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Chen K, Wei X, Zhang W, Wang R, Wang Y, Yang L. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 derived from the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with postherpetic neuralgia induces allodynia via the crosstalk between microglia and astrocyte. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:836-850. [PMID: 38735405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) possesses the capability to trigger glial activation and inflammation, yet the specific changes in its composition remain unclear. Recent findings from our research indicate elevations of central bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) during neuropathic pain (NP), serving as an independent modulator of glial cells. Herein, the aim of the present study is to test the CSF-BMP4 expressions and its role in the glial modulation in the process of PHN. METHODS CSF samples were collected from both PHN patients and non-painful individuals (Control) to assess BMP4 and its antagonist Noggin levels. Besides, intrathecal administration of both CSF types was conducted in normal rats to evaluate the impact on pain behavior, glial activity, and inflammation.; Additionally, both Noggin and STAT3 antagonist-Stattic were employed to treat the PHN-CSF or exogenous BMP4 challenged cultured astrocytes to explore downstream signals. Finally, microglial depletion was performed prior to the PHN-CSF intervention so as to elucidate the microglia-astrocyte crosstalk. RESULTS BMP4 levels were significantly higher in PHN-CSF compared to Control-CSF (P < 0.001), with a positive correlation with pain duration (P < 0.05, r = 0.502). Comparing with the Control-CSF producing moderate paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) decline and microglial activation, PHN-CSF further exacerbated allodynia and triggered both microglial and astrocytic activation (P < 0.05). Moreover, PHN-CSF rather than Control-CSF evoked microglial proliferation and pro-inflammatory transformation, reinforced iron storage, and activated astrocytes possibly through both SMAD159 and STAT3 signaling, which were all mitigated by the Noggin application (P < 0.05). Next, both Noggin and Stattic effectively attenuated BMP4-induced GFAP and IL-6 upregulation, as well as SMAD159 and STAT3 phosphorylation in the cultured astrocytes (P < 0.05). Finally, microglial depletion diminished PHN-CSF induced astrogliosis, inflammation and endogenous BMP4 expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study highlights the role of CSF-BMP4 elevation in glial activation and allodynia during PHN, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Pain Management, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaojin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Pain Management, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of the Laboratory, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- Bourns Engineering, The University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Pain Management, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Pain Management, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Frazel PW, Labib D, Fisher T, Brosh R, Pirjanian N, Marchildon A, Boeke JD, Fossati V, Liddelow SA. Longitudinal scRNA-seq analysis in mouse and human informs optimization of rapid mouse astrocyte differentiation protocols. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1726-1738. [PMID: 37697111 PMCID: PMC10763608 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Macroglia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) are required for normal development and function of the central nervous system, yet many questions remain about their emergence during the development of the brain and spinal cord. Here we used single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq/snRNA-seq) to analyze over 298,000 cells and nuclei during macroglia differentiation from mouse embryonic and human-induced pluripotent stem cells. We computationally identify candidate genes involved in the fate specification of glia in both species and report heterogeneous expression of astrocyte surface markers across differentiating cells. We then used our transcriptomic data to optimize a previous mouse astrocyte differentiation protocol, decreasing the overall protocol length and complexity. Finally, we used multi-omic, dual single-nuclei (sn)RNA-seq/snATAC-seq analysis to uncover potential genomic regulatory sites mediating glial differentiation. These datasets will enable future optimization of glial differentiation protocols and provide insight into human glial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Frazel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - David Labib
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Theodore Fisher
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ran Brosh
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nicolette Pirjanian
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Anne Marchildon
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
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Hey G, Willman M, Patel A, Goutnik M, Willman J, Lucke-Wold B. Stem Cell Scaffolds for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury-A Review. BIOMECHANICS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:322-342. [PMID: 37664542 PMCID: PMC10469078 DOI: 10.3390/biomechanics3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a profoundly debilitating yet common central nervous system condition resulting in significant morbidity and mortality rates. Major causes of SCI encompass traumatic incidences such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports injuries. Present treatment strategies for SCI aim to improve and enhance neurologic functionality. The ability for neural stem cells (NSCs) to differentiate into diverse neural and glial cell precursors has stimulated the investigation of stem cell scaffolds as potential therapeutics for SCI. Various scaffolding modalities including composite materials, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and hydrogels have been explored. However, most trials remain largely in the preclinical stage, emphasizing the need to further develop and refine these treatment strategies before clinical implementation. In this review, we delve into the physiological processes that underpin NSC differentiation, including substrates and signaling pathways required for axonal regrowth post-injury, and provide an overview of current and emerging stem cell scaffolding platforms for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hey
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matthew Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Aashay Patel
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael Goutnik
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jonathan Willman
