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Talaee N, Azadvar S, Khodadadi S, Abbasi N, Asli-Pashaki ZN, Mirabzadeh Y, Kholghi G, Akhondzadeh S, Vaseghi S. Comparing the effect of fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline, on the level of BDNF and depression in preclinical and clinical studies: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:983-1016. [PMID: 38558317 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) dysfunction is one of the most important mechanisms underlying depression. It seems that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) improve depression via affecting BDNF level. In this systematic review, for the first time, we aimed to review the effect of three SSRIs including fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline, on both depression and BDNF level in preclinical and clinical studies. PubMed electronic database was searched, and 193 articles were included in this study. After reviewing all manuscripts, only one important difference was found: subjects. We found that SSRIs induce different effects in animals vs. humans. Preclinical studies showed many controversial effects, while human studies showed only two effects: improvement of depression, with or without the improvement of BDNF. However, most studies used chronic SSRIs treatment, while acute SSRIs were not effectively used and evaluated. In conclusion, it seems that SSRIs are reliable antidepressants, and the improvement effect of SSRIs on depression is not dependent to BDNF level (at least in human studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Talaee
- Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shataw Azadvar
- Department of Power Electronic, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Khodadadi
- Student Research Committee, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahal Abbasi
- Department of Health Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Mirabzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Kholghi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, 1419815477, Iran.
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Liao W, Wang P, He Y, Liu Z, Wang L. Investigation of the underlying mechanism of Buyang Huanwu decoction in ischemic stroke by integrating systems pharmacology-proteomics and in vivo experiments. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105935. [PMID: 38580032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) has been effective in treating ischemic stroke (IS). However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. The study intended to explore the potential mechanism of BHD against IS using systems pharmacology, proteomics, and animal experiments. The active components of BHD were identified from UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and literature mining. Systems pharmacology and proteomics were employed to investigate the underlying mechanism of BHD against IS. The AutoDock tool was used for molecular docking. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model rat was utilized to explore the therapeutic benefits of BHD. The rats were divided into sham, model, BHD (5, 10, 20 g/kg, ig) groups. The neurological scores, pathological section characteristics, brain infarct volumes, inflammatory cytokines, and signaling pathways were investigated in vivo experiments. The results of systems pharmacology showed that 13 active compounds and 112 common targets were screened in BHD. The docking results suggested that the active compounds in BHD had a high affinity for the key targets. In vivo experiments demonstrated that BHD exhibited neuroprotective benefits by lowering the neurological score, the volume of the cerebral infarct, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and reducing neuroinflammatory damage in MCAO rats. Furthermore, BHD decreased TNF-α and CD38 levels while increasing ATP2B2, PDE1A, CaMK4, p-PI3K, and p-AKT. Combined with systems pharmacology and proteomic studies, we confirmed that PI3K-Akt and calcium signaling pathways are the key mechanisms for BHD against IS. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the feasibility of combining proteomics with systems pharmacology to study the mechanism of herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Liao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51006, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying He
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51006, People's Republic of China; Guangzhou HanFang Pharmaceutical Company Limited, National Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Processing Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Drug Innovation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Lipid, Guangzhou 510240, China
| | - Zai Liu
- Pharmacy Department, Dongguan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lisheng Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51006, People's Republic of China.
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Ji M, Mao L, Wei Y, Zhu B, Zhai Y, Zhou X, Tao W, Wang W, Wu H. The Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects of Buyang Huanwu Decoction through M1 and M2 Macrophage Polarization in an ApoE Knockout Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 2024; 67:79-87. [PMID: 38780292 DOI: 10.4103/ejpi.ejpi-d-23-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Arteriosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease and Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD) has been identified as an anti-atherosclerosis effect, and the study is aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism. The E4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is associated with both metabolic dysfunction and an enhanced pro-inflammatory response, ApoE-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet to establish an arteriosclerosis model and treated with BHD or atorvastatin (as a positive control). The atherosclerotic plaque in each mouse was evaluated using Oil red O Staining. Elisa kits were used to evaluate blood lipid, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-10, and tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β) contents, while Western blot was applicated to measure inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase I (Arg-1) expression. Meanwhile, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and its target genes glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), as well as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β were evaluated by the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. BHD treatment significantly reduced body weight and arteriosclerosis plaque area and blood lipid levels including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Meanwhile, BHD demonstrated a significant suppression of M1 polarization, by decreased secretion of iNOS and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in ApoE-/- mice. The present study also revealed that BHD promotes the activation of M2 polarization, characterized by the expression of Arg-1 and anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4 and IL-10). In addition, PKM2/HIF-1α signaling was improved by M1/M2 macrophages polarization induced by BHD. The downstream target genes (GLUT1, LDHA, and PDK1) expression was significantly increased in high fat feeding ApoE-/- mice, and those of which were recused by BHD and Atorvastatin. These results suggested that M1/M2 macrophages polarization produce the inflammatory response against AS progress after BHD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Ji
