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Sarfi S, Azaryan E, Naseri M. Immune System of Dental Pulp in Inflamed and Normal Tissue. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:369-386. [PMID: 38959180 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Teeth are vulnerable to structural compromise, primarily attributed to carious lesions, in which microorganisms originating from the oral cavity deteriorate the mineralized structures of enamel and dentin, subsequently infiltrating the underlying soft connective tissue, known as the dental pulp. Nonetheless, dental pulp possesses the necessary capabilities to detect and defend against bacteria and their by-products, using a variety of intricate defense mechanisms. The pulp houses specialized cells known as odontoblasts, which encounter harmful substances produced by oral bacteria. These cells identify pathogens at an early stage and commence the immune system response. As bacteria approach the pulp, various cell types within the pulp, such as different immune cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, as well as neuronal and vascular networks, contribute a range of defense mechanisms. Therefore, the immune system is present in the healthy pulp to restrain the initial spread of pathogens, and then in the inflamed pulp, it prepares the conditions for necrosis or regeneration, so inflammatory response mechanisms play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review aims to consolidate the existing literature on the immune system in dental pulp, encompassing current knowledge on this topic that explains the diverse mechanisms of recognition and defense against pathogens exhibited by dental pulp cells, elucidates the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity in inflamed pulp, and highlights the difference between inflamed and normal pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sarfi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Azaryan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Cellular, and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Yamazaki S, Hayashi R, Mutoh N, Ohshima H, Tani-Ishii N. Effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis on the Progression of Pulpitis and Apical Periodontitis in SKG Mice. J Endod 2023; 49:1501-1507. [PMID: 37595682 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that involves joint inflammation. Although periodontal disease reportedly contributes to RA onset, the associations of RA with pulpitis and apical periodontitis have not been described. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of immune response disruption of RA for pulpitis and apical periodontitis with SKG mice. METHODS SKG and BALB/c (control) mice were used to establish models of pulp infection. Histologic studies of pulp and apical periodontal tissue were performed at 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days; odontoblast dynamics were analyzed by antinestin staining, and apoptotic cells were examined by TdT-mediated digoxygenin (biotin)-dUTP nick end labeling staining. RESULTS Inflammatory cell infiltration into the exposed pulp was observed at 3 days in the SKG and control group groups; the infiltration extended to the apical pulp area at 14 days after surgery. Inflammatory cell infiltration and bone resorption in the apical pulp area were observed from 14-28 days in the SKG and control groups; there were significant increases in inflammatory cell infiltration and bone resorption in the control group at 28 days. The numbers of apoptotic cells in pulp and apical periodontal tissue were higher in the SKG group than in the control group at 14 and 28 days. The number of odontoblasts decreased in the SKG and control groups until 14 days and then disappeared in the SKG and control groups at 28 days. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that immune response disruption in RA is involved in prolonging the inflammatory state of pulpitis and apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Yamazaki
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reona Hayashi
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Mutoh
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tani-Ishii
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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He H, Hao Y, Fan Y, Li B, Cheng L. The interaction between innate immunity and oral microbiota in oral diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:405-415. [PMID: 36803467 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2182291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate immunity serves as the frontline to combat invading pathogens. Oral microbiota is the total collection of microorganisms colonized within the oral cavity. By recognizing the resident microorganisms through pattern recognition receptors, innate immunity is capable of interacting with oral microbiota and maintaining homeostasis. Dysregulation of interaction may lead to the pathogenesis of several oral diseases. Decoding the crosstalk between oral microbiota and innate immunity may be contributory to developing novel therapies for preventing and treating oral diseases. AREAS COVERED This article reviewed pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of oral microbiota, the reciprocal interaction between innate immunity and oral microbiota, and discussed how the dysregulation of this relationship leads to the pathogenesis and development of oral diseases. EXPERT OPINION Many studies have been conducted to illustrate the relationship between oral microbiota and innate immunity and its role in the occurrence of different oral diseases. The impact and mechanisms of innate immune cells on oral microbiota and the mechanisms of dysbiotic microbiota in altering innate immunity are still needed to be investigated. Altering the oral microbiota might be a possible solution for treating and preventing oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Birjandi AA, Sharpe P. Wnt Signalling in Regenerative Dentistry. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.725468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth are complex structures where a soft dental pulp tissue is enriched with nerves, vasculature and connective tissue and encased by the cushioning effect of dentin and the protection of a hard enamel in the crown and cementum in the root. Injuries such as trauma or caries can jeopardise these layers of protection and result in pulp exposure, inflammation and infection. Provision of most suitable materials for tooth repair upon injury has been the motivation of dentistry for many decades. Wnt signalling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway, plays key roles during pre- and post-natal development of many organs including the tooth. Mutations in the components of this pathway gives rise to various types of developmental tooth anomalies. Wnt signalling is also fundamental in the response of odontoblasts to injury and repair processes. The complexity of tooth structure has resulted in diverse studies looking at specific compartments or cell types of this organ. This review looks at the current advances in the field of tooth development and regeneration. The objective of the present review is to provide an updated vision on dental biomaterials research, focusing on their biological properties and interactions to act as evidence for their potential use in vital pulp treatment procedures. We discuss the outstanding questions and future directions to make this knowledge more translatable to the clinics.