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Son JP, Kim EH, Shin EK, Kim DH, Sung JH, Oh MJ, Cha JM, Chopp M, Bang OY. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Extracellular Vesicle Therapy for Stroke: Scalable Production and Imaging Biomarker Studies. Stem Cells Transl Med 2023:szad034. [PMID: 37311045 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A major clinical hurdle to translate MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is the lack of a method to scale-up the production of EVs with customized therapeutic properties. In this study, we tested whether EV production by a scalable 3D-bioprocessing method is feasible and improves neuroplasticity in animal models of stroke using MRI study. MSCs were cultured in a 3D-spheroid using a micro-patterned well. The EVs were isolated with filter and tangential flow filtration and characterized using electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and small RNA sequencing. Compared to conventional 2D culture, the production-reproduction of EVs (the number/size of particles and EV purity) obtained from 3D platform were more consistent among different lots from the same donor and among different donors. Several microRNAs with molecular functions associated with neurogenesis were upregulated in EVs obtained from 3D platform. EVs induced both neurogenesis and neuritogenesis via microRNAs (especially, miR-27a-3p and miR-132-3p)-mediated actions. EV therapy improved functional recovery on behavioral tests and reduced infarct volume on MRI in stroke models. The dose of MSC-EVs of 1/30 cell dose had similar therapeutic effects. In addition, the EV group had better anatomical and functional connectivity on diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional MRI in a mouse stroke model. This study shows that clinical-scale MSC-EV therapeutics are feasible, cost-effective, and improve functional recovery following experimental stroke, with a likely contribution from enhanced neurogenesis and neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Pyo Son
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Accelerator Radioisotope Research Section, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- R&D Division, S&E bio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Shin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- R&D Division, S&E bio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hee Sung
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- R&D Division, S&E bio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Oh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Min Cha
- 3D Stem Cell Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Mechatronics, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Oh Young Bang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- R&D Division, S&E bio Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, South Korea
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Shen W, Liu S, Wei X, Wang Y, Yang L. Infiltrating circulating monocytes provide an important source of BMP4 at the early stage of spinal cord injury. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286061. [PMID: 36518009 PMCID: PMC9884123 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)4 plays a critical role in regulating neuronal and glial activity in the course of spinal cord injury (SCI). The underlying cause and cellular source of BMP4 accumulation at the injured spinal cord remain unclear. Here, we observed that plasma BMP4 levels are statistically higher in SCI patients than in healthy donors. When comparing rats in the sham group (T9 laminectomy without SCI) with rats in the SCI group, we found a persistent decline in BBB scores, together with necrosis and mononuclear cell accumulation at the contusion site. Moreover, during 2 weeks after SCI both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of BMP4 displayed notable elevation, and a positive correlation. Importantly, percentages of circulating BMP4-positive (BMP4+) monocytes and infiltrating MDMs were higher in the SCI group than in the sham group. Finally, in the SCI+clodronate liposome group, depletion of monocytes effectively attenuated the accumulation of both BMP4+ MDMs and BMP4 in the injured spinal cord. Our results indicated that, following SCI, infiltrating MDMs provide an important source of BMP4 in the injured spinal cord and, therefore, might serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shuxin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Department of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, China,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Authors for correspondence (; )
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Lee DG, Kim YK, Baek KH. The bHLH Transcription Factors in Neural Development and Therapeutic Applications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213936. [PMID: 36430421 PMCID: PMC9696289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of functional neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the production of sufficient numbers of various types of neurons and glial cells, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, at the appropriate periods and regions. Hence, severe neuronal loss of the circuits can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Treatment of such neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuronal loss includes some strategies of cell therapy employing stem cells (such as neural progenitor cells (NPCs)) and gene therapy through cell fate conversion. In this report, we review how bHLH acts as a regulator in neuronal differentiation, reprogramming, and cell fate determination. Moreover, several different researchers are conducting studies to determine the importance of bHLH factors to direct neuronal and glial cell fate specification and differentiation. Therefore, we also investigated the limitations and future directions of conversion or transdifferentiation using bHLH factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gi Lee
- Joint Section of Science in Environmental Technology, Food Technology, and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Incheon 21569, Korea
| | - Young-Kwang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-881-7134
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Han XX, Cai C, Yu LM, Wang M, Yang W, Hu DY, Ren J, Zhu LY, Deng JJ, Chen QQ, He H, Gao Z. Glioma stem cells and neural stem cells respond differently to BMP4 signaling. CELL REGENERATION 2022; 11:36. [DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMalignant glioma is a highly heterogeneous and invasive primary brain tumor characterized by high recurrence rates, resistance to combined therapy, and dismal prognosis. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are likely responsible for tumor progression, resistance to therapy, recurrence, and poor prognosis owing to their high self-renewal and tumorigenic potential. As a family member of BMP signaling, bone morphogenetic protein4 (BMP4) has been reported to induce the differentiation of GSCs and neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the BMP4-mediated effects in these two cell types are unclear. In this study, we treated hGSCs and hNSCs with BMP4 and compared the phenotypic and transcriptional changes between these two cell types. Phenotypically, we found that the growth of hGSCs was greatly inhibited by BMP4, but the same treatment only increased the cell size of hNSCs. While the RNA sequencing results showed that BMP4 treatment evoked significantly transcriptional changes in both hGSCs and hNSCs, the profiles of differentially expressed genes were distinct between the two groups. A gene set that specifically targeted the proliferation and differentiation of hGSCs but not hNSCs was enriched and then validated in hGSC culture. Our results suggested that hGSCs and hNSCs responded differently to BMP4 stimulation. Understanding and investigating different responses between hGSCs and hNSCs will benefit finding partner factors working together with BMP4 to further suppress GSCs proliferation and stemness without disturbing NSCs.
