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Tidman R, Kanankege KST, Bangert M, Abela-Ridder B. Global prevalence of 4 neglected foodborne trematodes targeted for control by WHO: A scoping review to highlight the gaps. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011073. [PMID: 36862635 PMCID: PMC9980766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne trematodiases (FBTs) are a group of trematodes targeted for control as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) road map for neglected tropical diseases from 2021 to 2030. Disease mapping; surveillance; and capacity, awareness, and advocacy building are critical to reach the 2030 targets. This review aims to synthesise available data on FBT prevalence, risk factors, prevention, testing, and treatment. METHODS We searched the scientific literature and extracted prevalence data as well as qualitative data on the geographical and sociocultural risk factors associated with infection, preventive/protective factors, and methods and challenges of diagnostics and treatment. We also extracted WHO Global Health Observatory data representing the countries that reported FBTs during 2010 to 2019. RESULTS One hundred and fifteen studies reporting data on any of the 4 FBTs of focus (Fasciola spp., Paragonimus spp., Clonorchis sp., and Opisthorchis spp.) were included in the final selection. Opisthorchiasis was the most commonly reported and researched FBT, with recorded study prevalence ranging from 0.66% to 88.7% in Asia, and this was the highest FBT prevalence overall. The highest recorded study prevalence for clonorchiasis was 59.6%, reported in Asia. Fascioliasis was reported in all regions, with the highest prevalence of 24.77% reported in the Americas. The least data was available on paragonimiasis, with the highest reported study prevalence of 14.9% in Africa. WHO Global Health Observatory data indicated 93/224 (42%) countries reported at least 1 FBT and 26 countries are likely co-endemic to 2 or more FBTs. However, only 3 countries had conducted prevalence estimates for multiple FBTs in the published literature between 2010 to 2020. Despite differing epidemiology, there were overlapping risk factors for all FBTs in all geographical areas, including proximity to rural and agricultural environments; consumption of raw contaminated food; and limited water, hygiene, and sanitation. Mass drug administration and increased awareness and health education were commonly reported preventive factors for all FBTs. FBTs were primarily diagnosed using faecal parasitological testing. Triclabendazole was the most reported treatment for fascioliasis, while praziquantel was the primary treatment for paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, and opisthorchiasis. Low sensitivity of diagnostic tests as well as reinfection due to continued high-risk food consumption habits were common factors. CONCLUSION This review presents an up-to-date synthesis on the quantitative and qualitative evidence available for the 4 FBTs. The data show a large gap between what is being estimated and what is being reported. Although progress has been made with control programmes in several endemic areas, sustained effort is needed to improve surveillance data on FBTs and identify endemic and high-risk areas for environmental exposures, through a One Health approach, to achieve the 2030 goals of FBT prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tidman
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (RT); (KK)
| | - Kaushi S. T. Kanankege
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RT); (KK)
| | - Mathieu Bangert
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Xiao HY, Chai JY, Fang YY, Lai YS. The spatial-temporal risk profiling of Clonorchis sinensis infection over 50 years implies the effectiveness of control programs in South Korea: a geostatistical modeling study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 33:100697. [PMID: 36817868 PMCID: PMC9932111 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Over the past 50 years, two national control programs on Clonorchis sinensis infection have been conducted in South Korea. Spatial-temporal profiles of infection risk provide useful information on assessing the effectiveness of the programs and planning spatial-targeted control strategies. Methods Advanced Bayesian geostatistical joint models with spatial-temporal random effects were developed to analyze disease data collecting by a systematic review with potential influencing factors, and to handle issues of preferential sampling and data heterogeneities. Changes of the infection risk were analyzed. Findings We presented the first spatial-temporal risk maps of C. sinensis infection at 5 × 5 km2 resolution from 1970 to 2020 in South Korea. Moderate-to-high risk areas were shrunk, but temporal variances were shown in different areas. The population-adjusted estimated prevalence across the country was 5.99% (95% BCI: 5.09-7.01%) in 1970, when the first national deworming campaign began. It declined to 3.95% (95% BCI: 2.88-3.95%) in 1995, when the campaign suspended, and increased to 4.73% (95% BCI: 4.00-5.42%) in 2004, just before the Clonorchiasis Eradication Program (CEP). The population-adjusted prevalence was estimated at 2.77% (95% BCI: 1.67-4.34%) in 2020, 15 years after CEP started, corresponding to 1.42 (95% BCI: 0.85-2.23) million infected people. Interpretation The first nationwide campaign and the CEP showed effectiveness on control of C. sinensis infection. Moderate-to-high risk areas identified by risk maps should be prioritized for control and intervention. Funding The National Natural Science Foundation of China (project no. 82073665) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (project no. 2022A1515010042).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Xiao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Yue-Yi Fang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ying-Si Lai
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China,Corresponding author. Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, PR China.
