Patient-Physician Differences in Desired Characteristics of NSAID Plasters: An Online Survey

Real-world evidence evaluation on consumer experience and prescription journey of diclofenac gel in Sweden

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to understand profiles of topical Voltaren gel diclofenac (VGD) 2.32 and 1.16% consumers through analyzing prescription patterns and to characterize treatment satisfaction, functional impairment, and pain relief after over-the-counter (OTC) VGD use in Sweden under real-world conditions.

METHODS

This observational, real-world study conducted in Sweden had retrospective and prospective segments. The retrospective secondary data segment utilized 12-month diclofenac gel prescription data from the Swedish eHealth Agency (E-hälsomyndigheten). The prospective segment included electronic surveys completed at baseline and weeks 4 and 12 by adult consumers who purchased OTC VGD to treat their pain.

RESULTS

Secondary data analyses (n = 12,145) showed that 56.7% of patients receiving diclofenac gel were females ≥70 years old. Most patients did not switch pain treatments; the mean time between diclofenac gel refills was about 2.5 months. From the surveys (n = 264), VGD provided pain relief, indicated by improvement in 11-point pain numeric rating scale scores. Average pain severity at baseline was 5.8 - improving by a mean of 1.3 and 1.9 points at weeks 4 and 12, respectively. The majority of consumers reported improvement in daily functioning (i.e., health-related quality of life [HRQoL]), and most were at least somewhat satisfied with VGD treatment results.

CONCLUSIONS

This real-world study provides important insights into the prescription patterns of diclofenac gel and the consumer experience with OTC VGD in Sweden. Patients rarely switched to other topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and VGD consumers reported pain relief and improved HRQoL compared to baseline - resulting in treatment satisfaction.

Patients' experience and utilization patterns of diclofenac gel in Germany: a real-world study with a prospective longitudinal survey and a retrospective analysis of pharmacy data

OBJECTIVE

Describe and characterize treatment patterns, satisfaction, improvement in pain and functional impairment (health-related quality of life [HRQoL]) in users of over the counter (OTC) Voltaren gel diclofenac (VGD) 2.32% and 1.16% in a real-world setting.

METHODS

This observational real-world German study had prospective and retrospective components. The prospective data were collected from electronic surveys completed by adults who purchased VGD to treat their musculoskeletal pain at baseline and 4 and 12 weeks after baseline. Retrospective data were from a 12-month (March 2019 to February 2020) abstraction from dispensing software platforms used in select German pharmacies.

RESULTS

Surveys from 467 participants (mean age 60.8 years) were analyzed. Average pain severity at baseline was 6.0 on an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain), improving by 0.8 and 1.2 points at Weeks 4 and 12, respectively. Performance of functional activities (daily/physical/social activities and errands/chores) improved and the proportion of participants with at least moderate interference decreased at both follow-up timepoints. Retrospective analyses indicated that majority of patients receiving VGD (n = 95,085) were ≥65 years old (67.9%), had one dispensed tube (70.8%) and did not switch to another topical treatment (including other NSAIDs) (77.3%), and were co-prescribed at least one cardiovascular medication (74.3%).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides the first real-world insights into OTC VGD use in Germany. The participants using VGD reported a decrease in pain severity and an improvement of HRQoL while under treatment, as well as resulting satisfaction with treatment. Patients infrequently switched to alternate topical therapies/NSAIDs.

Safety risk associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Japanese elderly compared with younger patients with osteoarthritis and/or chronic low back pain: A retrospective database study

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the safety risks associated with using nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in elderly patients (≥65 years) compared with younger patients (<65 years) with osteoarthritis (OA) and/or chronic low back pain (CLBP).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on anonymized claims data of patients prescribed NSAIDs for OA and/or CLBP from 2009 to 2018 using hospital‐based administrative database—Medical Data Vision (MDV). The key outcome was the incidence of developing gastrointestinal (GI), renal, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) that are well‐known events associated with NSAID use.

Results

Of 288,715 patients included, 23.7%, 60.5%, and 15.8% had OA, CLBP, or both, respectively. Elderly patients used non‐oral NSAIDs more frequently than oral NSAIDs (57.8% and 38.7%, respectively), whereas younger patients showed comparable use (50.7% and 52.8%, respectively). The incidence of events per 10,000 person‐years (95% CI) was higher in the elderly than in younger patients: GI, 29.68(27.67–31.68) vs. 16.61(14.60–18.63); renal, 124.77(120.56–128.99) vs. 39.88(36.72–43.03); and AMI, 27.41(25.48–29.35) vs. 10.90(9.27–12.53), respectively. After adjusting for covariates, the increase in risk for these events was seen in patients >70 years compared with younger patients (18–30 years) and was remarkable in patients >80 years with 2‐fold, 10‐fold, and 7‐fold higher risk for developing GI, renal, and AMI events, respectively.

Conclusion

Risk for developing NSAID‐associated events was higher in the elderly; particularly, renal and AMI events that remarkably increased in patients >80 years. To reduce them, NSAIDs should be prescribed at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration possible.

A Retrospective Database Study of Gastrointestinal Events and Medical Costs Associated with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Japanese Patients of Working Age with Osteoarthritis and Chronic Low Back Pain

CONTEXT

The real-world burden of gastrointestinal (GI) events associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Japanese patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and/or chronic low back pain (CLBP) remains unreported.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the incidence and economic burden of NSAID-induced GI events by using data from large-scale real-world databases.

METHODS

We used the Japanese Medical Data Center database to retrospectively evaluate anonymized claims data of medical insurance beneficiaries employed by middle- to large-size Japanese companies who were prescribed NSAIDs for OA and/or CLBP between 2009 and 2018.