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Setiawan AM, Kamarudin TA, Abd Ghafar N. The role of BMP4 in adipose-derived stem cell differentiation: A minireview. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1045103. [PMID: 36340030 PMCID: PMC9634734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1045103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines responsible for stem cells’ commitment to differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. To date, various studies have utilized BMP4 as a chemical inducer for in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) based on its potential. BMP4 drives in vitro differentiation of ADSC via TGF-β signaling pathway by interactions with BMP receptors leading to the activation of smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways. The BMP4 signaling pathways are regulated by intracellular and extracellular BMP4 antagonists. Extracellular BMP4 antagonist prevents interaction between BMP4 ligand to its receptors, while intracellular BMP4 antagonist shutdowns the smad-dependent pathways through multiple mechanisms. BMP4 proved as one of the popular differentiation factors to induce ADSC differentiation into cell from mesodermal origin. However, addition of all-trans retinoic acid is also needed in trans-differentiation of ADSC into ectodermal lineage cells. Suggesting that both BMP4 and RA signaling pathways may be necessary to be activated for in vitro trans-differentiation of ADSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Malik Setiawan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Taty Anna Kamarudin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Taty Anna Kamarudin,
| | - Norzana Abd Ghafar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pathophysiology and Emerging Molecular Therapeutic Targets in Heterotopic Ossification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136983. [PMID: 35805978 PMCID: PMC9266941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term heterotopic ossification (HO) describes bone formation in tissues where bone is normally not present. Musculoskeletal trauma induces signalling events that in turn trigger cells, probably of mesenchymal origin, to differentiate into bone. The aetiology of HO includes extremely rare but severe, generalised and fatal monogenic forms of the disease; and as a common complex disorder in response to musculoskeletal, neurological or burn trauma. The resulting bone forms through a combination of endochondral and intramembranous ossification, depending on the aetiology, initiating stimulus and affected tissue. Given the heterogeneity of the disease, many cell types and biological pathways have been studied in efforts to find effective therapeutic strategies for the disorder. Cells of mesenchymal, haematopoietic and neuroectodermal lineages have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of HO, and the emerging dominant signalling pathways are thought to occur through the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and retinoic acid receptor pathways. Increased understanding of these disease mechanisms has resulted in the emergence of several novel investigational therapeutic avenues, including palovarotene and other retinoic acid receptor agonists and activin A inhibitors that target both canonical and non-canonical signalling downstream of the BMP type 1 receptor. In this article we aim to illustrate the key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HO and outline recent advances in emerging molecular therapies to treat and prevent HO that have had early success in the monogenic disease and are currently being explored in the common complex forms of HO.
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BMP4 Exerts Anti-Neurogenic Effect via Inducing Id3 during Aging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051147. [PMID: 35625884 PMCID: PMC9138880 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling has been shown to be intimately associated with adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). Adult neurogenesis declines in aging rodents and primates. However, the role of BMP signaling in the age-related neurogenesis decline remains elusive and the effect of BMP4 on adult SVZ neurogenesis remains controversial. Here, the expression of BMP4 and its canonical effector phosphorylated-Smad1/5/8 (p-Smad1/5/8) in the murine SVZ and SGZ were found to be increased markedly with age. We identified Id3 as a major target of BMP4 in neuronal stem cells (NSCs) of both neurogenic regions, which exhibited a similar increase during aging. Intracerebroventricular infusion of BMP4 activated Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and upregulated Id3 expression, which further restrained NeuroD1, leading to attenuated neurogenesis in both neurogenic regions and defective differentiation in the SGZ. Conversely, noggin, a potent inhibitor of BMP4, demonstrated opposing effects. In support of this, BMP4 treatment or lentiviral overexpression of Id3 resulted in decreased NeuroD1 protein levels in NSCs of both neurogenic regions and significantly inhibited neurogenesis. Thus, our findings revealed that the increased BMP4 signaling with age inhibited adult neurogenesis in both SVZ and SGZ, which may be attributed at least in part, to the changes in the Id3-NeuroD1 axis.
