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Zhang Y, Zhang P, Ni M, Zhou B, Bai Y, Zheng J, Cui Z. Spätzle, a signaling molecule that interacts with pathogen-associated molecules and Toll-like receptor in Portunus trituberculatus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:17-25. [PMID: 36336152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spätzle is a crucial ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR) that triggers the activation of TLR signal pathway in insects. In this study, open reading frames (ORFs) of two spätzles were cloned from Portunus trituberculatus (PtSpz1 and PtSpz2). Both of PtSpzs contained the typical cystine-knot domain of spätzle. Tissue distribution analysis showed that both of PtSpzs were predominantly expressed in the gills. Transcriptional levels of the two PtSpzs in hemocytes and gill rapidly increased at 3 h and 6 h post Vibrio alginolyticus challenge, respectively. The two PtSpzs could bind to several pathogen-associated molecules including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and envelope proteins of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Moreover, the two PtSpzs could directly interact with the extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRR) domain of TLR. This study revealed that spätzle could interact with pathogen-associated molecules and TLR of host, which may be two important steps for spätzle to deliver signals into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Mengqi Ni
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yunhui Bai
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Cui
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
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2
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Xu H, Liu H, Liu C, Shangguan X, Cheng X, Zhang R, Lu Y, Li P, Cai Y. Molecular characterization and antibacterial ability of galectin-3 and galectin-9 in Onychostoma macrolepis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:104333. [PMID: 34914929 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Galectins belong to the β-galactoside binding protein family, which have conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) and participate in innate and acquired immunity in animals. In this study, two galectin genes were cloned from Onychostoma macrolepis, OmGal-3 (galectin-3) and OmGal-9 (galectin-9). The open reading frames (ORFs) of OmGal-3 and OmGal-9 contain 732 and 978 base pairs, encoding 243 and 325 amino acids, respectively. OmGal-3 contains a C-terminal CRD, but OmGal-9 contains an N-terminal CRD and a C-terminal CRD. Two galectins were expressed at varying levels in all tissues examined, with the liver showing the highest expression. The relative gene expression levels of OmGal-3 and OmGal-9 following Aeromonas hydrophila infection were significantly up-regulated in the liver and spleen, and OmGal-9 had a greater increase than OmGal-3. The recombinant OmGal-3 and OmGal-9 proteins (rOmGal-3 and rOmGal-9) were authenticated and verified by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. ROmGal-3 and rOmGal-9 agglutinated all tested bacteria, including 3 g-positive bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and 3 g-negative bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus) in vivo without Ca2+. ROmGal-3 showed strong binding both to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and OmGal-9 had a stronger binding activity against gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, rOmGal-3 and rOmGal-9 exhibited dose-dependent binding capability to two classic pathogens associated molecular pattern (LPS and PGN) and two sugars (d-lactose and d-galactose), and rOmGal-3 has better binding activity at lower concentrations in LPS and PGN than rOmGal-3. The integrated analyses indicate that the two galectins probably play an important role in innate immune defense by binding to bacterial cells via the CRD domain against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhou Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Haixia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Chengrong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xinyan Shangguan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ruifang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Yitong Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Yingjie Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
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Yuki K, Hou L, Shibamura-Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S, Soriano SG. Mechanistic consideration of the effect of perioperative volatile anesthetics on phagocytes. Clin Immunol 2021; 222:108635. [PMID: 33217544 PMCID: PMC7856197 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing literature has shown that volatile anesthetics are promiscuous molecules targeting multiple molecules, some of which are critical for immunological functions. We focused on studies that delineated target molecules of volatile anesthetics on immune cells and summarized the effects of volatile anesthetics on immune functions. We also presented the perspectives of studying volatile anesthetics-mediated immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Lifei Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Miho Shibamura-Fujiogi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Sophia Koutsogiannaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Sulpicio G Soriano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Fall F, Lamy E, Brollo M, Naline E, Lenuzza N, Thévenot E, Devillier P, Grassin-Delyle S. Metabolic reprograming of LPS-stimulated human lung macrophages involves tryptophan metabolism and the aspartate-arginosuccinate shunt. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230813. [PMID: 32267860 PMCID: PMC7141605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung macrophages (LM) are in the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens and can undergo phenotypic polarization to the proinflammatory M1 after stimulation with Toll-like receptor agonists. The objective of the present work was to characterize the metabolic alterations occurring during the experimental M1 LM polarization. Human LM were obtained from resected lungs and cultured for 24 hrs in medium alone or with 10 ng.mL-1 lipopolysaccharide. Cells and culture supernatants were subjected to extraction for metabolomic analysis with high-resolution LC-MS (HILIC and reverse phase -RP- chromatography in both negative and positive ionization modes) and GC-MS. The data were analyzed with R and the Worklow4Metabolomics and MetaboAnalyst online infrastructures. A total of 8,741 and 4,356 features were detected in the intracellular and extracellular content, respectively, after the filtering steps. Pathway analysis showed involvement of arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and Krebs cycle in the response of LM to LPS, which was confirmed by the specific quantitation of selected compounds. This refined analysis highlighted a regulation of the kynurenin pathway as well as the serotonin biosynthesis pathway, and an involvement of aspartate-arginosuccinate shunt in the malate production. Macrophages M1 polarization is accompanied by changes in the cell metabolome, with the differential expression of metabolites involved in the promotion and regulation of inflammation and antimicrobial activity. The analysis of this macrophage immunometabolome may be of interest for the understanding of the pathophysiology of lung inflammatory disesases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Fall