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Martín-Sanz P, Laparra JM, Boscá L. NOD1-Targeted Immunonutrition Approaches: On the Way from Disease to Health. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050519. [PMID: 34066406 PMCID: PMC8148154 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunonutrition appears as a field with great potential in modern medicine. Since the immune system can trigger serious pathophysiological disorders, it is essential to study and implement a type of nutrition aimed at improving immune system functioning and reinforcing it individually for each patient. In this sense, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1), one of the members of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) family of innate immunity, has been related to numerous pathologies, such as cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases. NOD1, which is activated by bacterial-derived peptidoglycans, is known to be present in immune cells and to contribute to inflammation and other important pathways, such as fibrosis, upon recognition of its ligands. Since immunonutrition is a significant developing research area with much to discover, we propose NOD1 as a possible target to consider in this field. It is relevant to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that modulate the immune system and involve the activation of NOD1 in the context of immunonutrition and associated pathological conditions. Surgical or pharmacological treatments could clearly benefit from the synergy with specific and personalized nutrition that even considers the health status of each subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-G.); (P.M.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-G.); (P.M.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-R.); (L.B.); Tel.: +34-91-497-2747 (L.B.)
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-G.); (P.M.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Laparra
- Madrid Institute for Advanced studies in Food (IMDEA Food), Ctra. Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-G.); (P.M.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-R.); (L.B.); Tel.: +34-91-497-2747 (L.B.)
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Feng Z, Meng R, Li Q, Li D, Xu Q. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine may regulate the inflammatory response of human odontoblast-like cells through the NF-κB pathway. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1105-1117. [PMID: 33539038 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of DNA methylation in the innate immunity of the dental pulp, this study investigated the effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) on lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced cytokine production and related intracellular signalling pathways in human odontoblast-like cells (hOBs). METHODOLOGY hOBs were cultured and differentiated from human dental pulp tissue, and the odontoblastic phenotype of the cells was detected using immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR and Western blotting. hOBs were pretreated with AZA and then stimulated with 10 μg mL-1 LTA. The levels of 42 cytokines related to immunity and inflammation were examined using a cytokine antibody array and verified using qRT-PCR and ELISA. The effect of AZA on the LTA-induced NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways was explored using Western blotting. The cells were treated with the specific NF-κB inhibitor PDTC and MAPK inhibitors (the ERK inhibitor U0126, the p38 inhibitor SB203580, and the JNK inhibitor SP600125) to further confirm the role of the signalling pathways in LTA-treated hOBs. DNA immunoprecipitation-PCR was used to examine the dynamic methylation status of the gene promoters of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in the LTA-induced hOBs. Statistical analyses of the differences between two groups were performed using Student's t-test. One-way analysis of variance (anova) or repeated-measures anova with a post hoc Dunnett's test was used to assess the differences between multiple sets of data. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS The odontoblastic markers were significantly higher in hOBs than those in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) (P < 0.05). According to the cytokine antibody array results, hOBs pretreated with AZA had significantly increased production of several inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.05), in which the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were the most dramatically increased upon LTA stimulation (P < 0.01). Furthermore, AZA resulted in the significant upregulation of p-IKKα/β, p-IκBα, p-p65, p-p38 and p-ERK in LTA-stimulated hOBs (P < 0.01). Treatment with the NF-κB pathway inhibitor suppressed both IL-6 and IL-8 expression (P < 0.05), whereas inhibitors of the MAPK pathway (SB203580 and SP600125) did not. In LTA-treated hOBs, AZA significantly increased the expression levels of TRAF6 and MyD88 (P < 0.05). AZA induced MyD88 promoter hypomethylation but did not affect TRAF6 methylation. CONCLUSION AZA regulated the LTA-induced inflammatory response through the NF-κB signal pathway in hOBs. This study highlights the important role of DNA methylation in the immunity defence of odontoblasts during the dental pulp immunity response to caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - R Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Q Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - D Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) Induces VEGF Expression and Production in Rat Odontoblastic Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5390720. [PMID: 31930126 PMCID: PMC6942799 