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Liu C, Sun Q, Xu J, Shen W, Li H, Yang L. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Microglial Polarization in the Process of Neuropathic Pain. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2803-2817. [PMID: 35535051 PMCID: PMC9078433 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s356531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain (NP) is known to be highly correlated with microglial polarization, of which the regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, the aim of this study is to further investigate the relationship between bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and microglial polarization in the process of NP. Methods Firstly, normal adult rats received intrathecal BMP4 administration to assess BMP4ʹs effect on microglial polarization. Secondly, a BMP4 antagonist – Noggin – was applied to a rat NP model achieved by L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) to investigate whether antagonizing BMP4 signaling could alleviate allodynia by reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio. In both experiments, Von-Frey filaments were used to test the changes in the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), and Western blotting, immuno-fluorescence, PCR and flow cytometry were further performed to investigate microglial activity and the expression patterns of M1 and M2 markers, respectively. Results Firstly, BMP4 administration induced a significant PWT decrease and microglial activation in normal rats; Western blotting, PCR and flow cytometry further revealed that M1 markers including CD16, MHCII, and TNF-α showed a marked elevation after BMP4 application; while M2 markers, such as Arg-1, CD204 and IL-4, peaked at an early stage (P1 or P4) and then fell to the Sham level on P7, leading to a persistent imbalance of the M1/M2 ratio throughout the 1st week. Secondly, Noggin treatment significantly relieved allodynia and microglial activation in SNL rats. Moreover, Noggin persistently downregulated the M1 marker levels and simultaneously induced a late-stage elevation of M2 markers expressions, thereby reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio. Conclusion Our results indicate that BMP4 has the ability to induce microglial polarization. Antagonizing BMP4 signaling can relieve pain behavior via mitigating microglial activation and reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio in the process of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junmei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyun Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hui Li, Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Fax +86 85295970, Email
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Lin Yang, Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Fax +86 85295970, Email
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Tanaka H, Shimizu H, Yonemochi Y, Ozawa T, Toyoshima Y, Nakajima T, Kakita A. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: histopathological implications of aberrant BMP signalling for CNS dysgenesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12805. [PMID: 35238056 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetomo Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yonemochi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ozawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuko Toyoshima
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Niigata National Hospital, Kashiwazaki, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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13
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Katada S, Takouda J, Nakagawa T, Honda M, Igarashi K, Imamura T, Ohkawa Y, Sato S, Kurumizaka H, Nakashima K. Neural stem/precursor cells dynamically change their epigenetic landscape to differentially respond to BMP signaling for fate switching during brain development. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1431-1444. [PMID: 34675062 PMCID: PMC8559679 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348797.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Katada et al. investigated NPC fate regulation and, using multiple genome-wide analyses, they demonstrate that Smads, transcription factors that act downstream from BMP signaling, target dramatically different genomic regions in neurogenic and gliogenic NPCs. Their results show the regulation of NPC property change mediated by the interplay between cell-extrinsic cues and -intrinsic epigenetic programs during cortical development. During neocortical development, tight regulation of neurogenesis-to-astrogenesis switching of neural precursor cells (NPCs) is critical to generate a balanced number of each neural cell type for proper brain functions. Accumulating evidence indicates that a complex array of epigenetic modifications and the availability of extracellular factors control the timing of neuronal and astrocytic differentiation. However, our understanding of NPC fate regulation is still far from complete. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are renowned as cytokines that induce astrogenesis of gliogenic late-gestational NPCs. They also promote neurogenesis of mid-gestational NPCs, although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. By performing multiple genome-wide analyses, we demonstrate that Smads, transcription factors that act downstream from BMP signaling, target dramatically different genomic regions in neurogenic and gliogenic NPCs. We found that histone H3K27 trimethylation and DNA methylation around Smad-binding sites change rapidly as gestation proceeds, strongly associated with the alteration of accessibility of Smads to their target binding sites. Furthermore, we identified two lineage-specific Smad-interacting partners—Sox11 for neurogenic and Sox8 for astrocytic differentiation—that further ensure Smad-regulated fate-specific gene induction. Our findings illuminate an exquisite regulation of NPC property change mediated by the interplay between cell-extrinsic cues and -intrinsic epigenetic programs during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayako Katada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Takouda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takumi Nakagawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mizuki Honda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Igarashi
