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Xin M, Bi F, Wang C, Huang Y, Xu Y, Liang S, Cai T, Xu X, Dong L, Li T, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu Z, Wang C, Wang M, Song X, Zheng Y, Sun W, Li L. The circadian rhythm: A new target of natural products that can protect against diseases of the metabolic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00133-4. [PMID: 38631431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of metabolic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system diseases remains to be explored. In the internal environment of organisms, the metabolism of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (including biohormones and enzymes) exhibit a certain circadian rhythm to maintain the energy supply and material cycle needed for the normal activities of organisms. As a key factor for the health of organisms, the circadian rhythm can be disrupted by pathological conditions, and this disruption accelerates the progression of diseases and results in a vicious cycle. The current treatments targeting the circadian rhythm for the treatment of metabolic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system diseases have certain limitations, and the identification of safer and more effective circadian rhythm regulators is needed. AIM OF THE REVIEW To systematically assess the possibility of using the biological clock as a natural product target for disease intervention, this work reviews a range of evidence on the potential effectiveness of natural products targeting the circadian rhythm to protect against diseases of the metabolic system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. This manuscript focuses on how natural products restore normal function by affecting the amplitude of the expression of circadian factors, sleep/wake cycles and the structure of the gut microbiota. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF THE REVIEW This work proposes that the circadian rhythm, which is regulated by the amplitude of the expression of circadian rhythm-related factors and the sleep/wake cycle, is crucial for diseases of the metabolic system, cardiovascular system and nervous system and is a new target for slowing the progression of diseases through the use of natural products. This manuscript provides a reference for the molecular modeling of natural products that target the circadian rhythm and provides a new perspective for the time-targeted action of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China; National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Fangjie Bi
- Heart Center, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Yujia Xu
- Department of Echocardiography, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Tianqi Cai
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Tianxing Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China; Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xueke Wang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yini Fang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China; Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053 China
| | - Zhengbao Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China.
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Wenlong Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China.
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100000, China.
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Wang X, Tang L, Ping W, Su Q, Ouyang S, Su J. Progress in Research on the Alleviation of Glucose Metabolism Disorders in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cyclocarya paliurus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153169. [PMID: 35956345 PMCID: PMC9370411 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the incidence of diabetes is increasing annually, and China has the largest number of patients with diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes need lifelong medication, with severe cases requiring surgery. Diabetes treatment may cause complications, side-effects, and postoperative sequelae that could lead to adverse health problems and significant social and economic burdens; thus, more efficient hypoglycemic drugs have become a research hotspot. Glucose metabolism disorders can promote diabetes, a systemic metabolic disease that impairs the function of other organs, including the heart, liver, and kidneys. Cyclocarya paliurus leaves have gathered increasing interest among researchers because of their effectiveness in ameliorating glucose metabolism disorders. At present, various compounds have been isolated from C. paliurus, and the main active components include polysaccharides, triterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. C. paliurus mainly ameliorates glucose metabolism disorders by reducing glucose uptake, regulating blood lipid levels, regulating the insulin signaling pathway, reducing β-cell apoptosis, increasing insulin synthesis and secretion, regulating abundances of intestinal microorganisms, and exhibiting α-glucosidase inhibitor activity. In this paper, the mechanism of glucose metabolism regulation by C. paliurus was reviewed to provide a reference to prevent and treat diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Songying Ouyang
- Correspondence: (S.O.); (J.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-0591-22868199 (S.O.); +86-0591-22868830 (J.S.)
| | - Jingqian Su
- Correspondence: (S.O.); (J.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-0591-22868199 (S.O.); +86-0591-22868830 (J.S.)
