1
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Gao J, He W, Xiang Y, Long L, Qin S. Terminal group effects of DOPO-conjugated flame retardant on polyamide 6: Thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical performances. Front Chem 2022; 10:1002569. [PMID: 36247660 PMCID: PMC9554147 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1002569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two DOPO-conjugated flame retardants with or without amino terminal groups (DOPO-NH2 and DIDOPO, respectively) were synthesized and incorporated into polyamide 6 (PA6). Results demonstrated the DOPO-NH2 endowed superior thermal, flame retardant and mechanical performances to PA6 composites. With the same loading of 15 wt%, DOPO-NH2 can catalyze the PA6 matrix more effectively and result in more residues at high temperature. The PA6 composites containing DOPO-NH2 exhibited higher LOI (28.0%) compared to 25.0% for the sample containing DIDOPO, and the lower heat release capacity and peak heat release rate. Furthermore, the overall mechanical properties of PA6 composites containing DOPO-NH2 outperformed the samples containing DIDOPO, even superior to that for PA6. Such a significant difference can be mainly attributed to the existence of amino-terminal group, which can interact with carboxyl group in PA6 as confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis, improving the compatibility between the flame retardant and PA6 matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
| | - Wentao He
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, Huanggang Normal University, Huangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wentao He,
| | - Yushu Xiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Lijuan Long
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
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2
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Latha G, Hariharan A, Balaji K, Kumaravel A, Alagar M. Cardanol and bisphenol-F based benzoxazines with zirconium phosphate reinforced composites coating for protecting the mild steel surface from corrosion. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2022.2118607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Govindraj Latha
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Hariharan
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnasamy Balaji
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ammasai Kumaravel
- Department of Chemistry, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthukaruppan Alagar
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Mysiukiewicz O, Sałasińska K, Barczewski M, Celiński M, Skórczewska K. Effect of intumescent flame retardants on non‐isothermal crystallization behavior of high‐density polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Poznan University of Technology Poznań Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute Warsaw Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Poznan University of Technology Poznań Poland
| | - Maciej Celiński
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering Bydgoszcz University of Technology Bydgoszcz Poland
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4
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Feng H, Li D, Cheng B, Song T, Yang R. A cross-linked charring strategy for mitigating the hazards of smoke and heat of aluminum diethylphosphonate/polyamide 6 by caged octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127420. [PMID: 34736179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum diethylphosphonate (ADP) is a highly efficient phosphorus-based flame retardant, widely used in polyamide 6 (PA6). However, ADP/PA6 releases large amounts of heat and smoke under high heat flux, which commonly means serious hazards to life and property. Octaphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (OPS) is an organic-inorganic hybrid silicon compound, playing flame retardant role in condensed phase. In this work, combustion behaviors of OPS/ADP/PA6 were investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL94 and cone calorimeter (CONE) tests. The LOI and UL94 rating results did not change obviously, while the CONE data and smoke density data showed the synergistic effect of OPS and ADP in PA6. For 2.5%OPS/7.5%ADP/PA6, the peak values of heat, smoke and CO release rate (pk-HRR, pk-RSR, Ds, max with/without pilot flame and pk-COP) decreased by 60.2%, 82.1%, 45.9%/38.3% and 80.4% respectively, compared with 10%ADP/PA6. Moreover, 2.5%OPS/7.5%ADP/PA6 produced 337.5% more residue than 10%ADP/PA6. TGA, TG-IR, SEM-EDS, XPS and py-GC/MS were used to further explore the synergistic mechanism of OPS and ADP. It was verified that the cross-linked charring strategy apparently has weakened the hazards of smoke and heat of PA6. This work proposed a possible technical approach to solve both fire risk and heat/smoke hazards of PA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China; School of Fire Protection Engineering, China People's Police University, 220 Xichang Road, Anci District, 065000 Langfang, PR China
| | - Dinghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Bo Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China
| | - Tinglu Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South, Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100081 Beijing, PR China.