- Institute for Advanced Life Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Imamura
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shoko Sato
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhang W, Dai R, Xu J, Li Z, Yang L. The Relationship Between Circulating Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 and Inflammation Cytokines in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Study. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4069-4077. [PMID: 34456582 PMCID: PMC8387642 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s324775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) has been identified as an inflammation regulator in the diseases of arteries and other organs. However, the relationship between circulating BMP4 and perioperative inflammation remains unclear. Patients and Methods Forty patients undergoing lobectomy were randomly allocated into the Control group (not receiving flurbiprofen) and the Flurb group (received 100mg flurbiprofen during surgery). Arterial blood was obtained before surgery (T1), at the end of surgery (T2), and 24 hours after surgery (T3) to test the plasma concentrations of BMP4, its antagonist Noggin, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-10. The relationship between BMP4 and other variables and the effects of flurbiprofen on BMP4 changes were investigated. Results A total of 35 patients were included. Circulating BMP4 was positively correlated with IL-1β (P<0.01, r=0.575) and TNF-α (P<0.01, r=0.491), negatively correlated with IL-10 (P<0.01, r=−0.675), but not correlated with Noggin. The plasma concentrations of BMP4, IL-1β, and TNF-α increased at T2 (P<0.01, compared with T1) and decreased at T3 (P<0.05, compared with T2). BMP4 concentrations at T3 were significantly higher than at T1 in the Control group (P<0.05), while showing no significant difference in the Flurb group. However, in the Flurb group, the relative changes of BMP4 and IL-1β at T2 and T3 were significantly lower than those in the Control group. Conclusion Circulating BMP4 was elevated during surgery and highly correlated with inflammation cytokines. The elevation of BMP4 and inflammatory cytokines could be alleviated by flurbiprofen, indicating that BMP4 may exert pro-inflammatory properties via cyclooxygenase-II signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jitao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruping Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China
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The relationship between transforming growth factor β superfamily members (GDF11 and BMP4) and lumbar spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal Chinese women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 305:737-747. [PMID: 34417839 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between transforming growth factor β superfamily members (GDF11 and BMP4) and bone metabolism remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum GDF11 and BMP4 levels and lumbar spine bone mineral density (LBMD) in a cohort of postmenopausal Chinese women. METHODS This was a non-prospective cross-sectional study of 350 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 63.13 ± 8.66 years who came from Shenyang, China. LBMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum GDF11 and BMP4 concentrations were detected using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay kit. Pearson's correlation analysis and regression analyses were carried out to investigate the relationships between LBMD and serum GDF11 and BMP4 levels. RESULTS A linear association between LBMD and serum LgGDF11 concentration was observed after adjusting for numerous confounders (P = 0.018). In addition, the osteoporosis (OP) was inversely related to LgGDF11 and the odds ratios for postmenopausal women with lumbar OP in LgGDF11 quartile group 2, group 3, and group 4 were 0.46 (95% CI 0.23-0.90, P < 0.05), 0.41 (95% CI 0.20-0.84, P < 0.05), and 0.30 (95% CI 0.14-0.63, P < 0.01), respectively (P = 0.001 for the trend), when compared to the highest quartile of LgGDF11 after adjustments for many confounding variables in this study. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that serum GDF11 levels were linearly related to LBMD, and it was also revealed that serum GDF11 levels were significantly associated with lumbar OP in postmenopausal women. However, serum BMP4 levels were not associated with LBMD and lumbar OP.
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张 文, 刘 畅, 王 鑫, 徐 军, 杨 林. Effect of intrathecal administration of exogenous noggin on neuropathic pain. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:673-679. [PMID: 34382582 PMCID: PMC10930133 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effect of intrathecal administration of exogenous noggin (NOG) on the pain behavior in the neuropathic pain (NP) rats through L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL), and to examine the regulative role of NOG in astrocyte activation, inflammatory cytokines and downstream signals. METHODS A total of 40 adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (n=10), a SNL group (SNL+intrathecal injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid, n=15), and a SNL+NOG group (SNL+intrathecal injection of recombinant NOG protein, n=15). Von-Frey filaments were used to test the changes of paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) at Day 1 before operation, and Day 1, Day 4, Day 7 and Day 14 after operation in each group. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the activation of astrocyte located in the dorsal horn of spinal cord in the 3 groups. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and phosphorylation STAT3 (p-STAT3). RESULTS Compared with the control group, the PWT in the SNL group was markedly decreased at each time point, together with the increase in GFAP, IL-6 and the ratio of p-STAT3/STAT3 (all P<0.05). Meanwhile, compared with the SNL group, the PWT in the lumbar swelling of spinal cord in the SNL+NOG group was elevated at Day 4 and lasted to Day 14 (P<0.05), accompanied by the decrease in GFAP, IL-6 and the ratio of p-STAT3/STAT3 (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The intrathecal administration of NOG may alleviate NP in the SNL rats through inhibiting astrocyte activation and down-regulating the STAT3 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - 林 杨
