studies should be able to identify conserved genes and pathways that contribute to human genetic diseases characterized by dysbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Lescak
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Biological Sciences, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|