RESULTS

Overall, 180,371 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 32.9% had OA, 53.8% had CLBP, and 13.4% had both OA and CLBP. NSAIDs were administered as first-line analgesics to 161,152 (89.3%) of the patients in the sample, in oral form to 90.3% and as topical patches to 80.4%. A total of 65.1% used combined oral/topical patches. Of the 21.0% of patients consistently using NSAIDs (percentage of days supplied ≥70%), 54.5% received patches. A total of 51.5% patients used NSAIDs for >1 to ≤6 months. The incidence of GI events was 9.97 per 10,000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 8.92-11.03). The risk of developing GI events was high in elderly patients and patients with comorbidities and remained similar for patients receiving oral vs. topical NSAIDs. Longer treatment duration and consistent NSAID use increased the risk of GI events. The cost (median [interquartile range]) of medications (n = 327) was US$ 80.70 ($14.10, $201.40), that of hospitalization (n = 33) was US$ 2,035.50 ($1,517.80, $2,431.90), and that of endoscopic surgery (n = 52) was US$ 418.20 ($418.20, $418.20).

CONCLUSION

NSAID-associated GI toxicity imposes a significant health and economic burden on patients with OA and/or CLBP, irrespective of whether oral or topical NSAIDs are used.

Attributes Underlying Non-surgical Treatment Choice for People With Low Back Pain: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review

BACKGROUND

The knowledge of patients' preferences in the medical decision-making process is gaining in importance. In this article we aimed to provide an overview on the importance of attributes underlying the choice of non-surgical treatments in people with low back pain (LBP). Methods: A systematic mixed studies review was conducted. Articles were retrieved from the search engines PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus through June 21, 2018. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess the quality of the study, and each step was performed by 2 reviewers.

ANALYSIS

From a total of 390 articles, 13 were included in the systematic review, all of which were considered to be of good quality. Up to 40 attributes were found in studies using various methods. Effectiveness, ie, pain reduction, was the most important attribute considered by patients in their choice of treatment. This attribute was cited by 7 studies and was systematically ranked first or second in each. Other important attributes included the capacity to realize daily life activities, fit to patient's life, and the credibility of the treatment, among others.

DISCUSSION

Pain reduction was the most important attribute underlying patients' choice for treatment. However, this was not the only trait, and future research is needed to determine the relative importance of the attributes.

Patterns of drug treatment in patients with osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain in Japan: a retrospective database study

Purpose: Musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA) and low back pain (LBP), are the leading causes of years lived with disability, and are associated with lowered quality-of-life, lost productivity, and increased healthcare costs. However, information publicly available regarding the Japanese real-world usage of prescription medications is limited. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with OA and chronic LBP (CLBP), and to investigate the patterns of medications and opioid use in Japanese real-world settings.

Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted using a Japanese administrative claims database between 2013 and 2017. The outcomes were patient characteristics and prescription medications, and they were evaluated separately for OA and CLBP.

Results: The mean age of 118,996 patients with OA and 256,402 patients with CLBP was 68.8±13.1 years and 64.8±16.4 years, respectively. Approximately 90% of patients with OA and CLBP were prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other prescriptions included hyaluronate injection (35.6%), acetaminophen (21.4%), and steroid injection (20.0%) in patients with OA, and pregabalin (39.0%) and acetaminophen (22.4%) in patients with CLBP. Weak opioids were prescribed to 10.7% and 20.6% of patients with OA and CLBP, respectively. The prescription of COX-2 inhibitors (OA: +6.5%; CLBP: +6.7%) and acetaminophen (OA: +16.4%; CLBP: +14.4%) increased between 2013 and 2017. The first commonly prescribed medication among patients with OA and CLBP were NSAIDs; hyaluronate injection (patients with OA) and pregabalin (patients with CLBP) were also common first-line medications. Acetaminophen, steroid injection (patients with OA), and weak opioids were prescribed more in the later phases of treatment.

Conclusion: Most patients were prescribed limited classes of pain drugs, with NSAIDs being the most common pain medication in Japan for patients with OA and CLBP. Opioid prescription was uncommon, and were weak opioids when prescribed.

Efficacy and safety of loxoprofen sodium topical patch for the treatment of pain in patients with minor acute traumatic limb injuries in Brazil: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial

Posttraumatic injury pain is commonly treated with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause several adverse events, with topical formulations arising as an important alternative. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of loxoprofen patch (LX-P) in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic pain. This phase III, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study enrolled Brazilian patients aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with lower and upper limb posttraumatic injury who were experiencing moderate or severe pain. Patients were assigned to active LX-P or to loxoprofen tablet (LX-T), and pain intensity was measured based on a visual analog scale score variation after 7 days of treatment. Data on clinical symptoms, rescue medication use, and adverse events were also collected. Visual analog scale score variation was compared using a 10% noninferiority margin. Two hundred forty-two patients were randomly assigned to LX-P (n = 123) or to LX-T (n = 119). The results showed a reduction in pain after 7 days of treatment: -49.96 (n = 118; SE 1.7) in the LX-P and -47.71 (n = 117; SE 1.6) in the LX-T groups (difference of -2.25; 95% CI: -5.97 to 1.47; P = 0.23). On the safety analysis, the LX-T group presented twice as many patients with treatment-emergent adverse events as the LX-P group (30.8% and 14.2%, respectively). A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that rescue medication use has not affected the primary end point. This study showed that LX-P has a comparable efficacy to LX-T, but with a better safety profile, being a therapeutic option for the treatment of posttraumatic injury pain.