- 杨林,, ORCID: 0000-0002-9318-9812
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17
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Birt IA, Hagenauer MH, Clinton SM, Aydin C, Blandino P, Stead JD, Hilde KL, Meng F, Thompson RC, Khalil H, Stefanov A, Maras P, Zhou Z, Hebda-Bauer EK, Goldman D, Watson SJ, Akil H. Genetic Liability for Internalizing Versus Externalizing Behavior Manifests in the Developing and Adult Hippocampus: Insight From a Meta-analysis of Transcriptional Profiling Studies in a Selectively Bred Rat Model. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:339-355. [PMID: 32762937 PMCID: PMC7704921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For more than 16 years, we have selectively bred rats for either high or low levels of exploratory activity within a novel environment. These bred high-responder (bHR) and bred low-responder (bLR) rats model temperamental extremes, exhibiting large differences in internalizing and externalizing behaviors relevant to mood and substance use disorders. METHODS We characterized persistent differences in gene expression related to bHR/bLR phenotype across development and adulthood in the hippocampus, a region critical for emotional regulation, by meta-analyzing 8 transcriptional profiling datasets (microarray and RNA sequencing) spanning 43 generations of selective breeding (postnatal day 7: n = 22; postnatal day 14: n = 49; postnatal day 21: n = 21; adult: n = 46; all male). We cross-referenced expression differences with exome sequencing within our colony to pinpoint candidates likely to mediate the effect of selective breeding on behavioral phenotype. The results were compared with hippocampal profiling from other bred rat models. RESULTS Genetic and transcriptional profiling results converged to implicate multiple candidate genes, including two previously associated with metabolism and mood: Trhr and Ucp2. Results also highlighted bHR/bLR functional differences in the hippocampus, including a network essential for neurodevelopmental programming, proliferation, and differentiation, centering on Bmp4 and Mki67. Finally, we observed differential expression related to microglial activation, which is important for synaptic pruning, including 2 genes within implicated chromosomal regions: C1qa and Mfge8. CONCLUSIONS These candidate genes and functional pathways may direct bHR/bLR rats along divergent developmental trajectories and promote a widely different reactivity to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle A. Birt
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan H. Hagenauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Cigdem Aydin
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter Blandino
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John D.H. Stead
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Kathryn L. Hilde
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fan Meng
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert C. Thompson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huzefa Khalil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alex Stefanov
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pamela Maras
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine K. Hebda-Bauer
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Zheng RZ, Xing J, Huang Q, Yang XT, Zhao CY, Li XY. Integration of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data reveals key cell types and regulators in traumatic brain injury. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:1201-1214. [PMID: 33757183 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, whose symptoms ranging from mild to severe, even life-threatening. However, specific cell types and key regulators involved in traumatic brain injury have not been well elucidated. In this study, utilizing single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data from mice with TBI, we have successfully identified and characterized 13 cell populations including astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, newly formed oligodendrocytes, microglia, two types of endothelial cells, five types of excitatory and two types of inhibitory neurons. Differential expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed the upregulation of microglia and endothelial markers, along with the downregulation of markers of excitatory neurons in TBI. The cell-cell communication analysis revealed that microglia and endothelial cell might interact through the interaction of Icam1-Il2rg and C1qa-Cd93, and microglia might also communicate with each other via Icam1-Itagm. The autocrine ligand-receptor in microglia might result in activation of TYROBP causal network via Icam1-Itgam. The cell-cell contact between microglia and endothelial cell might activate integrin signaling pathways. Moreover, we also found that genes involved in microglia activation were highly downregulated in Tyrobp/Dap12-deficient microglia, indicating that the upregulation of Tyrobp and TYROBP causal network in microglia might be a candidate therapeutic target in TBI. In contrast, the excitatory neurons were involved in maintaining normal brain function, and their inactivation might cause dysfunction of nervous system in TBI patients. In conclusion, the present study has discerned major cell types such as microglia, endothelial cells and excitatory neurons, and revealed key regulator such as TYROBP, C1QA, and CD93 in TBI, which shall improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhe Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Jin Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xi-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chang-Yi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