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Lee MR, Shin HE, Back SO, Lee YJ, Lee HI, Ju JW. Status of Helminthic Infections in Residents around River Basins in the Republic of Korea for 10 Years (2011-2020). THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 60:187-193. [PMID: 35772737 PMCID: PMC9256286 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis is the highest among intestinal parasites in the Republic of Korea (Korea). More than 1.2 million people were at risk of C. sinensis infection in Korea in 2012. An intensive control program is being implemented for residents of the 5 major river basins to reduce helminthic infections, including C. sinensis infection. This study evaluated the continuous intensive control program for parasitic diseases including clonorchiasis in areas near the 5 major river basins in Korea over the past 10 years (2011-2020). A total of 335,020 fecal samples (one sample per resident) prepared by the modified sedimentation technic were microscopically examined. Those who expelled helminth eggs were treated with anthelmintics through local health centers and re-examined 3 months later. The overall positive rate of helminths egg was 7.1%. The annual positive rates were dramatically decreased from 14.4% (2011) to 5.9% (2020). The egg positive rate was highest in C. sinensis (5.3%), followed by heterophyid flukes (1.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.2%). The prevalence of C. sinensis was significantly higher in males (7.6%) than in females (3.7%), and the highest in the 50-59 years (7.0%) age group. Our results are beneficial to establish prevention and control policies against helminthiases including clonorchiasis in endemic areas in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Ro Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Shin
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Seon-Ok Back
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Young-Ju Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Hee-Il Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
| | - Jung-Won Ju
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency, Osong 28159,
Korea
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Sohn WM. Infection Characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis Metacercariae in Fish from Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 60:79-96. [PMID: 35500890 PMCID: PMC9058273 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The infection nature of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae (CsMc) in freshwater fish hosts is closely related to the transmission of human clonorchiasis. This article reviewed the infection characteristics of CsMc in freshwater fish in the Republic of Korea (Korea). The status of CsMc infection was examined in a total of 17,792 cyprinid fish of 49 species in 9 water systems, which included Hantan-/Imjin-gang, Han-gang, Geum-gang, Mangyeong-gang, Yeongsan-gang, Tamjin-gang, Seomjin-gang, Nakdong-gang, and streams in the east coastal areas from 2010 to 2020. The infection status of CsMc was examined according to cyprinid fish species and water systems, after which analyzed by endemicity and susceptibility index. The high endemicity was shown in the cyprinid fish from 3 regions (6.1%) in the upper reaches of Nakdong-gang, such as Banbyeon-cheon (stream), Yongjeon-cheon, and Wi-cheon. The moderate levels were observed in fishes from 8 regions (16.3%), and low endemicity was shown in fishes from 20 regions (40.8%). No CsMc were detected in fish from 18 regions (36.7%). The susceptibility of CsMc in index fish, Puntungia herzi, was found to be a reliable index without examination of other fish species. CsMc infection rates were closely related to subfamily groups in the cyprinid fish hosts in a highly endemic area. In Korea, a total of 58 fish species in 10 families has been listed as the second intermediate hosts for C. sinensis. This review provides several novel features of CsMc infection and clarifies the species of second intermediate freshwater fish host in Korea.
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Sohn WM, Na BK, Cho SH, Kim CH, Hwang MA, No KW, Kim JD. Survey of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Geum-gang (River) in Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:23-33. [PMID: 33684984 PMCID: PMC7939959 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae (ZTM) was surveyed in freshwater fishes from the water systems of Geum-gang (River) in the Republic of Korea (Korea). A total of 1,161 freshwater fishes from 6 local sites of Geum-gang were examined with the artificial digestion method for 4 years (2012–2015). Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae were detected in 122 (37.2%) out of 328 fishes in the positive fish species from 4 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 43 per fish infected. Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were found in 432 (51.7%) out of 835 fishes in the positive fish species from all 6 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 30 per fish infected. Centrocestus armatus metacercariae were detected in 285 (75.0%) out of 380 fishes in the positive fish species from 6 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 2,100 per fish infected. Echinostoma spp. metacercariae were found in 56 (19.7%) out of 284 fishes in the positive fish species from 5 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 10 per fish infected. Clinostomum complanatum metacercariae were detected in 98 (57.3%) out of 171 fishes in the positive fish species from only 2 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 11 per fish infected. Conclusively, the endemicity of ZTM is not so high in fishes from water systems of Geum-gang in Korea although it is more or less different by fish species, surveyed areas and ZTM species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Cheon-Hyeon Kim
- Division of Microorganism, Jeollabuk-do Institute of Health and Environment, Imsil 55928, Korea
| | - Min-Ah Hwang
- Division of Microorganism, Jeollabuk-do Institute of Health and Environment, Imsil 55928, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Woo No
- Division of Microorganism, Jeollabuk-do Institute of Health and Environment, Imsil 55928, Korea
| | - Jai-Dong Kim
- Division of Microbiology, Chungcheongnam-do Institute of Health and Environment, Hongseong 32254, Korea
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Lee SE, Shin HE, Lee MR, Kim YH, Cho SH, Ju JW. Risk Factors of Clonorchis sinensis Human Infections in Endemic Areas, Haman-Gun, Republic of Korea: A Case-Control Study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:647-652. [PMID: 33412768 PMCID: PMC7806425 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is the most common fish-borne intestinal parasite in Korea. The aim of the present investigation was to survey the status of C. sinensis infection and analyze associated risk factors in residents of Haman-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. A total of 5,114 residents from 10 administrative towns/villages voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, which comprised fecal examination, a questionnaire survey for risk factors, ultrasonography, and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for cancer biomarker detection in the blood. We detected C. sinensis eggs in 5.3% of the subjects. By region, Gunbuk-myeon had the highest number of residents with C. sinensis eggs. The infection rate and intensity were higher in male than in female residents. Based on the risk factor questionnaire, infection was highly associated with drinking, a history of C. sinensis infection, and the practice of eating of raw freshwater fish. Extension of the bile duct, infection intensity, and cancer biomarker detection significantly correlated with the presence of eggs in the study population. In conclusion, the development of feasible, long-term control policies and strategies for the elimination of C. sinensis in Korea is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Shin
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Myoung-Ro Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Yang-Hee Kim
- Haman-gun Public Health Center, Haman-gun 52043, Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Ju
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Korea
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