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Zhang K, Jiang Z, Li X, Wang D, Hong J. Enhancing simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of corncob by Kluyveromyces marxianus through overexpression of putative transcription regulator. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130627. [PMID: 38522677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Overexpression of a gene with unknown function in Kluyveromyces marxianus markedly improved tolerance to lignocellulosic biomass-derived inhibitors. This overexpression also enhanced tolerance to elevated temperatures, ethanol, and high concentrations of NaCl and glucose. Inhibitor degradation and transcriptome analyses related this K. marxianusMultiple Stress Resistance (KmMSR) gene to the robustness of yeast cells. Nuclear localization and DNA-binding domain analyses indicate that KmMsr is a putative transcriptional regulator. Overexpression of a mutant protein with deletion in the flexible region between amino acids 100 and 150 further enhanced tolerance to multiple inhibitors during fermentation, with ethanol production and productivity increasing by 36.31 % and 80.22 %, respectively. In simultaneous saccharification co-fermentation of corncob without detoxification, expression of KmMSR with the deleted flexible region improved ethanol production by 5-fold at 42 °C and 2-fold at 37 °C. Overexpression of the KmMSR mutant provides a strategy for constructing robust lignocellulosic biomass using strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Ziyun Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Jiong Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China; Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China.
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2
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Yahya A, Adeleke AA, Nzerem P, Ikubanni PP, Ayuba S, Rasheed HA, Gimba A, Okafor I, Okolie JA, Paramasivam P. Comprehensive Characterization of Some Selected Biomass for Bioenergy Production. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43771-43791. [PMID: 38027312 PMCID: PMC10666240 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of information about the detailed characterization of biomass of Nigerian origin. This study presents a comprehensive characterization of six biomass, groundnut shells, corncob, cashew leaves, Ixora coccinea (flame of the woods), sawdust, and lemongrass, to aid appropriate selection for bio-oil production. The proximate, ultimate, calorific value and compositional analyses were carried out following the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence were employed in this study for functional group analyses, thermal stability, and structural analyses. The H/C and O/C atomic ratios, fuel ratio, ignitability index, and combustibility index of the biomass samples were evaluated. Groundnut shells, cashew leaves, and lemongrass were identified as promising feedstocks for bio-oil production based on their calorific values (>20 MJ/kg). Sawdust exhibited favorable characteristics for bio-oil production as indicated by its higher volatile matter (79.28%), low ash content (1.53%), low moisture content (6.18%), and high fixed carbon content (13.01%). Also, all samples showed favorable ignition and flammability properties. The low nitrogen (<0.12%) and sulfur (<0.04%) contents in the samples make them environmentally benign fuels as a lower percentage of NOx and SOx will be released during the production of the bio-oil. These results are contributions to the advancement of a sustainable and efficient carbon-neutral energy mix, promoting biomass resource utilization for the generation of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmau
M. Yahya
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle A. Adeleke
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Petrus Nzerem
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Peter P. Ikubanni
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu Aran 251103, Nigeria
| | - Salihu Ayuba
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Hauwa A. Rasheed
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Gimba
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Okafor
- Department
of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University
of Nigeria, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
| | - Jude A. Okolie
- Gallogly
College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Prabhu Paramasivam
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Mattu University, Mettu 318, Ethiopia
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3
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Shah MA, Hayder G, Kumar R, Kumar V, Ahamad T, Kalam MA, Soudagar MEM, Mohamed Shamshuddin SZ, Mubarak NM. Development of sustainable biomass residues for biofuels applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14248. [PMID: 37648719 PMCID: PMC10469211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of physiochemical properties, thermal degradation behavior and chemical composition is significant for biomass residues before their thermochemical conversion for energy production. In this investigation, teff straw (TS), coffee husk (CH), corn cob (CC), and sweet sorghum stalk (SSS) residues were characterized to assess their potential applications as value-added bioenergy and chemical products. The thermal degradation behavior of CC, CH, TS and SSS samples is calculated using four different heating rates. The activation energy values ranged from 81.919 to 262.238 and 85.737-212.349 kJ mol-1 and were generated by the KAS and FWO models and aided in understanding the biomass conversion process into bio-products. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of CC, CH, TS, and SSS were found to be in the ranges of 31.56-41.15%, 23.9-32.02%, and 19.85-25.07%, respectively. The calorific values of the residues ranged from 17.3 to 19.7 MJ/kg, comparable to crude biomass. Scanning electron micrographs revealed agglomerated, irregular, and rough textures, with parallel lines providing nutrient and water transport pathways in all biomass samples. Energy Dispersive X-ray spectra and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of high carbonaceous material and crystalline nature. FTIR analysis identified prominent band peaks at specific wave numbers. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that these residues hold potential as energy sources for various applications, such as the textile, plastics, paints, automobile, and food additive industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Akbar Shah
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Kajang, Malaysia.