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Takarada-Iemata M, Yoshihara T, Okitani N, Iwata K, Hattori T, Ishii H, Roboon J, Nguyen DT, Fan Q, Tamatani T, Nishiuchi T, Asano M, Hori O. Abnormal social behavior and altered gene expression in mice lacking NDRG2. Neurosci Lett 2020; 743:135563. [PMID: 33359046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a member of the NDRG family, has multiple functions in cell proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses, and is predominantly expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system. Previous studies including ours demonstrated that NDRG2 is involved in various central nervous system pathologies. However, the significance of NDRG2 in neurodevelopment is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the expression profile of NDRG2 during postnatal brain development, the role of NDRG2 in social behavior, and transcriptome changes in the brain of NDRG2-deficient mice. NDRG2 expression in the brain increased over time from postnatal day 1 to adulthood. Deletion of NDRG2 resulted in abnormal social behavior, as indicated by reduced exploratory activity toward a novel mouse in a three-chamber social interaction test. Microarray analysis identified genes differentially expressed in the NDRG2-deficient brain, and upregulated gene expression of Bmp4 and Per2 was confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis. Expression of both these genes and the encoded proteins increased over time during postnatal brain development, similar to NDRG2. Gene expression of Bmp4 and Per2 was upregulated in cultured astrocytes isolated from NDRG2-deficient mice. These results suggest that NDRG2 contributes to brain development required for proper social behavior by modulating gene expression in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Toru Yoshihara
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nahoko Okitani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Jureepon Roboon
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Dinh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Qiyan Fan
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Institute for Gene Research, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
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Non-cell autonomous promotion of astrogenesis at late embryonic stages by constitutive YAP activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7041. [PMID: 32341445 PMCID: PMC7184574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although astrocytes have gained increased recognition as an important regulator in normal brain function and pathology, the mechanisms underlying their genesis are not well understood. In this study, we show that constitutive YAP activation by in utero introduction of a non-degradable form of the YAP gene (YAP 5SA) causes productive GFAP+ cell generation at late embryonic periods, and this activity is nuclear localization- and TEAD transcription factor-dependent. Moreover, we found that the GFAP+ cells were not YAP 5SA-expressing cells themselves but cells in the vicinity in vivo. Conditioned medium prepared from YAP 5SA-expressing cells induced GFAP+ cell production in vitro, suggesting that a soluble factor(s) was mediating the astrogenic activity of YAP 5SA. Indeed, YAP 5SA expression greatly increased CNTF and BMP4 transcription in neural progenitor cells, and a neutralizing antibody against CNTF reduced the astrogenic effects of YAP 5SA-conditioned medium. Furthermore, the YAP 5SA-expressing cells were identified as FN1+ mesenchymal cells which are responsible for the precocious astrogenesis. These results suggest a novel molecular mechanism by which YAP activation can induce astrogenesis in a non-cell autonomous manner.
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21
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Regulation of Synaptic Development by Astrocyte Signaling Factors and Their Emerging Roles in Substance Abuse. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020297. [PMID: 31991879 PMCID: PMC7072591 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have critical functions throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and have emerged as regulators of synaptic development and function. With their highly complex morphologies, they are able to interact with thousands of synapses via peripheral astrocytic processes (PAPs), ensheathing neuronal axons and dendrites to form the tripartite synapse. In this way, astrocytes engage in crosstalk with neurons to mediate a variety of CNS processes including the regulation of extracellular matrix protein signaling, formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), axon growth and guidance, homeostasis of the synaptic microenvironment, synaptogenesis, and the promotion of synaptic diversity. In this review, we discuss several key astrocyte signaling factors (thrombospondins, netrins, apolipoproteins, neuregulins, bone morphogenetic proteins, and neuroligins) in the maintenance and regulation of synapse formation. We also explore how these astrocyte signaling factors are impacted by and contribute to substance abuse, particularly alcohol and cocaine use.
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22
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George S, Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Neuroglia: in the Context of Cell Signalling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2019; 15:814-826. [PMID: 31515658 PMCID: PMC6925073 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The promise of engineering specific cell types from stem cells and rebuilding damaged or diseased tissues has fascinated stem cell researchers and clinicians over last few decades. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into non-mesodermal cells, particularly neural-lineage, consisting of neurons and glia. These multipotent adult stem cells can be used for implementing clinical trials in neural repair. Ongoing research identifies several molecular mechanisms involved in the speciation of neuroglia, which are tightly regulated and interconnected by various components of cell signalling machinery. Growing MSCs with multiple inducers in culture media will initiate changes on intricately interlinked cell signalling pathways and processes. Net result of these signal flow on cellular architecture is also dependent on the type of ligands and stem cells investigated in vitro. However, our understanding about this dynamic signalling machinery is limited and confounding, especially with spheroid structures, neurospheres and organoids. Therefore, the results for differentiating neurons and glia in vitro have been inconclusive, so far. Added to this complication, we have no convincing evidence about the electrical conductivity and functionality status generated in differentiating neurons and glia. This review has taken a step forward to tailor the information on differentiating neuroglia with the common methodologies, in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajan George
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa.