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Mao
- Experimental Center for Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Boran Zhu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhai
- Experimental Center for Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoxin Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Gong G, Ganesan K, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Yang F, Zheng Y. Ononin ameliorates depression-like behaviors by regulating BDNF-TrkB-CREB signaling in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 320:117375. [PMID: 37944872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ononin is a flavonoid compound found in several medicinal plants, including Astragalus membranaceus, Sophora flavescens, and Ononis spinosa. These plants have been traditionally used in various parts of the world for their medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects. Major depression is a common, long-lasting, and recurrent psychiatric disorder with a high suicide rate. Naturally occurring flavonoids treat depression via poorly understood mechanisms. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to determine whether ononin conferred an antidepressant-like effect in PC12 cell models and chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depressive rat models and to explore its possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Depression-related behaviors were measured using sucrose preference, tail suspension and open-field tests. Furthermore, to explore these mechanisms, we employed in vitro and in vivo assay methods, including neurite outgrowth, western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR, and staining methods. RESULTS Treatment with ononin or BDNF significantly increased PC12 cells' neuronal growth and differentiation. Furthermore, ononin promotes the activation of TrkB and growth factors and upregulates the PI3K/Akt and BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathways. The in vitro results were consistent with CMS-induced depressive rat models, in which ononin treatment significantly decreased depression-like behaviors and activated TrkB, growth factors, and BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathways in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Depression-induced microscopic alterations in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats with CMS-induced depression were also mitigated following ononin treatment. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we suggest that ononin is a promising antidepressant candidate for treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Gong
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, 519041, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, Guangdong, China
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, Guangdong, China
| | - Junli Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Fenglian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuzhong Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Functional Substances in Medicinal Edible Resources and Healthcare Products, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, Guangdong, China; School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China; Guangdong East Drug and Food & Health Branch, Chaozhou, Guangdong 521041, China.
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Hu J, Li P, Zhao H, Ji P, Yang Y, Ma J, Zhao X. Alterations of gut microbiota and its correlation with the liver metabolome in the process of ameliorating Parkinson's disease with Buyang Huanwu decoction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116893. [PMID: 37423520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, was first recorded in Qing Dynasty physician Qingren Wang's Yi Lin Gai Cuo. BHD has been widely utilized in the treatment of patients with neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In particular, little is known about the role of gut microbiota. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to reveal the alterations and functions of gut microbiota and its correlation with the liver metabolome in the process of improving PD with BHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cecal contents were collected from PD mice treated with or without BHD. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq-PE250 platform, and the ecological structure, dominant taxa, co-occurrence patterns, and function prediction of the gut microbial community were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods. The correlation between differential microbial communities in the gut and differentially accumulated metabolites in the liver was analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis. RESULTS The abundance of Butyricimonas, Christensenellaceae, Coprococcus, Peptococcaceae, Odoribacteraceae, and Roseburia was altered significantly in the model group, which was by BHD. Ten genera, namely Dorea, unclassified_Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospira, unidentified_Ruminococcaceae, unclassified_Clostridiales, unidentified_Clostridiales, Bacteroides, unclassified_Prevotellaceae, unidentified_Rikenellaceae, and unidentified_S24-7, were identified as key bacterial communities. According to the function prediction of differential genera, the mRNA surveillance pathway might be a target of BHD. Integrated analysis of gut microbiota and the liver metabolome revealed that several gut microbiota genera such as Parabacteroides, Ochrobactrum, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, and Halomonas, were positively or negatively correlated with some nervous system-related metabolites, such as L-carnitine, L-pyroglutamic acid, oleic acid, and taurine. CONCLUSIONS Gut microbiota might be a target of BHD in the process of ameliorating PD. Our findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the effects of BHD on PD and contribute to the development of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianran Hu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, China.