| | - Gasim Hayder
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Kajang, Malaysia.
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Vimal Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Tansir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Abul Kalam
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Manzoore Elahi Mohammad Soudagar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.
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Sartika D, Firmansyah AP, Junais I, Arnata IW, Fahma F, Firmanda A. High yield production of nanocrystalline cellulose from corn cob through a chemical-mechanical treatment under mild conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124327. [PMID: 37015281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural biomass waste such as corn cob is available in large quantities and can be used as renewable materials for various applications. Corn cob was converted into nanocrystalline cellulose by using mild sulfuric acid concentrations (30 % w/v) at low temperature (50 °C) and a relatively shorter time extraction (30 min) combined with mechanical treatment using a conventional high-speed blender. NCC from cellulose and α-cellulose from corn cobs have been successfully isolated with relatively high yields and crystallinities of 50.07-65.33 % and 65.5-69.9 %, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated the morphological variation and dimension from corn cob fiber (CF), delignification fiber (DF), cellulose, and α-cellulose, which shows that each pretreatment stage causes a decrease in fiber diameter from 16.56 to 5.48 μm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the nano-scale dimension with fiber diameters ranging between 9.35 nm and 6.51 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that NCC has relatively high thermal stability ranging from 429 to 437 °C. Thus, this characteristic of NCC has the potential to be applied as a reinforcing agent in various fields of polymer composites. Finally, this study presents a method for isolating NCC from corncob waste using a conventional high-speed blender in a mild condition process with a relatively low cost, environmentally friendly pathway, and high yield that was still preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Sartika
- Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, 90221 Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
| | | | - Isnam Junais
- Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, 90221 Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Arnata
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Badung, 80361, Bali, Indonesia.
| | - Farah Fahma
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Indonesia
| | - Afrinal Firmanda
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Indonesia
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5
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Zanuso E, Ruiz HA, Domingues L, Teixeira JA. Oscillatory flow bioreactor operating at high solids loading for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Modekwe HU, Moothi K, Daramola MO, Mamo MA. Corn Cob Char as Catalyst Support for Developing Carbon Nanotubes from Waste Polypropylene Plastics: Comparison of Activation Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142898. [PMID: 35890673 PMCID: PMC9318988 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The future and continuity of nanomaterials are heavily dependent on their availability and affordability. This could be achieved when cheap materials are actively employed as starting materials for nanomaterials synthesis. In this study, waste corn cob char was used as support during the preparation of the NiMo catalyst, and the effect of different char-activating techniques on the microstructure, yield and quality of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) obtained from waste polypropylene (PP) plastics using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique was investigated. Properties of the catalysts and obtained nanomaterials were evaluated by XRD, SEM, N2 physisorption experiment, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and TEM. Results showed improved surface properties of the NiMo catalyst supported on chemically (NiMo/ACX) and physically activated char (NiMo/ACT) compared to the NiMo catalyst supported on non-activated char (NiMo/AC0). High-quality CNTs were deposited over NiMo/ACT compared to NiMo/ACX and NiMo/AC0. It was also observed that different activation methods resulted in the formation of CNTs of different microstructures and yield. Optimum yield (470.0 mg CNTs/g catalyst) was obtained with NiMo/AC0, while NiMo/ACT gave the least product yield (70.0 mg CNTs/g catalyst) of the as-produced nanomaterials. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that utilizing a cheap pyrogenic product of waste corn cob as a catalyst support in a bimetallic NiMo catalyst could offer a promising approach to mass producing CNTs and as a low-cost alternative in CNTs production from waste plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen U. Modekwe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (H.U.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kapil Moothi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (H.U.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Michael O. Daramola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Messai A. Mamo
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-9001
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7
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Potential Greenhouse Gas Mitigation for Converting High Moisture Food Waste into Bio-Coal from Hydrothermal Carbonisation in India, Europe and China. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15041372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonisation is a promising technology for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation through landfill avoidance and power generation, as it can convert high-moisture wastes into bio-coal which can be used for coal substitution. The GHG mitigation potential associated with landfill avoidance of high-moisture food waste (FW) generated in India, China and the EU was calculated and the potential for coal substitution to replace either grid energy, hard coal, or lignite consumption were determined. Different HTC processing conditions were evaluated including temperature and residence times and their effect on energy consumption and energy recovery. The greatest mitigation potential was observed at lower HTC temperatures and shorter residence times with the bio-coal replacing lignite. China had the greatest total mitigation potential (194 MT CO2 eq), whereas India had the greatest mitigation per kg of FW (1.2 kgCO2/kg FW). Significant proportions of overall lignite consumption could be substituted in India (12.4%) and China (7.1%), while sizable levels of methane could be mitigated in India (12.5%), China (19.3%), and the EU (7.2%). GHG savings from conversion of high-moisture FW into bio-coal and subsequent coal replacement has significant potential for reducing total GHG emissions and represents in India (3%), China (2.4%), and the EU (1%).
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8
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Improving the Combustion Properties of Corncob Biomass via Torrefaction for Solid Fuel Applications. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The overdependence on fossils as the primary energy source has led to climate change, global warming, and the emission of greenhouse gas. As a result, the United Nations, while setting the goals for the year 2030, has made the provision of a green environment and energy one of the top priorities. In this study, the suitability of corncob for green energy production was investigated. The improvement of corncob’s thermal and combustion properties via the torrefaction process was considered for solid fuel applications. The raw corncob was collected, sorted, and dried for seven days before being used for the torrefaction experiment. Different torrefaction temperatures (200, 240, and 260 °C) and residence times (20, 40, 60 min) were studied. There was no particle reduction—samples were torrefied as collected (whole corncob). The results show that torrefaction temperature and residence time affect the torrefaction products yields along with their properties. Thermal and combustion properties were improved with an increase in torrefaction temperature and residence time. The higher heating value and energy density of the torrefied corncob varied between 17.26 and 18.89 MJ/kg, and 3.23 and 5.66 GJ/m3, respectively. High torrefaction temperature and residence time lead to low solid yield; however, liquid and gas yields increase with torrefaction temperature and residence time. The solid yields varied from 27.57 to 52.23%, while the liquid and gas yields varied from 31.56 to 44.78% and 16.21 to 27.65%, respectively. The properties of corncob improve after torrefaction and are suitable for solid fuel application.