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5390720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), the main component of propolis, has various biological activities including anti-inflammatory effect and wound healing promotion. Odontoblasts located in the outermost layer of dental pulp play crucial roles such as production of growth factors and formation of hard tissue termed reparative dentin in host defense against dental caries. In this study, we investigated the effects of CAPE on the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and calcification activities of odontoblasts, leading to development of novel therapy for dental pulp inflammation caused by dental caries. CAPE significantly induced mRNA expression and production of VEGF in rat clonal odontoblast-like KN-3 cells cultured in normal medium or osteogenic induction medium. CAPE treatment enhanced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor activation, and furthermore, the specific inhibitor of NF-κB significantly reduced VEGF production. The expression of VEGF receptor- (VEGFR-) 2, not VEGFR-1, was up regulated in KN-3 cells treated with CAPE. In addition, VEGF significantly increased mineralization activity in KN-3 cells. These findings suggest that CAPE might be useful as a novel biological material for the dental pulp conservative therapy.
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MyD88 hypermethylation mediated by DNMT1 is associated with LTA-induced inflammatory response in human odontoblast-like cells. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:413-423. [PMID: 30707290 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-02993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic, infectious, and destructive disease that allows bacteria to break into the dental pulp tissue. As caries-related bacteria invade the human dentinal tubules, odontoblasts are the first line of dental pulp that trigger the initial inflammatory and immune responses. DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification that plays a fundamental role in gene transcription, and its role in inflammation-related diseases has recently attracted attention. However, whether DNA methylation regulates the inflammatory response of human odontoblasts is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the expression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-1 in lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-stimulated human odontoblast-like cells (hOBs) and found that DNMT1 expression showed a decline that is contrary to the transcription of inflammatory cytokines. Knockdown of the DNMT1 gene increased the expression of several cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-8, in the LTA-induced inflammatory response. DNMT1 knockdown increased the phosphorylation of IKKα/β, IκBα, and p65 in the NF-κB pathway and the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK in the MAPK pathway; however, only the NF-κB pathway inhibitor PDTC suppressed both IL-6 and IL-8 expression, whereas inhibitors of the MAPK pathway (U0126, SB2035580, and SP600125) did not. Furthermore, DNMT1 knockdown upregulated the expression of MyD88 and TRAF6 but only attenuated the MyD88 gene promoter methylation in LTA-treated hOBs. Taken together, these results demonstrated that DNMT1 depletion caused hypomethylation and upregulation of MyD88, which resulted in activation of the NF-κB pathway and the subsequent release of LTA-induced inflammatory cytokines in hOBs. This study emphasizes the critical role of DNA methylation in the immune defense of odontoblasts when dental pulp reacted to caries.
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Yumoto H, Hirao K, Hosokawa Y, Kuramoto H, Takegawa D, Nakanishi T, Matsuo T. The roles of odontoblasts in dental pulp innate immunity. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2018; 54:105-117. [PMID: 30128058 PMCID: PMC6094490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontoblasts located in the outermost layer of dental pulp form a natural barrier between mineralized tissues, dentin, and soft tissues, dental pulp, of the vital tooth, and they first recognize caries-related pathogens and sense external irritations. Therefore, odontoblasts possess a specialized innate immune system to fight oral pathogens invading into dentin. Generally, the rapid initial sensing of microbial pathogens, especially pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) shared by microorganisms, are mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptor and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD). The innate immune responses in odontoblasts initiated by sensing oral pathogens provide host protective events, such as inflammatory reactions, to produce a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators, including chemokines and cytokines. These attract various inflammatory cells and cause antibacterial reactions, such as the production of defensins, to kill microorganisms in the proximal region of the odontoblast layer. This review focuses on innate immunity, especially cellular and molecular mechanisms regarding the sensing of PAMPs from oral pathogens by PRRs, in odontoblasts and provides information for future studies for the development of novel therapeutic strategies, including diagnosis and treatment, to prevent exceeding dental pulp inflammation and preserve the dental pulp tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kouji Hirao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yuki Hosokawa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kuramoto
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takegawa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakanishi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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