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Pengyu Ji
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Yanjun Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030619, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and the Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
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Li B, Xu M, Wang Y, Feng L, Xing H, Zhang K. Gut microbiota: A new target for traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of depression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:116038. [PMID: 36529248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNIC PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The causes of depression are complex. Many factors are involved in its pathogenesis, including the individual's biological and social environment. Although numerous studies have reported that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in depression, drugs that regulate the gut microbiota to treat depression have not yet been comprehensively reviewed. At the same time, more and more attention has been paid to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in improving depression by regulating gut microbiota. In ancient times, fecal microbiota transplantation was recorded in TCM for the treatment of severe diseases. There are also records in Chinese ancient books about the use of TCM to adjust gut microbiota to treat diseases, which has opened up a unique research field in TCM. Therefore, this article focuses on the pharmacological effects, targets, and mechanisms of TCM in improving depression by mediating the influence of gut microbiota. AIM OF THIS REVIEW To summarize the role the gut microbiota plays in depression, highlight potential regulatory targets, and elucidate the anti-depression mechanisms of TCMs through regulation of the gut microbiota. METHODS A systematic review of 256 clinical trials and pharmaceutical studies published until June 2022 was conducted in eight electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Research Gate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, and China Knowledge Infrastructure), according to the implemented PRISMA criteria, using the search terms "traditional Chinese medicine," "depression," and "gut microbiota." RESULTS Numerous studies reported the effects of different gut bacteria on depression and that antidepressants work through the gut microbiota. TCM preparations based on compound Chinese medicine, the Chinese Materia Medica, and major bioactive components exerted antidepressant-like effects by improving levels of neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, kynurenine, and cytokines via regulation of the gut microbiota. CONCLUSION This review summarized the anti-depression effects of TCM on the gut microbiota, providing evidence that TCMs are safe and effective in the treatment of depression and may provide a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boru Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Meijing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lijin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hang Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Lianyungang, 222001, China.
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Tianjin UBasio Biotechnology Group, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Bai Y, He Z, Duan W, Gu H, Wu K, Yuan W, Liu W, Huang H, Li Y. Sodium formononetin-3'-sulphonate alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:74. [PMID: 36482320 PMCID: PMC9733209 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium formononetin-3'-sulphonate (Sul-F) may alleviate I/R injury in vivo with uncertain mechanism. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis participates in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our aim is to figure out the effect of Sul-F on cerebral I/R injury and to verify whether it works through suppressing ER stress-mediated apoptosis. RESULTS The cerebral lesions of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in SD rats were aggravated after 24 h of reperfusion, including impaired neurological function, increased infarct volume, intensified inflammatory response and poor cell morphology. After intervention, the edaravone (EDA, 3 mg/kg) group and Sul-F high-dose (Sul-F-H, 80 mg/kg) group significantly alleviated I/R injury via decreasing neurological score, infarct volume and the serum levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), as well as alleviating pathological injury. Furthermore, the ER stress level and apoptosis rate were elevated in the ischemic penumbra of MCAO group, and were significantly blocked by EDA and Sul-F-H. In addition, EDA and Sul-F-H significantly down-regulated the ER stress related PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and IRE1 signal pathways, which led to reduced cell apoptosis rate compared with the MCAO group. Furthermore, there was no difference between the EDA and Sul-F-H group in terms of therapeutic effect on cerebral I/R injury, indicating a therapeutic potential of Sul-F for ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS Sul-F-H can significantly protects against cerebral I/R injury through inhibiting ER stress-mediated apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra, which might be a novel therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Bai
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Pingan Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
| | - Zhiwei He
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Pingan Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
| | - Weisong Duan
- grid.452702.60000 0004 1804 3009Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
| | - He Gu
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Pingan Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
| | - Kefeng Wu
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Pingan Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
| | - Wei Yuan
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Pingan Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
| | - Wenkang Liu
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Pingan Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
| | - Huaipeng Huang
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Internal Medicine, Shijiazhuang Pingan Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
| | - Yanan Li
- grid.256883.20000 0004 1760 8442Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Shijiazhuang Pingan Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 Hebei China