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9
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Kinetics and isotherms of lead ions removal from wastewater using modified corncob nanocomposite. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Abstract
In this study, the densification of three agriculture waste biomasses (corn cobs, cotton stalks, and sunflower) is investigated using the torrefaction technique. The samples were pyrolyzed under mild temperature conditions (200–320 °C) and at different residence times (10 min–60 min). The thermal properties of the obtained bio-char samples were analyzed via thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Compositional analysis of the torrefied samples was also carried out to determine the presence of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin contents. According to the results of this study, optimum temperature conditions were found to be 260 °C–300 °C along with a residence time of 20 min–30 min. Based on the composition analysis, it was found that biochar contains more lignin and celluloses and lower hemicellulose contents than do the original samples. The removal of volatile hemicelluloses broke the interlocking of biomass building blocks, rendering biochar brittle, grindable, and less reactive. The results of this study would be helpful in bettering our understanding of the conversion of agricultural waste residues into valuable, solid biofuels for use in energy recovery schemes. The optimum temperature condition, residence time, and GCV for torrefied corn cobs were found to be 290 °C, 20 min, and 5444 kcal/kg, respectively. The optimum temperature condition, residence time, and GCV for torrefied cotton balls were found to be 270 °C, 30 min, and 4481 Kcal/kg, respectively. In the case of sunflower samples, the mass yield of the torrefied sample decreased from 85% to 71% by increasing the residence time from 10 min to 60 min, respectively.
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11
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Šelo G, Planinić M, Tišma M, Tomas S, Koceva Komlenić D, Bucić-Kojić A. A Comprehensive Review on Valorization of Agro-Food Industrial Residues by Solid-State Fermentation. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050927. [PMID: 33922545 PMCID: PMC8146281 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-food industrial residues (AFIRs) are generated in large quantities all over the world. The vast majority of these wastes are lignocellulosic wastes that are a source of value-added products. Technologies such as solid-state fermentation (SSF) for bioconversion of lignocellulosic waste, based on the production of a wide range of bioproducts, offer both economic and environmental benefits. The versatility of application and interest in applying the principles of the circular bioeconomy make SSF one of the valorization strategies for AFIRs that can have a significant impact on the environment of the wider community. Important criteria for SSF are the selection of the appropriate and compatible substrate and microorganism, as well as the selection of the optimal process parameters for the growth of the microorganism and the production of the desired metabolites. This review provides an overview of the management of AFIRs by SSF: the current application, classification, and chemical composition of AFIRs; the catalytic function and potential application of enzymes produced by various microorganisms during SSF cultivation on AFIRs; the production of phenolic compounds by SSF; and a brief insight into the role of SSF treatment of AFIRs for feed improvement and biofuel production.
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12
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Empirical Design, Construction, and Experimental Test of a Small-Scale Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13031061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The methods currently used for designing a fluidized bed reactor in gasification plants do not meet an integrated methodology that optimizes all the different parameters for its sizing and operational regime. In the case of small-scale (several tens of kWs biomass gasifiers), this design is especially complex, and, for this reason, they have usually been built in a very heuristic trial and error way. In this paper, an integrated methodology tailoring all the different parameters for the design and sizing of a small-scale fluidized bed gasification plants is presented. Using this methodology, a 40 kWth biomass gasification reactor was designed, including the air distribution system. Based on this design, with several simplified assumptions, a reactor was built and commissioned. Results from the experimental tests using this gasifier are also presented in this paper. As a result, it can be said the prototype works properly, and it produces syngas able to produce thermal energy or even electricity.
