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Lee YJ, Jang YN, Han YM, Kim HM, Seo HS, Kim HJ, Jung TW, Jeong JH, Abd El-Aty AM, Jung KO. Aster glehni Extract, Including Caffeoylquinic Acids as the Main Constituents, Induces PPAR β/δ-Dependent Muscle-Type Change and Myogenesis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. J Med Food 2024; 27:521-532. [PMID: 38651680 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2024.k.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To probe the functions of Aster glehni (AG) extract containing various caffeoylquinic acids on dyslipidemia, obesity, and skeletal muscle-related diseases focused on the roles of skeletal muscle, we measured the levels of biomarkers involved in oxidative phosphorylation and type change of skeletal muscle in C2C12 cells and skeletal muscle tissues from apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. After AG extract treatment in cell and animal experiments, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to estimate the levels of proteins that participated in skeletal muscle type change and oxidative phosphorylation. AG extract elevated protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), phosphorylated 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ), myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD), and myoglobin in skeletal muscle tissues. Furthermore, it elevated the ATP concentration. However, protein expression of myostatin was decreased by AG treatment. In C2C12 cells, increments of MyoD, myoglobin, myosin, ATP-producing pathway, and differentiation degree by AG were dependent on PPARβ/δ and caffeoylquinic acids. AG extract can contribute to the amelioration of skeletal muscle inactivity and sarcopenia through myogenesis in skeletal muscle tissues from ApoE KO mice, and function of AG extract may be dependent on PPARβ/δ, and the main functional constituents of AG are trans-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. In addition, in skeletal muscle, AG has potent efficacies against dyslipidemia and obesity through the increase of the type 1 muscle fiber content to produce more ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle tissues from ApoE KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jik Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Na Jang
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Mi Han
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, BK21 Plus KUMS Graduate Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Ja Kim
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kyung Oh Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
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Miao M, Wang X, Liu T, Li YJ, Yu WQ, Yang TM, Guo SD. Targeting PPARs for therapy of atherosclerosis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125008. [PMID: 37217063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chief pathogenic factor of cardiovascular disease, is associated with many factors including inflammation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors and are widely expressed with tissue- and cell-specificity. They control multiple genes that are involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and redox homeostasis. Given the diverse biological functions of PPARs, they have been extensively studied since their discovery in 1990s. Although controversies exist, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that PPAR activation attenuates atherosclerosis. Recent advances are valuable for understanding the mechanisms of action of PPAR activation. This article reviews the recent findings, mainly from the year of 2018 to present, including endogenous molecules in regulation of PPARs, roles of PPARs in atherosclerosis by focusing on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and synthesized PPAR modulators. This article provides information valuable for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, for pharmacologists that are interested in developing novel PPAR agonists and antagonists with lower side effects as well as for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tong-Mei Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Lee YJ, Kim HM, Jang YN, Han YM, Seo HS, Jung TW, Jeong JH, Lee HJ, Jung KO. Buspirone Induces Weight Loss and Normalization of Blood Pressure via the Stimulation of PPAR δ Dependent Energy Producing Pathway in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. PPAR Res 2023; 2023:7550164. [PMID: 37168052 PMCID: PMC10164918 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7550164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Buspirone, as a partial agonist for a 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A (5-HT1A), has been prescribed as an anxiolytic drug for patients. In addition, the lowering effect of serotonin on blood pressure was reported in hypertensive animal model. We investigated the therapeutic mechanism of buspirone against lipid metabolism disturbed by hypertension of early stage via hypertensive and obese animal model. Methods The levels of various biomarkers related to lipid metabolism and hypertension were estimated through the measurement of body weight and fat weight, blood analysis, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and staining methods. Results The lipid accumulation was lowered in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells by buspirone treatments of 50 and 100 μM compared with untreated differentiated control. Body weight and abdominal fat weight were lowered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) administered with buspirone of 10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks than 8-week untreated group. Triglyceride (TG) level was decreased in SHRs administered with buspirone of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day compared to 8-week untreated group. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration was elevated by buspirone 10 mg/kg/day treatment compared to 8-week untreated group. Blood pressures in SHRs were lowered by buspirone treatments of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day compared with 8-week untreated group. Protein levels for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ), 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and PPARγ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) were increased both in C2C12 cells treated by buspirone of 100 μM and in SHRs administered by buspirone of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day compared to untreated control cells and 8-week untreated group. Fat cell numbers decreased in 8-week untreated group were increased in SHRs administered by buspirone treats of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day. Protein expression levels for angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) were increased in 8-week untreated group compared to 4-week group, however, they were decreased by buspirone treatments of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day. Conclusion Buspirone may induce the losses of body weight and abdominal fat weight through the activation of PPARδ dependent catabolic metabolism producing energy, and eventually, the ameliorated lipid metabolism could normalize high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jik Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, BK21 Plus KUMS Graduate Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Na Jang
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Mi Han
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Oh Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Aster glehni Extract Containing Caffeoylquinic Compounds Protects Human Keratinocytes through the TRPV4-PPAR δ-AMPK Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2018:9616574. [PMID: 30622619 PMCID: PMC6304624 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9616574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aster glehni (AG) has been used in cooking and as a medicine to treat various diseases for over hundreds of years in Korea. To speculate the protective effects of AG on skin barrier, we estimated the protein levels of biomarkers related to skin barrier protection in human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The protein levels for keratin, involucrin, defensin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ), 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 2 (SPTLC2), and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) were evaluated using western blotting or immunocytochemistry in HaCaT cells. AG extract increased the protein levels of PPARδ, phosphorylated AMPK, SPTLC2, keratin, involucrin, and defensin compared to the SDS or DNCB control group. However, TNFα expression increased by SDS or DNCB was decreased with AG extract. The order of action of each regulatory biomarker in AG pathway was identified TRPV4→PPARδ→AMPK from antagonist and siRNA treatment studies. AG can ameliorate the injury of keratinocytes caused by SDS or DNCB through the sequential regulation of TRPV4→PPARδ→AMPK pathway.