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Zhen K, Shi H, Zhang X, Liu X, Li W, Si G, Jia H, Guo D. Efficacy and safety of Buyang Huanwu Decoction in the treatment of post-stroke depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Front Neurol 2022; 13:981476. [PMID: 36408491 PMCID: PMC9672349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.981476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-stroke depression is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder after stroke, which seriously affects patients' post-stroke recovery and quality of life, and is prone to recurrence of stroke and death. Buyang Huanwu Decoction is effective in treating post-stroke depression, but there is a lack of scientific systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Buyang Huanwu Decoction in treating post-stroke depression. Methods A total of eight databases were searched by two investigators from Embase, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Wanfang, CNKI, VIP, and CBM to collect randomized controlled trials that applied BHD to PSD from the time of database construction to May 2022. Data analysis was performed using Review mange5.4. Results A total of 15 studies with 1,242 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that compared with the antidepressant drug control group, the change value of the HAMD scale in the Buyang Huanwu Decoction group was significantly lower [p < 0.00001, SMD = −0.85, 95% CI (−1.10, −0.61)]; after subgroup analysis, the effect of BHD for 4 weeks was the most significant; the total clinical effective rate was significantly increased [p = 0.001, RR = 1.33, 95% CI (1.12, 1.57)]; neurological deficit score [p = 0.002, SMD = −1.03, 95% CI (−1.67, −0.39)], the incidence of adverse reactions [p = 0.02, RR = 0.42, 95% CI (0.20, 0.89)], and adverse reaction scale scores [p < 0.00001, MD = −3.58, 95%CI (−4.09, −3.08)] were significantly lower. Conclusion Compared with antidepressants, the Buyang Huanwu Decoction is more effective and safer in the treatment of post-stroke depression patients. However, more high-quality studies are needed to further support the above conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongshuo Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guomin Si
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongling Jia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Hongling Jia
| | - Dong Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Guo
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Tao P, Xu W, Gu S, Shi H, Wang Q, Xu Y. Traditional Chinese medicine promotes the control and treatment of dementia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1015966. [PMID: 36304171 PMCID: PMC9592982 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a syndrome that impairs learning and memory. To date, there is no effective therapy for dementia. Current prescription drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, fail to improve the condition of dementia and are often accompanied by severe adverse effects. In recent years, the number of studies into the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for dementia treatment has increased, revealing a formula that could significantly improve memory and cognitive dysfunctions in animal models. TCM showed fewer adverse effects, lower costs, and improved suitability for long-term use compared with currently prescribed drugs. Due to the complexity of ingredients and variations in bioactivity of herbal medicines, the multi-target nature of the traditional Chinese formula affected the outcome of dementia therapy. Innovations in TCM will create a platform for the development of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of dementia, further strengthening and enhancing the current influence of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Tao
- Department of Nephrology Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Simeng Gu
- Department of Psychology, Jiangsu University Medical School, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Social Health Management, Pingshan General Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
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10
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Component-Effect Relationship between HPLC Fingerprints and Lipid-Lowering Activity of Buyang Huanwu Decoction. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:9195335. [PMID: 36199444 PMCID: PMC9529526 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9195335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) has lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects. In this study, HPLC was used to establish the fingerprint of extracts from different polar parts of BHD. Through the L02 cell lipid deposition model induced by oleic acid, extracts from different polar parts of BHD were administered for treatment. Oil red O staining, TG detection, and MDA detection were used to determine lipid deposition and antioxidant activity. The component-effect relationship is established by using grey relational analysis and PLSR analysis. The results showed that the extracts from different polar parts of BHD could reduce the levels of TG and MDA. The grey relational analysis showed that the peaks that contributed greatly to the reduction of TG and MDA were peaks 3, 16, 14, 10, 1, 15, 2, and 11, respectively. Peaks 1, 4, 9, 10, 14, 16, and 17 could reduce TG and MDA through PLSR analysis. According to the results of grey relational analysis and PLSR analysis, peaks 1, 10, 14, and 16 may have good lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects. This study provides a certain preliminary basis for follow-up research on lipid-lowering drugs.
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11
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Feng L, Xing H, Zhang K. The therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in depression: Targeting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153980. [PMID: 35152089 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by persistent sadness and lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities. Understandably, the causes of depression are complex. Nevertheless, the understanding of depression pathophysiology has progressed considerably and numerous studies indicate that hippocampal neurogenesis plays a pivotal role. However, no drugs specifically targeting hippocampal neurogenesis yet exist. Meanwhile, the effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on hippocampal neurogenesis have received increasing attention in the field of antidepressant treatment because of its multi-ingredient, multi-target, and holistic view. However, the effects and mechanisms of TCM on hippocampal neurogenesis in clinical trials and pharmaceutical studies remain to be comprehensively delineated. PURPOSE To summarize the importance of hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and illustrate the targets and mechanisms of hippocampal neurogenesis regulation that underlie the antidepressant effects of TCM. METHOD A systematic review of clinical trials and studies ending by January 2022 was performed across eight electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Research Gate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus and China Knowledge Infrastructure) according to the PRISMA criteria, using the search terms 'traditional Chinese medicine' "AND" 'depression' "OR" 'hippocampal neurogenesis' "OR" 'multi-ingredient' "OR" 'multi-target'. RESULTS Numerous studies show that hippocampal neurogenesis is attenuated in depression, and that antidepressants act by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, compound Chinese medicine (CCM), Chinese meteria medica (CMM), and major bioactive components (MBCs) can promote hippocampal neurogenesis exerting antidepressant effects through modulation of neurotransmitters and receptors, neurotrophins, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory factors, autophagy, and gut microbiota. CONCLUSION We have comprehensively summarized the effect and mechanism of TCM on hippocampal neurogenesis in depression providing a unique perspective on the use of TCM in the antidepressant field. TCM has the characteristics and advantages of multiple targets and high efficacy, showing great potential in the field of depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hang Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Tianjin UBasio Biotechnology Group, Tianjin 300457, China.