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13
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Ibitoye SE, Jen TC, Mahamood RM, Akinlabi ET. Densification of agro-residues for sustainable energy generation: an overview. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:75. [PMID: 34414064 PMCID: PMC8363485 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global demand for sustainable energy is increasing due to urbanization, industrialization, population, and developmental growth. Transforming the large quantities of biomass resources such as agro-residues/wastes could raise the energy supply and promote energy mix. Residues of biomass instituted in the rural and industrial centers are enormous, and poor management of these residues results in several indescribable environmental threats. The energy potential of these residues can provide job opportunities and income for nations. The generation and utilization of dissimilar biomass as feedstock for energy production via densification could advance the diversity of energy crops. An increase in renewable and clean energy demand will likely increase the request for biomass residues for renewable energy generation via densification. This will reduce the environmental challenges associated with burning and dumping of these residues in an open field. Densification is the process of compacting particles together through the application of pressure to form solid fuels. Marketable densification is usually carried out using conventional pressure-driven processes such as extrusion, screw press, piston type, hydraulic piston press, roller press, and pallet press (ring and flat die). Based on compaction, densification methods can be categorized into high-pressure, medium-pressure, and low-pressure compactions. The common densification processes are briquetting, pelletizing, bailing, and cubing. They manufacture solid fuel with desirable fuel characteristics-physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal, and combustion characteristics. Fuel briquettes and pellets have numerous advantages and applications both in domestic and industrial settings. However, for biomass to be rationally and efficiently utilized as solid fuel, it must be characterized to determine its fuel properties. Herein, an overview of the densification of biomass residues as a source of sustainable energy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segun E. Ibitoye
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa ,grid.412974.d0000 0001 0625 9425Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Tien-Chien Jen
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
| | - Rasheedat M. Mahamood
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa ,grid.412974.d0000 0001 0625 9425Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Esther T. Akinlabi
- grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa ,Directorate, Pan African University for Life and Earth Sciences Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria
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14
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Del Toro Farías A, Zurita Martínez F. Changes in the nitrification-denitrification capacity of pilot-scale partially saturated vertical flow wetlands (with corncob in the free-drainage zone) after two years of operation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 23:829-836. [PMID: 33349025 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1859987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This six-month study aimed to evaluate the removal of total nitrogen (TN) in two duplicated partially saturated (PS) vertical flow (VF) wetlands added with corncob in two different heights of the free-drainage zone (FDZ) after two years in operation. Both PS VF wetlands efficiently removed organic matter measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) as well as total suspended solids (TSS) achieving average mass removal efficiencies of 95.3%, 83.2% and 92.9%, respectively, in system I (SI) and 96.3%, 84.0% and 94.9%, respectively, in system II (SII); with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the systems. Measurements of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) showed suitable conditions in the saturated zone (SZ) of the systems for denitrification process. TN removal was similar in both systems (p > 0.05) (51.5% and 52.9% in SI and SII), and decreased in 15% with respect to the first year. This decrease was due to the lower denitrification capacity of the FDZ as a result of the reduction in the supply of biodegradable carbon by corncob. Denitrification occurred in the SZ, but not at a sufficient level to increase TN removal. NoveltyFirst, the use of lignocellulosic residues in partially saturated vertical wetlands to promote total nitrogen removal is very recent. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating TN removal after two years of operation in this type of wetland. Therefore, this study allows us to better understand the function of these systems, in a relatively long term. Thanks to this study: it is possible to confirm that the main process of TN elimination is through the simultaneous nitrification-denitrification process in the free drainage zone (denitrification in the saturated zone is irrelevant) and that TN elimination decreases due to the reduction in carbon supply from the corn, in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Del Toro Farías
- Quality Environmental Laboratory, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán, México
| | - Florentina Zurita Martínez
- Quality Environmental Laboratory, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán, México
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Synthesis and Characterization of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Corncob Using Solid Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8886361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural as a versatile organic compound is considered as a promising biomass-derived product via hydrolysis followed by dehydration of lignocellulosic biomass using solid catalysts. In this study, lignocellulosic materials (corncob) were utilized to synthesize 5-hydroxymethylfurfural via solid acid catalytic conversion. The precursor of the catalyst material was chemically impregnated with ZnCl2 prior to carbonization. The solid catalyst was prepared with three different acid concentrations of 98%, 96%, and 94% of sulfuric acid. The prepared catalyst was characterized by acid density elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The maximum result of the total acid density and amount of SO3H group was recorded as 3.5 mmol/g and 0.61 mmol/g, respectively, with high sulfur content of 1.87%. The result from FTIR spectra of BC-SO3H−1 confirms the incorporation of -SO3H groups into the carbon material. BC-SO3H−1 was selected based on the acid density and elemental analysis of the catalyst. The activity of the selected catalyst (BC-SO3H−1) was studied on the transformation of corncob to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using biphasic solvent (water: ethyl acetate) and NaCl in the reaction medium. The intermediate result in the hydrolysis\dehydration reaction was analyzed using FTIR and the functional groups observed confirm the occurrence of 5-HMF in the intermediate reaction result.