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Li G, Chen K, You D, Xia M, Li W, Fan S, Chai R, Zhang Y, Li H, Sun S. Laminin-Coated Electrospun Regenerated Silk Fibroin Mats Promote Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Survival in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:190. [PMID: 31448271 PMCID: PMC6691020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation is a promising technique for central nervous system (CNS) reconstruction and regeneration. Biomaterial scaffolds, frameworks, and platforms can support NPC proliferation and differentiation in vitro as well as serve as a temporary extracellular matrix after transplantation. However, further applications of biomaterials require improved biological attributes. Silk fibroin (SF), which is produced by Bombyx mori, is a widely used and studied protein polymer for biomaterial application. Here, we prepared aligned and random eletrospun regenerated SF (RSF) scaffolds, and evaluated their impact on the growth of NPCs. First, we isolated NPCs and then cultured them on either laminin-coated RSF mats or conventional laminin-coated coverslips for cell assays. We found that aligned and random RSF led to increases in NPC proliferation of 143.8 ± 13.3% and 156.3 ± 14.7%, respectively, compared to controls. Next, we investigated neuron differentiation and found that the aligned and the random RSF led to increases in increase in neuron differentiation of about 93.2 ± 6.4%, and 3167.1 ± 4.8%, respectively, compared to controls. Furthermore, we measured the survival of NPCs and found that RSF promoted NPC survival, and found there was no difference among those three groups. Finally, signaling pathways in cells cultured on RSF mats were studied for their contributions in neural cell differentiation. Our results indicate that RSF mats provide a functional microenvironment and represent a useful scaffold for the development of new strategies in neural engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Ear, Nose & Throat Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan You
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Ear, Nose & Throat Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyu Xia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Ear, Nose & Throat Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Ear, Nose & Throat Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suna Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Ear, Nose & Throat Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huawei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Ear, Nose & Throat Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Ear, Nose & Throat Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Inhibiting Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Type I Receptor Signaling Promotes Remyelination by Potentiating Oligodendrocyte Differentiation. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0399-18.2019. [PMID: 31028086 PMCID: PMC6529590 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0399-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking inhibitory factors within CNS demyelinating lesions is regarded as a promising strategy to promote remyelination. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is an inhibitory factor present in demyelinating lesions. Noggin, an endogenous antagonist to BMP, has previously been shown to increase the number of oligodendrocytes and promote remyelination in vivo. However, it remains unclear how BMP4 signaling inhibits remyelination. Here we investigated the downstream signaling pathway that mediates the inhibitory effect that BMP4 exerts upon remyelination through pharmacological and transgenic approaches. Using the cuprizone mouse model of central demyelination, we demonstrate that selectively blocking BMP4 signaling via the pharmacological inhibitor LDN-193189 significantly promotes oligodendroglial differentiation and the extent of remyelination in vivo. This was accompanied by the downregulation of transcriptional targets that suppress oligodendrocyte differentiation. Further, selective deletion of BMP receptor type IA (BMPRIA) within primary mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) significantly enhanced their differentiation and subsequent myelination in vitro. Together, the results of this study identify that BMP4 signals via BMPRIA within OPCs to inhibit oligodendroglial differentiation and their capacity to myelinate axons, and suggest that blocking the BMP4/BMPRIA pathway in OPCs is a promising strategy to promote CNS remyelination.
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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27
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Isoflurane post-conditioning down-regulates expression of aquaporin 4 in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and is possibly related to bone morphogenetic protein 4/Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:429-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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28
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Xi G, Best B, Mania-Farnell B, James CD, Tomita T. Therapeutic Potential for Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Human Malignant Glioma. Neoplasia 2017; 19:261-270. [PMID: 28278424 PMCID: PMC5342987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioma, in particular, malignant forms such as glioblastoma exhibit dismal survival rates despite advances in treatment strategies. A population of glioma cells with stem-like features, glioma cancer stem-like cells (GCSCs), contribute to renewal and maintenance of the tumor cell population and appear responsible for chemotherapeutic and radiation resistance. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), drives differentiation of GCSCs and thus improves therapeutic efficacy. Based on this observation it is imperative that the clinical merits of BMP4 in treating human gliomas should be addressed. This article reviews BMP4 signaling in central nervous system development and in glioma tumorigenesis, and the potential of this molecule as a treatment target in human gliomas. Further work needs to be done to determine if distinct lineages of GCSCs, associated with different glioma sub-classifications, proneural, neural, classical and mesenchymal, differ in responsiveness to BMP4 treatment. Additionally, interaction among BMP4 and cell matrix, tumor-vascular molecules and microglial immune cells also needs to be investigated, as this will enhance our knowledge about the role of BMP4 in human glioma and lead to the identification and/or development of novel therapeutic approaches that improve treatment outcomes of these devastating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifa Xi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; The Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Benjamin Best
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Barbara Mania-Farnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond, IN 46323, USA
| | - Charles David James
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Falk Brain Tumor Center, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; The Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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