- Infection et inflammation, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Elodie Lamy
- Infection et inflammation, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratoire Mécanismes moléculaires et pharmacologiques de l’obstruction bronchique, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratoire Mécanismes moléculaires et pharmacologiques de l’obstruction bronchique, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Suresnes, France
- Hôpital Foch, Département des maladies des voies respiratoires, Suresnes, France
| | - Natacha Lenuzza
- Laboratory for Data Sciences and Decision, CEA, LIST, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Etienne Thévenot
- Laboratory for Data Sciences and Decision, CEA, LIST, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratoire Mécanismes moléculaires et pharmacologiques de l’obstruction bronchique, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Suresnes, France
- Hôpital Foch, Département des maladies des voies respiratoires, Suresnes, France
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Infection et inflammation, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
- Hôpital Foch, Département des maladies des voies respiratoires, Suresnes, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Xin C, Kim J, Quan H, Yin M, Jeong S, Choi JI, Jang EA, Lee CH, Kim DH, Bae HB. Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105945. [PMID: 31644962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 is a steroidal saponin abundant in Korean red ginseng that has high anti-inflammatory activity. Rg3 exerts an immunomodulatory effect in acute inflammatory conditions such as bacterial infections. In this study, we determined the effect of Rg3 on bacterial uptake by macrophages and the related intracellular signaling pathways. Rg3 increased macrophage phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized Escherichia coli and IgG-opsonized beads (IgGbeads), but not of non-opsonized beads. Rg3 also enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), but not that of Akt. The inclusion of IgGbeads in macrophage cultures also increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, but co-culture of macrophages with non-opsonized beads did not affect the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38. The Rg3-induced promotion of phagocytosis was inhibited by PD98059, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, and SB203580, a p38 inhibitor. PD98059 inhibited Rg3-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, but SB203580 did not suppress ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Culture of macrophages with Rg3 increased actin polymerization, and this effect was inhibited by SB203580 and PD98059. The Rg3-induced increase in phagocytosis was also inhibited by NSC23766, a Rac1 inhibitor and CASIN, a Cdc42 inhibitor. Intraperitoneal injection of Rg3 increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 as well as the phagocytosis of bacteria by lung cells. These results demonstrate that ginsenoside Rg3 enhances macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria by activating the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Joungmin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hui Quan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mei Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seongtae Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun-A Jang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hong-Beom Bae
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanamdo, South Korea.
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Qiu X, Li Z, Han X, Zhen L, Luo C, Liu M, Yu K, Ren Y. Tumor-derived nanovesicles promote lung distribution of the therapeutic nanovector through repression of Kupffer cell-mediated phagocytosis. Theranostics 2019; 9:2618-2636. [PMID: 31131057 PMCID: PMC6525995 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived nanovesicles have been widely used as a biomarker or therapeutic target in various tumor types. However, these nanovesicles have limited use in therapy due to the risk of advancing tumor development. Methods: Exosome-like nanovesicles (ENVs) were developed from metastatic breast cancer 4T1 cells-derived exosomes. The distribution of ENVs and their impact on macrophage-mediated phagocytosis were evaluated. The effect of ENVs pretreatment on anti-lung metastasis therapeutic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs delivered by DOTAP/DOPE liposomes in breast cancer-bearing mice was also examined. Results: We demonstrated that, following intravenous injection in mice, ENVs were preferentially uptaken by Kupffer cells and repressed phagocytosis. The decreased uptake appeared to be due to the translocation of membrane nucleolin from the inner face of the plasma membrane to the cell surface and intercellular Ca2+ fluxes, leading to altered expression of genes involved in phagocytosis by macrophages. Mice pretreated with 4T1-derived ENVs led to the decreased uptake of DOTAP: DOPE liposomes (DDL) in the liver. Consequently, doxorubicin-loaded DDL transported to the lungs instead of the liver, effectively inhibiting breast cancer lung metastasis. Importantly, 4T1 cells exosome-derived ENVs had no detectable toxicity in vivo and low-risk to promote tumor growth and metastasis compared to 4T1 cells exosomes. Conclusion: Our results suggested that pretreatment with 4T1 ENVs represents a strategy to escape Kupffer cell-mediated phagocytosis effectively targeting drug delivery vehicles to tumor metastasis, reducing the IC50 of the chemotherapeutic drugs, and avoiding adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Qiu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Xuedong Han
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Linlin Zhen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Minmin Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
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Niu J, Huang Y, Niu J, Wang Z, Tang J, Wang B, Lu Y, Cai J, Jian J. Characterization of Galectin-2 from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) involved in the immune response to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:737-743. [PMID: 30779996 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
galectin-2 plays important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, galectin-2 (OnGal-2) was identified from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Its tissue distribution and expression patterns following bacterial infection were also investigated. OnGal-2 is widely distributed in various tissues of healthy tilapia. After Streptococcus agalactiae challenge, OnGal-2 expressions were significantly up-regulated in all tested tissues. Meanwhile, the recombinant OnGal-2 (rOnGal-2) protein showed strong agglutinating activities against both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, rOnGal-2 could promote phagocytosis of macrophages. Taken together, the present study indicated that OnGal-2 might play roles in the immune responses of Nile tilapia against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Niu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jimin Niu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jufen Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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