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Lau T, Harbourne N, Oruña‐Concha MJ. Valorisation of sweet corn (
Zea mays
) cob by extraction of valuable compounds. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Lau
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Reading Whiteknights Reading Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
| | - Niamh Harbourne
- Institute of Food and Health School of Agricultural and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Maria Jose Oruña‐Concha
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Reading Whiteknights Reading Berkshire RG6 6AP UK
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Martínez NB, Tejeda A, Del Toro A, Sánchez MP, Zurita F. Nitrogen removal in pilot-scale partially saturated vertical wetlands with and without an internal source of carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:524-532. [PMID: 30029128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate and compare total nitrogen (TN) removal in pilot-scale partially saturated vertical wetlands (PSVWs) with and without an internal solid source of organic carbon (corncob) in order to distinguish the role of nitrification-denitrification and ANAMMOX in the removal process. The height of the free-drainage zone (FDZ) was 40 cm and the saturated zone (SZ) was 30 cm in system I (SI) and system II (SII) and 40 cm in system III (SIII) and system IV (SIV). In SII and SIV, approximately 30 kg of dry, 5 cm-length corncob was added. The systems were evaluated during two periods, that is, P1 and P2. Measurements of water quality parameters including BOD5, COD, organic nitrogen (Org-N), ammonium, nitrate and nitrite were taken in the influent and effluents on a weekly basis; nitrate measurements were also taken at the interface. Measurements of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were taken in the SZ. The height of both SZ (40 cm vs. 30 cm in P1) and FDZ (40 vs. 25 and 30 cm in SI/SIII in P2) did not affect the efficiencies (p > 0.05) but the presence or absence of corn cob did (p < 0.05). Thus, SII and SIV were superior when compared to SI and SIII (p < 0.05) with TN average removal efficiencies of 72.9% and 73.2% in P1, and 59.8% and 64.2% in P2, respectively; showing a tendency to lower values when the biodegradable organics supplied by the corncob diminished. In SI and SIII, TN removals were 47.6% and 40.3% in P1, and 46.1% and 44.1% in P2, respectively. In SII and SIV, denitrification took place in both the lower semi-saturated part of the FDZ (probably also ANAMMOX) and SZ; whereas in SI and SIII, ANAMMOX took place in the lower semi-saturated part of the FDZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Martínez
- Environmental Quality Laboratory, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, 47820, Mexico
| | - Allan Tejeda
- Environmental Quality Laboratory, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, 47820, Mexico
| | - Aarón Del Toro
- Environmental Quality Laboratory, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, 47820, Mexico
| | - Martha P Sánchez
- Environmental Quality Laboratory, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, 47820, Mexico
| | - Florentina Zurita
- Environmental Quality Laboratory, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, University of Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Ocotlán, Jalisco, 47820, Mexico.
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Awosusi AA, Ayeni AO, Adeleke R, Daramola MO. Biocompositional and thermodecompositional analysis of South African agro-waste corncob and husk towards production of biocommodities. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayotunde A. Awosusi
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Augustine O. Ayeni
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering; Covenant University; Ota Nigeria
| | - R. Adeleke
- Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Research Group; Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Soil, Climate & Water 600; Belvedere Street, Arcadia 0001 Pretoria South Africa
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management; North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus); Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Michael O. Daramola
- School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment; University of the Witwatersrand; Wits 2050 Johannesburg South Africa
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