Removal of Arterial Vessel Contributions in Susceptibility-Weighted Images for Quantification of Normalized Visible Venous Volume in Children with Sickle Cell Disease

Penumbra quantification from MR SWI-DWI mismatch and its comparison with MR ASL PWI-DWI mismatch in patients with acute ischemic stroke

In acute-ischemic-stroke patients, penumbra assessment plays a significant role in treatment outcome. MR perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) mismatch ratio can provide penumbra assessment. Recently reported studies have shown the potential of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in the qualitative assessment of penumbra. We hypothesize that quantitative penumbra assessment using SWI-DWI can provide an alternative to the PWI-DWI approach and this can also reduce the overall scan-time. The purpose of the current study was to develop a framework for accurate quantitative assessment of penumbra using SWI-DWI and its validation with PWI-DWI-based quantification. In the current study, the arterial-spin-labelling (ASL) technique has been used for PWI. This retrospective study included 25 acute-ischemic-stroke patients presenting within 24 hours of the last noted baseline condition of stroke onset. Eleven patients also had follow-up MRI within 48 hours. MRI acquisition comprised DWI, SWI, pseudo-continuous-ASL (pCASL), FLAIR and non-contrast-angiography sequences. A framework was developed for the enhancement of prominent hypo-intense vein signs followed by automatic segmentation of the SWI penumbra ROI. Apparent-diffusion-coefficient (ADC) maps and cerebral-blood-flow (CBF) maps were computed. The infarct core ROI from the ADC map and the ASL penumbra ROI from CBF maps were segmented semiautomatically. The infarct core volume, SWI penumbra volume (SPV) and pCASL penumbra volume were computed and used to calculate mismatch ratios MRSWIADC and MRCBFADC . The Dice coefficient between the SWI penumbra ROI and ASL penumbra ROI was 0.96 ± 0.07. MRSWIADC correlated well (r = 0.90, p < 0.05) with MRCBFADC , which validates the hypothesis of accurate penumbra assessment using the SWI-DWI mismatch ratio. Moreover, a significant association between high SPV and the presence of vessel occlusion in the MR angiogram was observed. Follow-up data showed salvation of penumbra tissue (location and volumes predicted by proposed framework) by treatments. Additionally, functional-outcome analysis revealed 93.3% of patients with MRSWIADC > 1 benefitted from revascularization therapy. Overall, the proposed automated quantitative assessment of penumbra using the SWI-DWI mismatch ratio performs equivalently to the ASL PWI-DWI mismatch ratio. This approach provides an alternative to the perfusion sequence required for penumbra assessment, which can reduce scan time by 17% for the protocol without a perfusion sequence.