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12
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Zhang M, Bai X. Shugan Jieyu Capsule in Post-Stroke Depression Treatment: From Molecules to Systems. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821270. [PMID: 35140618 PMCID: PMC8818889 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common non-cognitive neuropsychiatric complication after stroke, and about a third of patients with stroke have depression. Although a great deal of effort has been made to treat PSD, the efficacy thereof has not been satisfactory, due to the complex pathological mechanism underlying PSD. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, PSD is considered to be a combination of “stroke” and “Yu Zheng.” The holistic, multi-drug, and multi-objective nature of TCM is consistent with the treatment concept of systems medicine for PSD. TCM has a very long history of being used to treat depression, and various TCM prescriptions have been clinically proven to be effective in improving depression. Among the numerous prescriptions for treating depression, Shugan Jieyu capsule (SG) is one of the classic prescriptions. Additionally, clinical studies have increasingly confirmed that using SG alone or in combination with Western medicine can significantly improve the psychiatric symptoms of PSD patients. Here, we reviewed the mechanism of antidepressant action of SG and its targets in PSD pathologic systems. This review provides further insights into the pharmacological mechanism, drug interaction, and clinical application of TCM prescriptions, as well as a basis for the development of new drugs to treat PSD.
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13
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Buyang Huanwu Decoction promotes neurogenesis via sirtuin 1/autophagy pathway in a cerebral ischemia model. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:791. [PMID: 34515326 PMCID: PMC8441980 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main causes of disease-related mortality worldwide. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) has been used to protect against stroke and stroke-induced disability for several years in China. Studies have shown that BHD can relieve neuronal damage in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanism remains unclear. A middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO-R) model was used in the present study. The animals were treated with BHD (5, 10 and 20 g/kg) or rapamycin. Infarct size and modified neurological severity score were calculated on day 5 following MCAO-R surgery. Cellular changes around the ischemic penumbra were revealed by hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining. The protein expression levels of nestin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), doublecortin on the X chromosome (DCX) and autophagy-related proteins (beclin 1, LC3-II and p62) in the peri-ischemic area of the brain were detected. The results demonstrated that post-surgical treatment with BHD reduced the brain infarct size and improved neurological deficits in MCAO-R rats. BHD protected against MCAO-R-induced neuronal impairment and promoted neurogenesis, increased the protein expression of nestin, BDNF and DCX and markedly enhanced autophagy by increasing beclin 1 and LC3-II and decreasing p62. Meanwhile, BHD promoted the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an important regulator of autophagy. In conclusion, the present study suggested that post-surgical treatment with BHD could protect rat brains from I/R injury, potentially through the SIRT1/autophagy pathway.
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Xiao W, He Z, Luo W, Feng D, Wang Y, Tang T, Yang A, Luo J. BYHWD Alleviates Inflammatory Response by NIK-Mediated Repression of the Noncanonical NF-κB Pathway During ICH Recovery. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632407. [PMID: 34025405 PMCID: PMC8138445 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening type of stroke that lacks effective treatments. The inflammatory response following ICH is a vital response that affects brain repair and organism recovery. The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is considered one of the most important inflammatory response pathways and one of its response pathways, the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, is known to be associated with persistent effect and chronic inflammation. NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK) via the noncanonical NF-κB signaling plays a key role in controlling inflammation. Here, we investigated potential effects of the traditional Chinese medicine formula Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) on inflammatory response in a rat model of ICH recovery by inhibiting the NIK-mediated the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway. In the first part, rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group, the ICH group, and the BYHWD group. ICH was induced in rats by injecting collagenase (type VII) into the right globus pallidus of rats' brain. For the BYHWD group, rats were administered BYHWD (4.36 g/kg) once a day by intragastric administration until they were sacrificed. Neurological function was evaluated in rats by a modified neurological severity score (mNSS), the corner turn test, and the foot-fault test. The cerebral edema showed the degree of inflammatory response by sacrificed brain water content. Western blot and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR tested the activity of inflammatory response and noncanonical NF-κB signaling. In the second part, siRNA treatment and assessment of inflammation level as well as alterations in the noncanonical NF-κB signaling were performed to determine whether the effect of BYHWD on inflammatory response was mediated by suppression of NIK via the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway. We show that BYHWD treated rats exhibited: (i) better health conditions and better neural functional recovery; (ii) decreased inflammatory cytokine and the edema; (iii) reduced expression of NIK, a key protein in unregulated the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways; (iv) when compared with pretreated rats with NIK targeting (NIK siRNAs), showed the same effect of inhibiting the pathway and decreased inflammatory cytokine. BYHWD can attenuate the inflammatory response during ICH recovery in rats by inhibiting the NIK-mediated noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zehui He