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Otvos L. Potential Adiponectin Receptor Response Modifier Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:539. [PMID: 31456747 PMCID: PMC6700268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human diseases may benefit from adiponectin replacement therapy, but due to pharmacological disadvantages of the intact protein, druggable options focus on peptidic, and small molecule agonists of the adiponectin receptor. Peptide-based adiponectin replacement drug leads are derived from, or resemble, the active site of globular adiponectin. ADP355, the first-in-class such peptide, exhibits low nanomolar cellular activities, and clinically acceptable efficacies in a series of fibrotic and inflammation-derived diseases. The advantage of small molecule therapies, spearheaded by AdipoRon, is oral availability and extension of utility to a series of metabolic conditions. It is exactly the difficulties in the reliability and readout of the in vitro measures and the wealth of in vivo models that make comparison of the various drug classes complicated, if not impossible. While only a fewer number of maladies could take advantage of adiponectin receptor antagonists, the limited number of these available can be very useful tools in target validation studies. Alternative approaches to direct adiponectin signaling control use upstream adiponectin production inducing therapies but currently these offer relatively limited success compared to direct receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Otvos
- OLPE LLC, Audubon, PA, United States
- Allysta Pharmaceuticals, San Mateo, CA, United States
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Laszlo Otvos Jr.
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6-Gingerol Normalizes the Expression of Biomarkers Related to Hypertension via PPAR δ in HUVECs, HEK293, and Differentiated 3T3-L1 Cells. PPAR Res 2018; 2018:6485064. [PMID: 30643517 PMCID: PMC6311252 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6485064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a disease with a high prevalence and high mortality rates worldwide. In addition, various factors, such as genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and the abnormality of organs related to blood pressure, are involved in the development of hypertension. However, at present, there are few available drugs for hypertension that do not induce side effects. Although the therapeutic effects of ginger on hypertension are well established, the precise mechanism has not been elucidated. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the antihypertensive mechanism of 6-gingerol, one of the main ingredients of ginger, and to assist in the development of new drugs for hypertension without side effects. The antihypertensive effects and mechanism of 6-gingerol were identified through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, and immunocytochemical staining for biomarkers involved in hypertension in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human embryonal kidney cells (HEK293 cells), and mouse preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells). The lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells was evaluated by using Oil Red O staining. 6- Gingerol increased the level of phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein but decreased that of vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in HUVECs. In HEK293 cells, the expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) protein was reduced by 6-gingerol. Lipid accumulation was attenuated by 6-gingerol treatment in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. These effects were regulated via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ). 6-Gingerol ameliorated the expression of biomarkers involved in the development of hypertension through PPARδ in HUVECs, HEK293, and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells.
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Spradley FT, Smith JA, Alexander BT, Anderson CD. Developmental origins of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for exaggerated metabolic and cardiovascular-renal disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E795-E814. [PMID: 29509436 PMCID: PMC6293166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00394.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is linked to increased risk for chronic disease. Placental ischemia and insufficiency in the mother are implicated in predisposing IUGR offspring to metabolic dysfunction, including hypertension, insulin resistance, abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear whether these metabolic disturbances contribute to the developmental origins of exaggerated cardiovascular-renal disease (CVRD) risk accompanying IUGR. IUGR impacts the pancreas, adipose tissue, and liver, which are hypothesized to program for hepatic insulin resistance and subsequent NAFLD. NAFLD is projected to become the major cause of chronic liver disease and contributor to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. While NAFLD is increased in experimental models of IUGR, lacking is a full comprehension of the mechanisms responsible for programming of NAFLD and whether this potentiates susceptibility to liver injury. The use of well-established and clinically relevant rodent models, which mimic the clinical characteristics of IUGR, metabolic disturbances, and increased blood pressure in the offspring, will permit investigation into mechanisms linking adverse influences during early life and later chronic health. The purpose of this review is to propose mechanisms, including those proinflammatory in nature, whereby IUGR exacerbates the pathogenesis of NAFLD and how these adverse programmed outcomes contribute to exaggerated CVRD risk. Understanding the etiology of the developmental origins of chronic disease will allow investigators to uncover treatment strategies to intervene in the mother and her offspring to halt the increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction and CVRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Spradley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jillian A Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Barbara T Alexander