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Wang H, Tang C, Gao Z, Huang Y, Zhang B, Wei J, Zhao L, Tong X. Potential Role of Natural Plant Medicine Cyclocarya paliurus in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:1655336. [PMID: 34988228 PMCID: PMC8723876 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1655336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common chronic metabolic disease that has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. It poses a serious threat to human health and places a considerable burden on global social medical work. To meet the increasing demand for T2DM treatment, research on hypoglycemic drugs is rapidly developing. Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja is a medicinal plant that grows in China. The leaves of C. paliurus contain polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and other chemical components, which have numerous health benefits. Therefore, the use of this plant has attracted extensive attention in the medical community. Over the past few decades, contemporary pharmacological studies on C. paliurus extracts have revealed that it has abundant biological activities. Multiple in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that C. paliurus extracts are safe and can play a therapeutic role in T2DM through anti-inflammatory and antioxidation activities, and intestinal flora regulation. Its efficacy is closely related to many factors, such as extraction, separation, purification, and modification. Based on summarizing the existing extraction methods, this article further reviews the potential mechanism of C. paliurus extracts in T2DM treatment, and we aimed to provide a reference for future research on natural plant medicine for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zezheng Gao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
| | - Yishan Huang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
| | - Boxun Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
| | - Jiahua Wei
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
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Liu W, Wu Y, Hu Y, Qin S, Guo X, Wang M, Wu L, Liu T. Effects of Cyclocarya paliurus Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts on Glucolipid Metabolism and the Underlying Mechanisms: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2020; 7:605605. [PMID: 33335910 PMCID: PMC7736088 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.605605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims:Cyclocarya paliurus (CP) has been used as an herbal tea to treat diabetes mellitus and obesity for hundreds of years. Previous research suggests that CP specifically restores glucolipid metabolic homeostasis, and the two most studied preparations are aqueous and ethanol extracts. In order to verify the effect of CP on glucolipid metabolism in animal models with metabolic syndrome, a meta-analysis was performed, and the active components and underlying mechanisms were systematically reviewed. Methods: Four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify potential literature. Data of blood glucose (BG) level, area under curve (AUC) of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were extracted as indicators of the assessment of CP's effects. Follow-up analyses including subgroup analysis, meta-regressions, and publication bias were also conducted. Results: A total of 96 papers were identified from the databases and 11 papers including 31 data reports were involved in the meta-analysis. CP had a positive effect in down-regulating BG, AUC of OGTT, TC, TG, and LDL, and up-regulating HDL (P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval of standard mean difference did not incorporate the null value 0). Conclusion: CP showed definite activity of regulating glucolipid metabolism in animal models, and it exerted its function through multiple mechanisms including but not limited to: (1) improving insulin resistance; (2) protecting pancreatic β cells; (3) decreasing inflammatory infiltration; and (4) anti-oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Qin
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Shang A, Gan RY, Xu XY, Mao QQ, Zhang PZ, Li HB. Effects and mechanisms of edible and medicinal plants on obesity: an updated review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2061-2077. [PMID: 32462901 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1769548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, obesity has become a global public health issue. It is closely associated with the occurrence of several chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Some edible and medicinal plants show anti-obesity activity, such as fruits, vegetables, spices, legumes, edible flowers, mushrooms, and medicinal plants. Numerous studies have indicated that these plants are potential candidates for the prevention and management of obesity. The major anti-obesity mechanisms of plants include suppressing appetite, reducing the absorption of lipids and carbohydrates, inhibiting adipogenesis and lipogenesis, regulating lipid metabolism, increasing energy expenditure, regulating gut microbiota, and improving obesity-related inflammation. In this review, the anti-obesity activity of edible and medicinal plants was summarized based on epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies, with related mechanisms discussed, which provided the basis for the research and development of slimming products. Further studies should focus on the exploration of safer plants with anti-obesity activity and the identification of specific anti-obesity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center (NASC), Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Qian Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pang-Zhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Rajan L, Palaniswamy D, Mohankumar SK. Targeting obesity with plant-derived pancreatic lipase inhibitors: A comprehensive review. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104681. [PMID: 32045666 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is alarmingly increasing in the last few decades and leading to many serious public health concerns worldwide. The dysregulated lipid homeostasis due to various genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors is considered one of the critical putative pathways mediating obesity. Nonetheless, the scientific advancements unleashing the molecular dynamics of lipid metabolism have provided deeper insights on the emerging roles of lipid hydrolysing enzymes, including pancreatic lipase. It is hypothesized that inhibiting pancreatic lipase would prevent the breakdown of triglyceride and delays the absorption of fatty acids into the systemic circulation and adipocytes. Whilst, orlistat is the only conventional pancreatic lipase enzyme inhibitor available in clinics, identifying the safe clinical alternatives from plants to inhibit pancreatic lipase has been considered a significant advancement. Consequently, plants which have shown significant potential to combat obesity are now revisited for its abilities to inhibit pancreatic lipase. In this regard, our review surveyed the potential of medicinal plants and its phytoconstituents to inhibit pancreatic lipase and to elicit anti-obesity effects. Thus, the review collate and critically appraise the potential of medicinal plants and phyto-molecules inhibiting pancreatic lipase enzyme and consequently modulating triglyceride absorption in gut, and discuss its implications in the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logesh Rajan
- TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland's, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanabal Palaniswamy
- TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland's, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Mohankumar
- TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rockland's, Ooty, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Zhao L, Wang X, Li J, Tan X, Fan L, Zhang Z, Leng J. Effect of Cyclocarya Paliurus on Hypoglycemic Effect in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:2976-2983. [PMID: 31011149 PMCID: PMC6492607 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the hypoglycemic effect of Cyclocarya paliurus extract (CPE) on diabetes mellitus (DM) mice. Material/Methods A DM mouse model was established to test FBG, TC, and TG. The DM mice were divided into 3 groups: a DM group, a DM+CPE (0.5 g/Kg) group, and a DM+CPE (1.0 g/Kg) group. The FBG and body weight were measured. The glucose tolerance ability was determined by OGTT test. FINS was measured to calculate ISI and IRI. Serum MDA, SOD, and GSH-Px levels were detected. NIT-1 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into 4 groups: a control group, a STZ group, a STZ+CPE (80 μg/mL) group, and a STZ+CPE (160 μg/mL) group. Cell apoptosis and ROS content were assessed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was detected by EdU staining. Results Compared with the control group, FBG, TC, and TG were significantly increased in the DM group. CPE gavage obviously reduced FBG level, increased body weight, enhanced glucose tolerance, elevated FINS level and ISI, and reduced IRI, all in a dose-dependent manner. CPE gavage reduced serum MDA content and increased SOD and GSH-Px enzyme activities in DM mice. STZ markedly enhanced ROS production, induced apoptosis, and inhibited proliferation in NIT-1 cells. CPE treatment clearly reduced ROS production and apoptosis, enhanced cell proliferation, and alleviated STZ damage to NIT-1 cells. Conclusions CPE has the effects of decreasing blood glucose and insulin resistance, and enhancing glucose tolerance in DM mice, which may be related to its effects of reducing oxidation and reduced apoptosis, and relieving STZ in pancreatic beta cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Junxiu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lanlan Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhenwei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Leng
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China (mainland)
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Zhai L, Ning ZW, Huang T, Wen B, Liao CH, Lin CY, Zhao L, Xiao HT, Bian ZX. Cyclocarya paliurus Leaves Tea Improves Dyslipidemia in Diabetic Mice: A Lipidomics-Based Network Pharmacology Study. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:973. [PMID: 30210345 PMCID: PMC6121037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis afflict over 75% of patients with type 2 diabetes, causing diabetic dyslipidemia. Cyclocarya paliurus (CP) leaf is a herbal tea which has long been consumed by the Chinese population, particularly people suffering from obesity and diabetes. CP appears to exhibit a hypolipidemic effect in lipid loaded mice (Kurihara et al., 2003), although the detailed mechanisms and active ingredients for this hypolipidemic effect have not yet been answered. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of CP and predicted the mechanisms by utilizing lipidomics, serum-pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology approaches. Our results revealed that serum and hepatic levels of total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), as well as 30 lipids including cholesterol ester (CE), diglyceride (DG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM) in CP-treated mice were improved in comparison with untreated diabetic mice. In parallel, 14 phytochemical compounds of CP were determined in mice serum after CP administration. Mechanistically, the network pharmacology analysis revealed the predicted targets of CP’s active ingredients ALOX12, APP, BCL2, CYP2C9, PTPN1 and linked lipidome targets PLD2, PLA2G(s), and PI3K(s) families could be responsible for the CP effects on diabetic dyslipidemia. In conclusion, this study revealed the beneficial effects of CP on diabetic dyslipidemia are achieved by reducing accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets and regulating circulatory lipids in diabetic mice, possibly through PI3K signaling and MAPK signaling pathways.
Work flow of the evaluation of the effects and mechanisms of Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea on dyslipidemia in diabetic mice. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zi-Wan Ning
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Wen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Liao
- Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hai-Tao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
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