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Shi XJ, Yao CG, Li HL, Wei YH, Hu KH. Chromosome hyperploidy induced by chronic hepatitis B virus infection and its targeted therapeutic strategy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:299-306. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i8.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection induces chromosomal hyperploidy (including aneuploidy and polyploidy) and chromosomal instability in hepatocytes, which is one of the main causes of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although hepatocytes can regulate polyploidization of chromosomes under normal conditions, it is difficult to regulate hyperploidization caused by HBV infection and thus carcinogenesis. Studies have shown that HBV can cause dysregulation of many signal pathways such as PLK1/PRC1, and induce chromosome hyperploidy and malignant transformation of hepatocytes. Herein we review the mechanism of HBV infection-induced chromosomal hyperploidy of hepatocytes to cuase hepatocarcinogenesis and the advances in research of drugs targeting chromosomal hyperploidy.
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Lam STT, Lim CJ. Cancer Biology of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Lectin Chaperones Calreticulin, Calnexin and PDIA3/ERp57. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:181-196. [PMID: 34050867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lectin chaperones calreticulin (CALR) and calnexin (CANX), together with their co-chaperone PDIA3, are increasingly implicated in studies of human cancers in roles that extend beyond their primary function as quality control facilitators of protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Led by the discovery that cell surface CALR functions as an immunogen that promotes anti-tumour immunity, studies have now expanded to include their potential uses as prognostic markers for cancers, and in regulation of oncogenic signaling that regulate such diverse processes including integrin-dependent cell adhesion and migration, proliferation, cell death and chemotherapeutic resistance. The diversity stems from the increasing recognition that these proteins have an equally diverse spectrum of subcellular and extracellular localization, and which are aberrantly expressed in tumour cells. This review describes key foundational discoveries and highlight recent findings that further our understanding of the plethora of activities mediated by CALR, CANX and PDIA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Tat Theodore Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, B.C. Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chinten James Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, B.C. Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Chiavari M, Ciotti GMP, Canonico F, Altieri F, Lacal PM, Graziani G, Navarra P, Lisi L. PDIA3 Expression in Glioblastoma Modulates Macrophage/Microglia Pro-Tumor Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218214. [PMID: 33153019 PMCID: PMC7662700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glioblastoma (GB) microenvironment includes cells of the innate immune system identified as glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) that are still poorly characterized. A potential role on the mechanisms regulating GAM activity might be played by the endoplasmic reticulum protein ERp57/PDIA3 (protein disulfide-isomerase A3), the modulation of which has been reported in a variety of cancers. Moreover, by using The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we found that overexpression of PDIA3 correlated with about 55% reduction of overall survival of glioma patients. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of ERp57/PDIA3 using specimens obtained after surgery from 18 GB patients. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor samples revealed ERp57/PDIA3 expression in GB cells as well as in GAMs. The ERp57/PDIA3 levels were higher in GAMs than in the microglia present in the surrounding parenchyma. Therefore, we studied the role of PDIA3 modulation in microglia-glioma interaction, based on the ability of conditioned media collected from human GB cells to induce the activation of microglial cells. The results indicated that reduced PDIA3 expression/activity in GB cells significantly limited the microglia pro-tumor polarization towards the M2 phenotype and the production of pro-inflammatory factors. Our data support a role of PDIA3 expression in GB-mediated protumor activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Chiavari
- Dipartimento di Bioetica e Sicurezza, Sezione di Farmacologia—Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.P.C.); (P.N.); (L.L.)
| | - Gabriella Maria Pia Ciotti
- Dipartimento di Bioetica e Sicurezza, Sezione di Farmacologia—Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.P.C.); (P.N.); (L.L.)
| | - Francesco Canonico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Toraciche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Dipartimento di Bioetica e Sicurezza, Sezione di Farmacologia—Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.P.C.); (P.N.); (L.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Lisi
- Dipartimento di Bioetica e Sicurezza, Sezione di Farmacologia—Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.P.C.); (P.N.); (L.L.)
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Song J, Ding W, Liu B, Liu D, Xia Z, Zhang L, Cui L, Luo Y, Jia X, Feng L. Anticancer effect of caudatin in diethylnitrosamine‑induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:697-706. [PMID: 32626931 PMCID: PMC7339819 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An overwhelming endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and the following unfolded protein response (UPR) can induce hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Caudatin, one of the species of C-21 steroidal glycosides mainly isolated from the roots of Cynanchum bungei Decne, exhibits potent anticancer activities in vivo. However, the effect of caudatin on HCC remains unclear. In the present study, a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC model was established. Nodules and tumors in rat livers were monitored by T2-/T1-weighted-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a 1.5 T scanner. Caudatin reduced the number and size of nodules and alleviated the inflammatory foci in the liver. In addition, the hepatic pro-inflammatory levels of interleukin (IL) 6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and IL-1β were decreased in caudatin-treated rats. The DEN-induced surge in malondialdehyde, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase and TBIL were alleviated following caudatin treatment. The expression of ERS chaperones glucose-regulated protein, 94 kDa, glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa and protein disulfide-isomerase A4 and the proliferation marker Ki-67 in liver nodules were all downregulated by caudatin as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Caudatin reduced the cytoprotective ERS sensor activating transcription factor 6-mediated signal transduction and inhibited the PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/activating transcription factor 4 pathway. However, the effect of caudatin on inositol requiring enzyme 1 signaling was negligible. In conclusion, restoration of the dysregulated UPR program was involved in the antitumor efficacy of caudatin without inducing cumulative hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, P.R. China
| | - Bojia Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Xia
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, P.R. China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, P.R. China
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Regulation of Molecular Chaperone GRP78 by Hepatitis B Virus: Control of Viral Replication and Cell Survival. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00475-19. [PMID: 31712392 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00475-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a global health problem, carrying a high risk for progression into cirrhosis and liver failure. Molecular chaperones are involved in diverse pathophysiological processes including viral infection. However, the role of molecular chaperones in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we identified GRP78 as one of the molecular chaperones most strongly induced by HBV in human hepatocytes. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses demonstrated that GRP78 exerted an inhibitory effect on HBV transcription and replication. Further study showed that GRP78 was involved in the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling in hepatocytes, which contributed to GRP78-mediated inhibition of HBV. Of note, HBV-upregulated GRP78 was found to play a crucial role in maintaining the survival of hepatocytes via facilitating a mild endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Together, our findings suggest that HBV may sacrifice part of its replication for establishing a persistent infection through induction of GRP78, a master ER stress regulator. Targeting GRP78 may help develop to design novel therapeutic strategies against chronic HBV infection and the associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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