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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Memari B, Moghiseh N, Mohammadian F, Ghajarzadeh M, Ghoreishian H. Association of Pre-Eclampsia with Carotid Artery Intima⁻Media Thickness and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E275. [PMID: 30213117 PMCID: PMC6162828 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are considered important complications of pre-eclampsia. This study was conducted to determine the association of pre-eclampsia with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the association of pre-eclampsia with bilateral intima⁻media thickness (IMT; right and left), separately. Twenty-one pregnant women with pre-eclampsia and 21 normal pregnant women were enrolled in the present study. The right and left intima⁻media thicknesses of carotid arteries were evaluated using Doppler sonography. The diagnosis of NAFLD was based on sonography. Linear and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between pre-eclampsia and related outcomes. The mean right IMT was determined as 0.60 ± 0.07 mm in women with pre-eclampsia and 0.51 ± 0.08 mm in normal pregnant women (p = 0.001). On the other hand, the mean left IMT was 0.59 ± 0.09 mm in women with pre-eclampsia and 0.50 ± 0.10 mm in normal pregnant women (p = 0.003). The frequencies of NAFLD in women with pre-eclampsia and normal pregnant women were found to be 66.7% and 23.8% respectively (p = 0.006). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed an association between pre-eclampsia and right (p = 0.014) and left (p = 0.019) IMT, without removing the effects of other confounding variables. Binary regression analysis (multivariate) did not confirm an independent association between pre-eclampsia and NAFLD. Pre-eclampsia exhibited a direct and independent association with right and left IMT. Although the prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in women with pre-eclampsia, pre-eclampsia was not an independent predictor for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Memari
- Department of Radiology, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan 1467933811, Iran.
| | - Niloofar Moghiseh
- Department of Radiology, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan 1467933811, Iran.
| | - Farnaz Mohammadian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan 1467933811, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Ghajarzadeh
- Department of Universal Council of Epidemiology (UCE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1467933811, Iran.
| | - Hadi Ghoreishian
- Department of Radiology, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan 1467933811, Iran.
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Angeli F, Verdecchia P, Trapasso M, Pane M, Signorotti S, Reboldi G. PK/PD evaluation of fimasartan for the treatment of hypertension Current evidences and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:533-541. [PMID: 29676941 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1468435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fimasartan is the ninth and latest Angiotensin Receptor Blockers for the treatment of hypertension. Fimasartan is a derivative of losartan in which the imidazole ring has been replaced. It provides a selective type 1 angiotensin II receptor antagonist effect with noncompetitive, in surmountable binding. Fimasartan is rapidly absorbed following oral administration with an oral bioavailability of 18.6 ± 7.2%. Fimasartan is relatively stable in terms of metabolism and more than 90% of circulating fimasartan moieties in the plasma are in the parent form; fecal elimination and biliary excretion are the predominant elimination pathways of fimasartan. Areas covered: We reviewed data from clinical trials that investigated safety and efficacy of fimasartan in hypertension. Expert opinion: Fimasartan proved good efficacy in blood pressure reduction. In large clinical studies,fimasartan showed an excellent safety profile and when combined with hydrochlorothiazide oram lodipine, it showed a better effect on controlling blood pressure than monotherapy. Fimasartan 60-120 mg once daily has also shown an antihypertensive effect over 24-h. Moreover, preclinical studies demonstrated organ-protecting effects of fimasartan. These results make fimasartan an attractive candidate for the treatment of hypertension. However, it remains to test the benefit of using fimasartan on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Angeli
- a Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology , Hospital and University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Paolo Verdecchia
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Hospital of Assisi , Assisi , Italy
| | - Monica Trapasso
- c Department of Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Marina Pane
- c Department of Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Sara Signorotti
- c Department of Medicine , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
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Choi YJ, Lee JY, Ryu CS, Chi YH, Paik SH, Kim SK. Role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in fimasartan metabolism in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:375-384. [PMID: 29596975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fimasartan (FMS), an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, is metabolized to FMS S-oxide, FMS N-glucuronide, oxidative desulfurized FMS (BR-A-557), and hydroxy-n-butyl FMSs. The purpose of this study was to characterize enzymes involved in NADPH-dependent FMS metabolism using recombinant enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), as well as selective chemical inhibitors. The results showed that CYP, but not FMO, plays a major role in FMS metabolism. CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were involved in the formation of FMS S-oxide, which was further metabolized to BR-A-557 by CYP3A4/5. CYP2C9 played an exclusive role in n-butyl hydroxylation. The specificity constant (kcat/Km) values for S-oxidation by CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were 0.21, 0.34, and 0.19 μM-1∙min-1, respectively. The kcat/Km values of hydroxylation at the 1-, 2-/3-, and 4-n-butyl group in CYP2C9 were 0.0076, 0.041, and 0.035 μM-1∙min-1, respectively. The kcat and Km values provide information for the prediction of FMS metabolism in vivo. In addition, simultaneous determination of the FMS metabolites may be used to evaluate CYP2C9 and CYP3A4/5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seon Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ha Chi
- Central Research Institute, Boryung Pharm. co., Ltd. Ansan, Gyeonggi 425-839, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Heui Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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