- Department of Orthopedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weikang Luo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ali Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiekun Luo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Weng SW, Chang CC, Chen TL, Yeh CC, Hu CJ, Lane HL, Liao CC, Shih CC. Risk of diabetes in stroke patients who used Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang: A nationwide propensity-score matched study. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 80:153376. [PMID: 33086171 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of traditional Chinese medicine is a common therapeutic approach for stroke patients in Chinese population, but little is known about the effect of Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (BYHWT) on post-stroke diabetes. PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the risk of diabetes in stroke patients who used BYHWT. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study based on a real-world database was conducted. METHODS Newly diagnosed stroke patients receiving inpatient care from 2000 to 2004 were identified using a large-scale insurance database in Taiwan. Propensity score matching was used to select eligible stroke patients who did (n = 9849) and did not (n = 9849) receive BYHWT. These two groups were followed up until the end of 2009 to track incident diabetes. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate the adjusted hazard rations (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for post-stroke diabetes associated with BYHWT during the follow-up period. RESULTS Stroke patients who used BYHWT had a reduced incidence of diabetes (14.1% vs. 19.0%, p < 0.0001) and reduced risk of diabetes (HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.83) compared with the control group. The association between BYHWT and reduced risk of post-stroke diabetes was significant across sexe, age group, and stroke subtype. Additionally, the use of BYHWT was associated with a reduced risk of post-stroke diabetes even after excluding the initial three months of diabetes cases in the sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS Stroke patients who received BYHWT therapy had a reduced risk of diabetes, and a positive effect was observed in various subgroups. However, future clinical trials will be necessary to validate the present findings and identify the biochemical mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Weng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Chau Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Long Lane
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chuan Shih
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Sui R. Ganoderic Acid A-Mediated Modulation of Microglial Polarization is Involved in Depressive-Like Behaviors and Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Post-Stroke Depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2671-2681. [PMID: 34421302 PMCID: PMC8373311 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s317207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common complication after stroke. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), one of the main bioactive Ganoderma triterpenoids, exerts preventive and therapeutic effects in many diseases. However, the function of GAA in PSD has not been well studied. METHODS PSD model was established via stimulating rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress stimulations (CUMS) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were treated with GAA before CUMS. Depressive-like behaviors were investigated by body weight alteration, open field test (OFT), and sucrose preference test (SPT). Neuronal damage was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Western blotting. Inflammation was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Microglial polarization was analyzed via qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway was analyzed by Western blotting, and inactivated by the inhibitor PD98059 (PD). RESULTS GAA attenuated PSD-induced depressive-like behaviors in rats. GAA mitigated PSD-induced neuronal damage and reduced BDNF and NGF levels in the cerebral hippocampus. GAA weakened PSD-induced inflammatory response in the cerebral hippocampus. GAA prevented pro-inflammatory (M1) polarization and promoted anti-inflammatory (M2) polarization, as indicated by decreased iNOS and CD86 levels and increased Arg-1 and CD206 levels. GAA restored the PSD-induced inactivation of the ERK/CREB pathway. GAA regulated M1/M2 microglial polarization by activating the ERK/CREB pathway. CONCLUSION GAA alleviated the depressive-like behaviors and brain inflammation in PSD rats, indicating its potential for PSD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rubo Sui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Chen X, Chen H, He Y, Fu S, Liu H, Wang Q, Shen J. Proteomics-Guided Study on Buyang Huanwu Decoction for Its Neuroprotective and Neurogenic Mechanisms for Transient Ischemic Stroke: Involvements of EGFR/PI3K/Akt/Bad/14-3-3 and Jak2/Stat3/Cyclin D1 Signaling Cascades. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4305-4321. [PMID: 32700252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD), a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been used for recovering neurological dysfunctions and treating post-stroke disability in China for 200 years. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BHD on inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, promoting proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and neurite formation and enhancing learning and memory functional recovery in an experimental rat ischemic stroke model. BHD significantly reduced infarct volume and decreased cell apoptosis in the ischemic brain. BHD enhanced neuronal cell viability in vitro. BHD dose-dependently promoted the proliferation of NSCs in ischemic rat brains in vivo. Moreover, BHD promoted neuronal and astrocyte differentiation in primary cultured NSCs in vitro. Water maze test revealed that BHD promoted the recovery of learning function but not memory functions in the transient ischemic rats. We then investigated the changes of the cellular signaling molecules by using two-dimension (2D) gel electrophoresis and focused on the PI3K/Akt/Bad and Jak2/Stat3/cyclin D1signaling pathway to uncover its underlying mechanisms for its neuroprotective and neurogenetic effects. BHD significantly upregulated the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-Bad as well as the expression of p-Jak, p-Stat3, and cyclin D1 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, BHD upregulated Hes1 and downregulated cav-1 in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that BHD has neuroprotective effects and neurogenesis-promoting effects via activating PI3K/Akt/Bad and Jak2/Stat3/Cyclin D1 signaling pathways. Graphical Abstract Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) activates the PI3K-AKT-BAD pathway in the ischemic brain for neuroprotection. BHD also activates JAK2/STAT3/Cyclin D1 signaling cascades for promoting neurogenesis in the hippocampus of post-ischemic brains. Moreover, BHD inhibits the expression of caveolin-1 and increases the expression of HES1 for promoting neuronal differentiation. The neuroprotective and neurogenesis-promoting effects in the hippocampus of post-ischemic brains promote learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yachong He