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5
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Liu Y, Jiang S, Yan W, Qin J, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of polyamide 6/p (N-(4-F-phenylmaleimide)–alt-styrene) composites based on interfacial complexation inducing crystal transformation. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Kahkesh S, Rafizadeh M. Flame retardancy and thermal properties of poly(butylene succinate)/
nano‐boehmite
composites prepared via
in situ
polymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Kahkesh
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color TechnologyAmirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Rafizadeh
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color TechnologyAmirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
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7
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Malkappa K, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Design of Poly(cyclotriphosphazene)-Functionalized Zirconium Phosphate Nanoplatelets To Simultaneously Enhance the Dynamic Mechanical and Flame Retardancy Properties of Polyamide 6. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13867-13877. [PMID: 32566853 PMCID: PMC7301536 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To obtain polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with improved flame retardancy and thermomechanical properties, highly cross-linked supramolecular poly(cyclotriphosphazene)-functionalized α-zirconium phosphate (f-ZrP) nanoplatelets were synthesized and melt-blended with PA6 in a twin-screw extruder. The performance enhancements of composites were investigated through measuring the dynamic mechanical property and observing cone calorimeter data, toxic gas evolution, and UL-94 rating. The thermomechanical performance of PA6 was increased by 37.2% after composite formation with f-ZrP. As for the fire retardancy performance, compared to neat PA6, the composite containing 10 wt % f-ZrP showed 41.7 and 30.4% decrease in the peak heat and total heat release rates, respectively, and the UL-94 rating of the composite was V-0. Moreover, the thermogravimetric analysis combined with infrared spectroscopy revealed that the addition of f-ZrP to the PA6 led to decrease in the evolution of the volatile compounds and toxic gases, with the formation of highly cross-linked P-N-containing dense char with microspheres, providing a strong barrier to the inhibition of the heat and flammable volatile components transferring between the flame zone area and substrate during the combustion test. Finally, based on the obtained results, the possible mechanisms for improved mechanical and fire retardancy properties of the composites were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuruma Malkappa
- Centre
for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology
Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- Centre
for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology
Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre
for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology
Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South
Africa
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8
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Ramos-Garcés MV, Colón JL. Preparation of Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials and Their Applications as Inorganic Supports for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050822. [PMID: 32357400 PMCID: PMC7711600 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanomaterials have been studied extensively ever since the preparation of the first crystalline form was reported in 1964. ZrP and its derivatives, because of their versatility, have found applications in several fields. Herein, we provide an overview of some advancements made in the preparation of ZrP nanomaterials, including exfoliation and morphology control of the nanoparticles. We also provide an overview of the advancements made with ZrP as an inorganic support for the electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Emphasis is made on how the preparation of the ZrP electrocatalysts affects the activity of the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario V. Ramos-Garcés
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, 17 Ave. Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, PR 00925-2537, USA;
- NSF PREM Center for Interfacial Electrochemistry of Energy Materials, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA
| | - Jorge L. Colón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, 17 Ave. Universidad STE 1701, San Juan, PR 00925-2537, USA;
- NSF PREM Center for Interfacial Electrochemistry of Energy Materials, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-787-402-2015
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9
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Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4273253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is imperative to develop a new generation of flame retardants. In recent years, the preparation of modified two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants has attracted wide attention in the field. Due to their unique layered structures, two-dimensional nanomaterials can generally improve the mechanical properties of polymers via uniform dispersion, and they can form effective physical barriers in a matrix to improve the thermal stability of polymers. For polymer applications in specialized fields, different two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential conductivity, high thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and antiultraviolet abilities, which can meet the flame retardant requirements of polymers and allow their use in specific applications. In this review, the current research status of two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants is discussed, as well as a mechanism of how they can be applied for reducing the flammability of polymers.
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10
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High performance linear low density polyethylene nanocomposites reinforced by two-dimensional layered nanomaterials. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Halogen-free flame retardants for application in thermoplastics based on condensation polymers. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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12
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Xu W, Wang X, Wang G, Li A, Xu B. A novel graphene hybrid for reducing fire hazard of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Guisong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Aijiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Baoling Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Anhui Jianzhu University; 292 Ziyun Road Hefei Anhui 230601 China
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