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuping Fu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haosheng Liu
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. .,The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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18
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Xu L, Xu XY, Hou XQ, Wang FG, Gao S, Zhang HT. Adjuvant therapy with Astragalus membranaceus for post-stroke fatigue: a systematic review. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:83-93. [PMID: 31440984 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is a common symptom after stroke and interferes with the rehabilitation. There are limited pharmacological therapies for managing PSF. Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi) is a frequently used Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in the treatment of fatigue in China. The aim of this review was to summarize the efficacy of adjuvant therapy with CHM Huangqi (CHM-HQ) in managing fatigue after stroke. We searched the databases in both English and Chinese for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on CHM-HQ for PSF till November 2016. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of included trials, and the Review Manager 5.3 software was used to conduct the data analysis. Sixteen RCTs with a total of 1222 participants were included. The evidence was poor in quality with unclear or high risks of bias. Compared to routine intervention, treatment with CHM-HQ decreased the fatigue severity based on the assessment of the Fatigue Severity Scale, Fugl-Meyer and Visual Analogue Scale, and improved the quality of life as measured by the Stroke Specific Quality of Life scale, the Barthel index, and the modified Barthel index, while the adverse effects were mild. In conclusions, adjuvant therapy with CHM-HQ may benefit in managing fatigue and quality of life in stroke patients. However, stronger evidence is needed for a promising conclusion and more rigorous designs of RCTs are merited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271016, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271016, China
| | - Xue-Qin Hou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271016, China.
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 619 Chang Cheng Road, Tai'an, Shandong, 271016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fu-Gang Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271016, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271016, China
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, 271016, China.
- Department of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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19
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Li P, Tang T, Liu T, Zhou J, Cui H, He Z, Zhong Y, Hu E, Yang A, Wei G, Luo J, Wang Y. Systematic Analysis of tRNA-Derived Small RNAs Reveals Novel Potential Therapeutic Targets of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Buyang-Huanwu-Decoction) on Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:895-908. [PMID: 30906219 PMCID: PMC6429019 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Buyang-Huanwu-Decoction (BYHWD), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, has been utilized to promote the recovery of neurological function in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) for centuries, its therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA) is a novel class of short non-coding RNA, possessing potential regulating functions. In the current study, we explored the novel therapeutic targets of BYHWD by tsRNA-sequencing. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham, ICH, and BYHWD-treated groups. The modified neurological severity score, corner turn test, foot-fault test, and weight change were used to assess neurological injury. After BYHWD treatment, these behavioral tests were obviously meliorated compared with ICH group in the recovery phase. In the rat brain tissues surrounding the hemorrhagic region, a total of 350 tsRNAs for exact match were identified. 12 of tRNAs (fold change >1.3 and P-value <0.05) were significantly changed in ICH group compared to sham group. Among them, 3 of tRNAs (rno-tRFi-Ser-25a, rno-tRF5-Ala-16a and rno-tRF5-Glu-29a) were markedly regulated by BYHWD treatment and validated with quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, target prediction and bioinformatics analyses revealed that these tsRNAs could play therapeutic roles through FoxO signaling pathway, positive regulation of long term synaptic depression, autophagy - animal, IL-17 signaling pathway and regulation of cytoskeleton and transforming growth factor beta. In conclusion, tsRNAs are the potential therapeutic targets of BYHWD on ICH treatment. The present study provides novel insights for future investigations to explore the mechanisms, by which BYHWD promotes neurological function recovery after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Gerontology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hanjin Cui
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zehui He
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhong
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - En Hu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ali Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaohui Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiekun Luo
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Hsu WH, Shen YC, Shiao YJ, Kuo CH, Lu CK, Lin TY, Ku WC, Lin YL. Combined proteomic and metabolomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid from mice with ischemic stroke reveals the effects of a Buyang Huanwu decoction in neurodegenerative disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209184. [PMID: 30645580 PMCID: PMC6333407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide and is a major cause of acquired disability in adults. However, there is still a need for an effective drug for its treatment. Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has long been used clinically to aid neurological recovery after stroke. To establish potential clinical indicators of BHD efficacy in stroke treatment and prognosis, we conducted a combined proteomic and metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in a mouse stroke model. CSF samples were obtained from male mice with acute ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (CI/R) injury, some of which were then treated with BHD. Label-free quantitative proteomics was conducted using nano-LC-MS/MS on an LTQ Orbitrap mass and metabolomic analysis was performed using nanoprobe NMR and UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The results showed that several proteins and metabolites were present at significantly different concentrations in the CSF samples from mice with CI/R alone and those treated with BHD. These belonged to pathways related to energy demand, inflammatory signaling, cytoskeletal regulation, Wnt signaling, and neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases. In conclusion, our in silico data suggest that BHD treatment is not only protective but can also ameliorate defects in pathways affected by neurological disorders. These data shed light on the mechanism whereby BHD may be effective in the treatment and prevention of stroke-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Ku
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (WCK)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (WCK)
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Weng SW, Chen TL, Yeh CC, Lane HL, Liao CC, Shih CC. The effects of Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang on post-stroke epilepsy: a nationwide matched study. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:1839-1850. [PMID: 30573993 PMCID: PMC6292405 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s175677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the long-term risk of epilepsy in stroke patients who use Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (BYHWT) and those who do not. METHODS In the Taiwanese national insurance claims data, we identified newly diagnosed stroke patients receiving inpatient care in the years 2000-2004. Using propensity score-matched pairs to balance the baseline characteristics, we selected eligible stroke patients who did (n=8,971) and did not (n=8,971) receive BYHWT. These two groups were followed up until the end of 2009 to track the occurrence of epilepsy. We used Cox proportional hazard models to calculate the adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for post-stroke epilepsy during the follow-up period according to BYHWT use. RESULTS Compared with the control group, stroke patients with BYHWT had a reduced risk of epilepsy during the 5-9 years of the follow-up period (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.61-0.77). The association between BYHWT and reduced post-stroke epilepsy was significant in various subgroups of stroke patients. There was a dose-dependent decrease in the frequency of epilepsy with increasing quantities of BYHWT use from 1 package (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66-0.90) to ≥6 packages (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.42-0.65). CONCLUSION Stroke patients who received BYHWT therapy had a reduced long-term risk of epilepsy, and the beneficial effect could be observed in various subgroups. However, future clinical trials will be necessary to corroborate the present findings and identify the biochemical mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Weng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hsin-Long Lane
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
| | - Chien-Chang Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chuan Shih
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
- Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,
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Wang J, Jia Y, Li G, Wang B, Zhou T, Zhu L, Chen T, Chen Y. The Dopamine Receptor D3 Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:448-460. [PMID: 29390063 PMCID: PMC5932470 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The altered expression and function of dopamine receptor D3 (D3R) in patients and animal models have been correlated with depression disease severity. However, the morphological alterations and biological effects of D3R in the brain after inflammation-induced depressive-like behavior remain elusive. METHODS In the present study, we ascertained the changes of D3R expression in the brain regions after depressive-like behavior induced by peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2)-cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway after activation or inhibition of D3R in the brain of depressive mice were also investigated. RESULTS LPS caused a significant reduction of D3R in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which are areas related to the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Pretreatment with pramipexole (PPX), a preferential D3R agonist, showed antidepressant effects on LPS-induced depression-like behavior through preventing changes in LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6), BDNF, and ERK1/2-CREB signaling pathway in the VTA and NAc. In opposition, treatment with a D3R selective antagonist NGB 2904 alone made mice susceptible to depression-like effects and caused changes in accordance with the LPS-induced alterations in proinflammatory cytokines, BDNF, and the ERK1/2-CREB signaling pathway in the mPFC and NAc. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a relevant mechanism for D3R in LPS-induced depressive-like behavior via its mediation of proinflammatory cytokines and potential cross-effects between BDNF and the ERK1/2-CREB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuwei Jia
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Forensic Medicine College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Forensic Medicine College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanjiong Chen
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China,Forensic Medicine College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Medicine, Xi’an, China,Correspondence: Yanjiong Chen, PhD, Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China ()
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